Poor Material Quality Research Articles

Prediction of the Behavior of a Power System Using Root Cause Failure Analysis

The thermo-economic performance of a gas turbine is simulated using a fish bone technique to characterize the major equipment failure causes. Moreover a fault tree analysis and a Pareto technique are implemented to identify the related failure modes, and the percentage and frequency of failures, respectively. A pump 101 and drier 301 belonging to the Tabriz Petrochemical Company are considered for such analysis, which is complemented with a regression method to determine a behavioral model of this equipment over a twenty-year period. Research findings indicate that 81% of major failure factors in production equipment are related to the executive procedures (24%), human error (22%), poor quality of materials and parts (20%), and lack of personnel training (15%).

Morphology and carrier mobility of high-B-content BxAl1-xN ternary alloys from an ab initio global search.

The excellent properties of III-nitrides and their alloys have led to significant applications in optoelectronic devices. Boron, the lightest IIIA group element, makes it possible to extend the flexibility of III-nitride alloys. However, both BxAl1-xN and BxGa1-xN ternary alloys suffer from poor material quality during crystal growth, their B contents in experimental reports are no higher than 22%, and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Herein, ab initio global calculation by particle swarm optimization combined with density functional theory is carried out to identify the ground structures of BxAl1-xN alloys with different B contents (x = 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75). Furthermore, the electronic properties and intrinsic carrier mobility are studied. For B0.25Al0.75N and B0.75Al0.25N, quasi-wurtzite and quasi-hexagonal structures are energetically favourable, respectively, indicating a wurtzite-to-hexagonal structural transition due to the three-coordinated B atoms being incorporated into the lattice. When the B content is 50%, B0.5Al0.5N shows a ten-membered ring structure with an indirect bandgap of 3.52 eV and strong anisotropy of mobility. Our results uncover the mechanism of the structural and electronic property evolution with B content and pave a route for the application of B-containing III-nitride alloys.

Forensic Examinations During the Investigation of Threats or Violence Against a Law Enforcement Officer

Forensic expertise, as a form of using special knowledge, is one of the most effective ways to establish the truth during the investigation of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer, especially given the often-limited amount of criminally valuable information in such proceedings, which conditions the relevance of this paper. The purpose of the paper is to establish the types and analyse the possibilities of forensic examinations that can be assigned during the investigation of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer. During the study, a set of scientific methods was applied – system, comparative legal, statistical, analysis, bibliographic, synthesis, induction, and deduction. According to the results of the study, a holistic view of the complex of forensic studies was presented, which: are most often assigned in the proceedings under consideration (examination of sound and video recordings, fingerprinting, examination of cold steel and firearms, forensic trasological examination), are mandatory if injuries are caused to the victim (forensic medical), can be assigned depending on the needs of the specific production (engineering and transport, phototechnical, forensic psychiatric examination); also, the types of examinations, the capabilities of which are not fully used by investigators (forensic psychological), were identified. The most important problems that arise at the stage of assigning expert examinations and can largely affect the quality of expert opinions were identified: violation of the deadlines for assigning expert examinations, incorrect formulation of questions to the expert, provision of insufficient quantity and/or poor quality of materials for research, incorrect definition of the type of expert study. It is emphasised that in the conditions of martial law and the expansion of the list of methods and tools of committing the investigated criminal offences in connection with it, there is a need for expert study, the objects of which are explosives and substances, various weapons, etc

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Forensic expertise, as a form of using special knowledge, is one of the most effective ways to establish the truth during the investigation of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer, especially given the often-limited amount of criminally valuable information in such proceedings, which conditions the relevance of this paper. The purpose of the paper is to establish the types and analyse the possibilities of forensic examinations that can be assigned during the investigation of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer. During the study, a set of scientific methods was applied – system, comparative legal, statistical, analysis, bibliographic, synthesis, induction, and deduction. According to the results of the study, a holistic view of the complex of forensic studies was presented, which: are most often assigned in the proceedings under consideration (examination of sound and video recordings, fingerprinting, examination of cold steel and firearms, forensic trasological examination), are mandatory if injuries are caused to the victim (forensic medical), can be assigned depending on the needs of the specific production (engineering and transport, phototechnical, forensic psychiatric examination); also, the types of examinations, the capabilities of which are not fully used by investigators (forensic psychological), were identified. The most important problems that arise at the stage of assigning expert examinations and can largely affect the quality of expert opinions were identified: violation of the deadlines for assigning expert examinations, incorrect formulation of questions to the expert, provision of insufficient quantity and/or poor quality of materials for research, incorrect definition of the type of expert study. It is emphasised that in the conditions of martial law and the expansion of the list of methods and tools of committing the investigated criminal offences in connection with it, there is a need for expert study, the objects of which are explosives and substances, various weapons, etc

A Review: Application of Terahertz Nondestructive Testing Technology in Electrical Insulation Materials

As the voltage level of the grid continuously rises, more and more new insulating materials with better performance are put into use. Nevertheless, air gaps often appear in insulating materials due to poor material quality, structural design flaws, etc. High-field-strength air gaps will produce partial discharge or even breakdown, resulting in electrical equipment failure. In addition, during operation, organic insulating materials are simultaneously exposed to high temperatures, mechanical stress, electrical stress, and moisture. Consequently, aging is inevitable. The aging of insulation materials is the root cause of the reduced insulation properties of the degradation of the insulation properties of electrical equipment in long-term operation. In order to improve the safety performance of power equipment and assure the safety of power grids, the detection and identification of internal structural defects and aging states of insulating materials have always been hot issues in related fields. However, structural defects inside the insulation materials used in power equipment, which are tiny (microns to millimeters), are exceedingly challenging to detect. While there are various destructive methods for detecting the aging status, non-destructive in-line inspection methods are still less commonly reported. In recent years, some scholars have begun to try to use terahertz spectroscopy to detect insulating materials. Numerous scholars have discovered that terahertz spectroscopy can not only detect structural defects inside insulating materials but can also detect non-destructive testing on the degree of material aging and even the type of material, which has excellent engineering value and promotion prospects. In order to help relevant researchers understand the application of this emerging technology in the field of insulating materials, this paper reviews the basic principles of terahertz detection and its applications in air gap detection, moisture detection, and aging analysis of insulating materials. Existing problems and future development directions are discussed.

Factors Influencing Particulate Matter 2.5 Levels in Indoor Areas of Rural Houses: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Almost 3 billion of the world’s poorest people still rely on solid fuels, with a concomitant increase in indoor Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) concentration resulting in deaths from respiratory diseases. Increased prevalence of respiratory diseases among never smoking young individuals and fairly among women compared to men point towards a causal relationship between chronic smoke inhalation resulting from the burning of biomass fuels. Aim: To assess the quantitative exposure levels of PM 2.5 in a rural setting in South India and determine the association between PM 2.5, type of house, ventilation available and fuel used. Materials and Methods: This community-based crosssectional study was conducted for 3 months from September 2020 to November 2020 in the rural field practice area of Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The houses were classified into three types Kutcha (roof, walls, and floor made of poor-quality materials), semi pucca (two components made of good quality material and one component is of poor quality), and pucca (roof, walls, and floor made of good quality material) houses according to Census of India 1991. The air quality inside 127 houses was assessed by measuring PM2.5 levels for 24 hours in both kitchen and living rooms. The association between house characteristics, ventilation, type of fuel, and indoor air quality was Studied using student t-test and one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Results: Among 323 included residents, 168 were males and 155 females with the mean age 36.99±13.24 years. The difference in average house area and living area between the three types of houses were statistically significant (p-value<0.001). The mean concentrations of PM2.5 were 290.07 µg/m3 and mean differences in PM2.5 levels in living room and kitchen of semi pucca (t=7.32, p-value<0.001) and pucca houses (t=5.47, p-value<0.001) were significant. The association between cross ventilation in kitchen (OR 3.24, p-value=0.042), artificial ventilation (OR 3.23, p=0.026), type of fuel (firewood OR 2.85, p-value=0.042) and PM2.5 levels is significant at 95% CI limits. Conclusion: Indoor air pollution is a silent killer responsible for several respiratory problems. Simple cost-effective measures could reduce indoor PM2.5 levels and thereby indoor air pollution.

IMPLEMENTASI PENYALURAN BANTUAN SOSIAL COVID-19 DI DKI JAKARTA

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused the government, both central and regional, to be overwhelmed in distributing social assistance to the community. In Jakarta, it is known that there are residents who return social assistance because they feel they are not entitled to receive such assistance. In addition, many residents who should have received assistance but did not receive assistance due to beneficiary data problems. This study aims to identify and analyze the forms of implementation of the distribution of Covid-19 Social Assistance in DKI Jakarta. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method using reference books and similar previous research results in order to obtain a theoretical basis for the problem to be studied. This study focuses on analyzing the implementation of the distribution of Covid-19 Social Assistance using the Mazmanian & Sabatier theory. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of COVID-19 social assistance is quite good, but has not covered all of the beneficiaries. There are problems related to the data on beneficiaries and the poor quality of basic food materials. The supporting factor for the distribution of COVID-19 social assistance in meeting the needs of vulnerable communities is the collaboration carried out by implementing officials with various other agencies. Public support is enthusiasm from the community and commitment from implementing officials. The inhibiting factor for the implementation of the distribution of COVID-19 social assistance is the confusion of data on beneficiaries that is out of sync between the central government and the data submitted by the local RT/RW.

Productivity Analysis of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in PT. Ramajaya Pramukti Using Value Stream Mapping Approach

This study aims to analyze the productivity of CPO processing using Value Stream Mapping (VSM) approach. A case study conducted in PT. Ramajaya Pramukti, Indonesia. The research method used the VSM and Process Activity Mapping (PAM) to determine wastes in the process flow of CPO production. The data was collected in 1 month. The preliminary result of CPO productivity process was average of 73.67%. Based the Future Value Stream Mapping (FVSM) the CPO processing time can be efficient from 1.981 seconds/kg to 1.963 seconds/kg. The productivity processing for value added 1.525 seconds/kg, which non value added of 0.012 and the non necessary value added of 0.383 seconds/kg. The quality of raw materials was the biggest waste contributor. It was caused a longer processing time due to poor quality of raw materials.

Methodology for Designing Hardware for Measuring Parameters of a Digital Signal

In the production of various devices, various problems can arise, leading to the appearance of defects, both explicit and latent. This may be due to both poor quality materials and imperfect technology. To identify defects, devices are tested. If the device uses a digital signal transmission at high frequencies, it is usually considered sufficient to check the functioning of the individual components using technological programs. But at high transmission frequencies, or due to defects, the digital signal is distorted, and in devices where there is no error control, violations of the signal integrity during transmission can lead to failures and failures. Moreover, under normal conditions, the signal can meet the requirements, and in difficult conditions, go beyond the permissible limits. If an individual instance of a device can be susceptible to such failures, this can be identified in more detail by examining the signals flowing through its circuits. The most obvious way requires an oscilloscope, on the screen of which a person looks at the parameters of such a signal, time and amplitude characteristics. This is a very slow operation, so optimization might be the next step. For example, the use of flying probes, or probes with commutation, recording and automatic comparison of oscillograms with the exemplary one. In any case, these tests require equipment operating at frequencies much higher than the circuit itself, which means that at high baud rates, such equipment starts to be expensive.

Morpho-structural and chemical characterization of paper based materials with functionalized surface

The aim of the study was to perform dimensional, morpho-structural, mechanical and chemical characterization of four materials based on paper currently in use in Romania (RO), Italy (IT), Spain (SP) and Slovenia (SLO) designed for the temporarily wrapping of meat. SEM-EDXS, FTIR and DSC showed that RO is laminated on one side with polyethylene, SP is waxed, IT is modified with a multilayered polyethylene film and SLO is coated with hydrophobized starch. RO, IT and SLO comply with the standards of determination of density, roughness, breaking length and bending resistance. The highest content of metals found in the SP explains the highest electrical conductivity and the poor quality of the recycled material used for manufacturing. The highest values of total dissolved solids (TDS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) resulted for SP sample expressed its water solubility and availability of migration into foodstuff. RO, IT and SLO are suitable for food packaging. In contrast, SP do not meet the requirements for safety and mechanical resistance.

Electrical Discharge Machining of Super Alloys: A Review

In the current scenario, manufacturing industries faces difficulties during machining of engineering materials-metal based, having higher mechanical properties viz. higher strength, toughness and hardness through conventional machining methods. These problems include rapid tool wear, poor surface quality of work piece material and lower stock removal rate. EDM is a single prominent what more lucrative unconventional machining procedure is, finding its prevalent functions in motorized and aerospace industries for machining of harder materials that is super alloys. Super alloys are the heat-resistant category of metals maintaining their elevated potency at superior temperature. The present paper focuses on the past work done by the researchers on machining of super alloys viz. titanium, nickel and cobalt using EDM and Wire EDM process.

Emerging Herbal Cosmetic Production in Sri Lanka: Identifying Possible Interventions for the Development of the Herbal Cosmetic Industry.

Although the herbal cosmetic industry has exponentially increased globally, manufacturing of herbal cosmetic products in Sri Lanka is still very limited. Therefore, objectives of the study were to recognize plants used in commercialized herbal cosmetic products and major constraints faced by herbal cosmetic manufacturers and to identify possible interventions for the development of herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was gathered via a semistructured questionnaire by personal interviews with 11 large-scale multiple herbal cosmetic products manufacturers. Collected data were analyzed via frequency index for usage and descriptive statistics. A total of 115 plant species belonging to 56 families were identified. Extensive usage of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr., and Santalum album L. (90.91%) was reported among herbal cosmetic manufacturers. The highest number of plants or plant materials was used for manufacturing skin care products (54.78%) followed by hair care (19.13%) and oral care (6.96%). The majority of plants were reported from the plant family Fabaceae (16 species). Leaves (20.87%) were the widely used plant part, whereas 10 plant species were used as whole plants. Inadequacy of 7 plants/plant materials and importation of 8 plant materials for the production were also recognized. As major constraints faced by herbal cosmetic manufacturers, inadequate availability and poor quality of raw materials were emphasized. In conclusion, establishing proper cultivation system, implementing strategies for quality control of raw materials, and conducting ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological surveys to identify cosmetic potential of medicinal plants and partnerships with universities to transfer technology for product development to industries are possible interventions for the development of herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka.

The September 7, 2017 Tehuantepec, Mexico, earthquake: Damage assessment in masonry structures for housing

Mexico is located among five tectonic plates. Therefore, it is frequently disturbed by the action of several moderate and strong earthquakes, affecting both the population and its infrastructure. The origin, causes, and effects of the typical observed damage patterns during the September 7, 2017 Tehuantepec earthquake (Mw = 8.2), in masonry houses and apartment buildings, located in cities and towns of the Mexican states of Chiapas and Oaxaca in a radius of about 250 km from the epicenter are reported and discussed in this paper. The high structural vulnerability and the severity of the earthquake resulted in the death of 96 people and more than 110,000 houses damaged, where more than 41,000 were considered total losses (collapse, beyond repair or tagged for demolition). In order to analytically evaluate the seismic vulnerability of typical masonry structures ranging from one to five stories, displacement ductility demand spectra (DDDS) were computed for both earthquake ground motions records and artificial acceleration records for a wide range of base shear capacities. Special attention is given to relate the observed damage with conditions of structural irregularity. Effects of flexible diaphragms, structural pounding between adjacent structures and site effects are also addressed. From the information presented, it can be concluded that most of the observed typical damage it is mostly due to poor design, inadequate construction processes, poor quality of construction materials and low wall density ratios. Finally, it was clearly observed that DDDS is a useful tool for the simplified seismic vulnerability assessment of a large portfolio of existing structures under a given earthquake scenario.

Fragility curves for non-engineered masonry buildings in developing countries derived from real data based on structural surveys and laboratory tests

Malawi is located within the southern branch of the active East African Rift System, where earthquakes of moment magnitude (Mw) 7.0 or greater can occur along major faults. The majority of dwellings in the country are non-engineered unreinforced masonry constructions, built by local artisans with little input from engineers. These constructions are highly vulnerable to seismic events due to poor-quality materials and lack of construction detailing. This study presents a new methodology to assess the seismic fragility curves of typical dwellings located in the Central and Southern Malawi. On-site inspections of buildings are carried out to assess geometrical and structural features of 646 façades, and an experimental campaign is performed to characterise the mechanical properties of local construction materials. The collected data allow the identification of different building typologies in terms of quality of materials and construction techniques. The critical failure modes for each of the inspected façade at their ultimate limit state are evaluated analytically. Damage limit states are defined and adopted to derive simplified Static Push-Over (SPO) curves, transformed into incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) curves by using SPO2IDA. The IDA curves are then used to obtain fragility curves for the specific damage limit states. The fragility curves presented herein are the first to be calculated for these building typologies, based on local data, and unfortunately, they show that buildings in Malawi are far more vulnerable to earthquakes than estimated from previously available international reference data. The fragility curves developed in this study may prove useful for assessing the seismic risk of these building typologies in Malawi and other East African countries.

Kajian Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Rendahnya Kinerja Mutu pada Proyek Konstruksi di Provinsi Aceh

The increasing number of construction companies in the construction industry, must be followed by increasing the quality of a construction project. Successful construction projects are projects that have effective time, economical costs, and achieve good quality. In the implementation of construction projects, construction failures are often encountered, which are caused by the implementation of construction that is not in accordance with the specifications, therefore, research needs to be done to identify factors that cause low quality performance that is very influential on construction projects. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that cause the lowest quality performance that is the most dominant. The method in this study is to use descriptive statistical methods. Based on the results of questionnaires and data processing analysis, there are five factors that cause low quality performance that are very influential on construction projects, namely changes in the scope of work, poor material quality, design errors, poor equipment quality, and lack of workforce expertise.

Navigating risks and uncertainties: Risk perceptions and risk management strategies in the Philippine seaweed industry

The Philippine seaweed industry is affected by multiple but interrelated risks. Farmers mainly encountered environment-related risks (e.g. disease, pest infestations) which, if unmanaged, could result to production failure. Traders and processors considered volatility of seaweed supply and poor quality of raw materials as precursors of other risks such as increased competition among local traders and processing companies. Gender differences in awareness and knowledge of risks were more prominent among seaweed farmers but not among traders and processors as roles become more homogenous up the value chain. Poor governance resulted in the adoption of informal and market-driven strategies to prevent or minimise losses. However, this restricted farmers to participating in higher-income trading and processing activities and contributed to increased market inefficiency. The lack of government support has also curtailed the capacity of traders and processors to engage in product development and diversification. Gender and community experiences influence and shape people’s understanding of their situations and environment including their coping and adaptive strategies in sustaining livelihoods amidst recurring risk events. Embedding informal structures and the differential needs of the stakeholders in the national institutional framework is therefore essential for the promotion of resilient and sustainable seaweed industry.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВУЮЩИХ ПОДСИСТЕМ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ ДЛЯ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ ЦЕЛЕЙ В ОБЛАСТИ КАЧЕСТВА

Highways are the most important component of country's economic development. They are a complex of engineering structures that are subject to various kinds of deformations during operation. The causes of premature defects are outdated technologies, poor quality materials, high traffic loads, and weather conditions. On average, after 2–3 years of the new road operation, pits, overflows, potholes, cracks, rutting occur on asphalt concrete pavement, its presence worsens the traffic conditions on the road and violates the unimpeded passage of cars. To extend the life cycle of a transport object, there are preventive measures that prevent the destruction of road surfaces. Such activities include regular maintenance and repair work. One of the effective measures is the use of road impregnation materials (RIM). Road-impregnation materials are used in case of need to prevent aging of the organic binder in the composition of asphalt concrete in the coating, as well as to reduce the impact of external factors. In this article, the influence of the basis of the impregnating material of two manufacturers on the indicators of the properties of asphalt concrete of various degrees of destruction is investigated. Among the considered impregnating compositions, solvent-based road impregnation materials proved to be the most effective. It has been established that the abrasive effect on samples of asphalt concrete significantly reduces the effectiveness of impregnating materials, especially based on bitumen emulsion.

Effects of thiourea dosage on the structural, optical and electrical properties of one-step solution processed Cu3BiS3 film for photovoltaics

Recently, Cu3BiS3 has emerged as an attractive photovoltaic material with low cost and excellent light absorption. However, its device application is still hindered by relatively poor material quality. Here, a one-step solution method based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and thiourea (TU) was used to prepare Cu3BiS3 thin films. The effects of TU dosage on the structural, optical and electrical properties of Cu3BiS3 were systematically discerned. The obtained Cu3BiS3 shows the band gap ranging from 1.40 to 1.68 eV and the carrier concentration in the order of 1016 cm−3. Although a stoichiometric overdose of TU was usually applied in preparing high-quality chalcogenide semiconductor films, our results illustrate that properly increasing concentration of TU in precursor solution enhances the grain size and carrier mobility, while much higher TU supply tends to deteriorate them. Correspondingly, the efficiency of device with the structure of Mo/Cu3BiS3/CdS/ZnO/ITO/Al exhibits the similar tendency. The best PCE of 0.291% occurs for the precursor solution with TU concentration of 3.0 M, and the corresponding VOC, JSC and FF values are 233 mV, 2.867 mA/cm2 and 43.552%, respectively.

Варіативна оцінка ефективності виробництва молока в умовах нестабільного ринку

ProducƟon efficiency characterizes the effecƟveness of producƟon. This category shows the increase in producƟon volumes and at what price for the products and what costs of resources for the producƟon of these products this increase is achieved, that is, it indicates the quality of economic growth. To determine the economic efficiency of producƟon, it is necessary to study the results of producƟon and sales acƟviƟes, to analyze expenses, sales prices, cost and profitability. The milk market is part of the structure of the food market of any country. The state of the country’s economy, its food security, the standard of living and health of the populaƟon depend on its development. Such factors as a constant and unpredictable change in the economic situaƟon in the country, changes in legislaƟon, inadequate state regulaƟon of producƟon and sales of products, poor quality of raw materials and auxiliary materials, lack of moƟvaƟonal levers, a decline in the populaƟon’s income, reducƟon in the animal feed base and high-quality livestock influence the milk market. The pricing situaƟon on the milk market in Ukraine, the producƟvity of cows and the costs of producing the milk are considered to evaluate the effecƟveness of milk producƟon. A method is proposed for calculaƟng a variable assessment of the economic efficiency of milk producƟon depending on costs, cow producƟvity and selling prices in an unstable market, which takes into account the possible market situaƟon, milk producƟon technologies, price factors, opƟmisƟc and pessimisƟc condiƟons for the development of the industry. Variable calculaƟons of the break-even price of milk sales have been carried out depending on the producƟvity of cows, producƟon costs and the projected market condiƟons for milk. The proposed methodological approaches enable the government of the agro-industrial complex to monitor the livestock producƟon market and develop sound strategies to support agricultural producers, taking into account tax policies, internal and external condiƟons in food markets.

Patient's perspective and awareness of materials used in dentistry.

To assess patients' knowledge and attitude towards different dental materials used in private and public dental facilities in an urban setting. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Islamabad Dental and Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan, from February to July 2019, and comprised individuals at private dental clinics and teaching hospitals. Data was collected using a pre-validated structured questionnaire that recorded socio-demographic information as well as patients' perception on evidence-based dentistry using visual analogue, trust on the dentist, quality of materials and the source of information. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 269 participants, 151(56.1%) were females with a mean age of 33.87±12.63 years, and 118(43.9%) were males with a mean age of 33.28±13.71 years. Overall, 208(77.3%) respondents were in favour of using materials with long-term scientific data; 201(74.7%) recognised a difference in quality of materials used at private clinics and teaching hospitals; 128(63.7%) believed that poor quality materials were used in teaching hospitals; 229(85%) trusted their dentists for using high-quality materials; and 108(40%) identified dentists as the source of information. There was a significant relationship between patient's education level and realising the importance of using dental materials supported by scientific evidence (p≤0.01). Majority of subjects believed that poor quality materials were used in teaching hospitals compared to private dental facilities.