Poor Groundwater Potential Research Articles

Hydrogeological assessment of groundwater potential and quality in Jabung village and its surroundings, Jabung sub-district, Malang regency

Abstract Jabung Village is located in Jabung Sub-District, Malang Regency, East Java. The groundwater potential of this area varies, there are areas with good groundwater potential (Krajan and Boro Kidul), but others have poor groundwater potential. In addition, an existing Integrated Waste Management Shelter (IWMS) has the potential to pollute groundwater. The purpose of this research is to analyze the controlling factors for differences in groundwater potential and to conduct mitigation of groundwater pollution due to IWMS. The collection of groundwater data, including groundwater levels and quality (TDS, pH, and temperature), was carried out at 49 points. Geological data were collected at 29 points, then analyzed and presented on a geological map. The groundwater flows from northeast to southwest. Based on the groundwater flow patterns, areas with good groundwater potential are in the discharge zone, while other sites that have poor groundwater potential are in the recharge and transition zone. The groundwater quality measured is as follows TDS values are <400 mg/L, the temperature is 24.5 to 27.7 °C, and the pH ranges from 5.95 to 7.67. The study area is composed of andesite lava, lapilli tuff, coarse tuff, and fine tuff. Differences in groundwater potential are thought to occur significantly due to groundwater flow patterns. Furthermore, it is necessary to periodically monitor groundwater quality, especially in the outflow zone of IWMS.

Delineation of groundwater vulnerable zone for sustainable development in the southwestern part of Bihar, India

In the face of the global groundwater crisis and climate change challenges, the groundwater potential (GWP) and quality (GWQ) assessment for tackling the depletion and contamination of aquifers are imperative for India's sustainable development of groundwater resources. This study explores the GWP and GWQ in the southwestern part of Bihar state, located in the declining groundwater of the lower Indo-Gangetic plain, where population growth, rapid urbanization, and escalating agricultural demands have strained aquifer systems. This study uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process and weighted average techniques in the GIS framework to assess groundwater vulnerability. Our results reveal that over 82% of the area exhibits good groundwater potential, except for the southern part. The presence of Vindhyan mountains in the southern part has different geology, elevation, and land use and land cover, leading to poor groundwater potential. Considering the desirable and acceptable limits by BIS (2012) and Who (2022), it has been found that 89% and 18% of the study area falls under the poor to unsuitable groundwater category, affecting a staggering 7.7 million and 1.6 million individuals, respectively despite substantial groundwater potential. Findings from this investigation indicate that groundwater contamination resulted from anthropogenic and geogenic factors; however, it remains suitable for agricultural purposes. Our research will assist policymakers in implementing sustainable management strategies to ensure a lasting and reliable supply for domestic and agricultural uses of groundwater.

An integrated geospatial and analytical hierarchy process approach for sustainable water management in the Amravati District, India

Abstract Groundwater is crucial for agriculture, domestic use, and industry. This study represents groundwater potential zones in the Amravati district, Maharashtra, India, using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and multi-influencing factor (MIF) techniques. These techniques are employed for a detailed spatial analysis, which is essential for sustainable groundwater management. The study integrates data layers including lithology, geomorphology, land use/land cover, drainage density, lineament density, rainfall, soil, elevation, and slope to evaluate the groundwater potential. The resulting groundwater potential map classifies the area into five categories: poor, fair, moderate, good, and excellent based on groundwater availability. The study reveals that 9% of the area has poor groundwater potential, 37% fair, 28% moderate, 13% good, and 13% excellent. This map is instrumental for stakeholders and policymakers, as it aids in resource allocation and the formulation of sustainable groundwater management strategies. Through the application of AHP and MIF techniques, this study effectively maps the groundwater potential, providing an essential tool for evidence-based decision-making for water resource management in the Amravati district.

Electrical Resistivity - Tomography Studies In Determining Shallow Aquifer Potential Zones a Case Study in Different Terrains

The study documents the effectiveness of 2 D (Two Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Survey (Tomography) to map shallow subsurface geological formations namely recent Alluvium, Gondwana deposits and hard rock deposits. 2 dimensional Electrical Resistivity Survey (or tomography) was conducted at 2 locations at Valarpuram and one location Madurantakam areas. Gondwana deposits mask Valarpuram Thandalam, villages (at Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu). To the east of Valarpuram alluvium thickness increases at shallow depths. Weathered and hard granitic gneiss and hard charnockite rocks overlie topsoil in Madurantakam areas (Chengalpettu District, Tamilandu). The survey was conducted to 12 m depth to decipher shallow permeable zones. Gondwana formations consisting of clays, siltstones are predominant in Valarpuram Thandalam and surrounding areas. Hard rock formations are found in Madurantakam areas. 2 Dimensional Resistivity Survey results indicate 2-D sections with very low resistivity values in the range of 2 to 4 ohm-m in Valarpuram Thandalam areas indicating predominant clay deposits with poor ground water potential. To the east of Valarpuram Thandalam resistivity data is of moderately higher value indicating sand deposits at shallow depths. These are ideal locations for dug wells. Low to moderate values at shallow depths indicating weathered thickness up to 12 m are observed at Madurantakam location. From 12m depth steep rise in resistivity values are observed in hard indicating presence of massive rock from 12m depth and below areas. Thus, 2 D Resistivity Imaging Technique are helpful in delineating shallow aquifer potential and this in turn helps in deciding the depth of open wells with high precision.

GEOELECTRICAL ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL OF KEANA AREA NORTHCENTRAL NIGERIA

This work was undertaken to unravel the hydro geophysical characteristics of Keana metropolis Nasarawa State, northcentral Nigeria. This study aims to assess and determine the sustainability of groundwater resources in Keana Town by using geoelectric techniques to collect data and analyze subsurface characteristics that can assist identify suitable sites for groundwater extraction. Once accomplished, it will give useful information for groundwater resource management and contribute to Keana’s long-term growth. Fifteen (15) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data with a maximum electrode spacing of (AB/2) of 200 meters were acquired using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. The VES data were interpreted using the conventional partial curve matching technique to obtain initial model parameters, which were used as input for computer iterative modelling using the IPI2WINTM software. The study revealed three (3) to six (6) geo-electric layers with underlying indurated sandstone and shale beds in some areas. In the study area, the apparent resistivity of the aquifer ranges from 32.4 to 407 m, with a depth ranging from 30 to 120m. Information extracted from iso-resistivity models and geoelectric cross sections revealed sandy strata with an exception around the northern portion i.e., around Federal Government Girls College Keana (FGGC) where a thick layer of shale is envisaged, extending to over 150 m depth with an average apparent resistivity value of 35Ω m. Thus, making the section fair to poor groundwater potential. However, this research has aided in delineating the groundwater potential of the area into three distinct zones.

Evaluation of Aquifer Parameters in the Bori-Chikli Watershed of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra State, India

Groundwater is valuable source of drinking water. Groundwater potential in consolidated and unconsolidated sediments varies due to variation in hydraulic parameters of an aquifer. In present study aquifer parameters were assessed by pumping test. Groundwater occurrence and movement in the area is mainly through the Deccan Basalt and/or alluvium. The Deccan Basalt is hydrogeologically very complex, and it may or may not be useful everywhere to tap groundwater. The fractured and weathered basalt behaves as a good aquifer whereas massive basalt doesn't. In the present study, aquifer parameters like Specific Capacity (C), Coefficient of Transmissivity (T) and Storage Coefficient (S) are calculated by conducting pumping test. Majority of the basaltic areas of the watershed is characterized by good to moderate and moderate to poor groundwater potential. Alluvium is representing excellent to good groundwater potential. Keywords: Pumping Test, Specific Capacity, Coefficient of Transmissivity, Time-draw Down and Theis Recovery Plot

Review: Assessment of the aquifers in South Sudan with a focus on Lakes State

The current state of knowledge on groundwater in South Sudan (a data-scarce country) is presented, based on extensive field surveys in Lakes State in the central part of the country, limited published literature, and unpublished consultancy reports. The Basement Complex and the unconsolidated sediments of the Umm Ruwaba Formation are the most extensive geological formations and are the most exploited for groundwater. The water-resource potential properties of the main Umm Ruwaba aquifer (the ‘second’ aquifer, mostly confined) in Lakes State are generally fair to good, with a shallow piezometric surface (<25 m deep), favourable transmissivity (median 8.4, mean 21.5 m2/day), and low salinity and nitrate content. However, some areas have poor groundwater potential due to deep piezometric levels (up to 80 m deep), low transmissivity (mean <5 m2/day) and/or brackish salinity. The estimated recharge is modest (1–8 mm/year) due to predominantly confined aquifer conditions. Aquifer recharge mainly occurs along the geological boundary with the Basement Complex and from the Bahr el Jebel River. Published literature shows saline groundwater and a groundwater trough in northeast South Sudan that was interpreted as being related to a buried saline lake. Additional data on groundwater levels indicate that the extent of the trough may be less than originally sketched. In the Basement Complex, the groundwater potential varies over short distances and depends on the thickness and sand content of the weathered top layer and/or the presence of fractures; the transmissivity is generally low (median for Lakes State is 4.2 m2/day).

Investigation of Layer Thickness and Groundwater Potentials in Federal University Gusau and Its Environs, Zamfara State, Nigeria

The groundwater potential and layer thickness were investigated using vertical electrical sounding (VES) method. A total number of 40 vertical electrical sounding VES points were used for the investigation using Schlumberger array and data obtained were analyzed using curve matching and computer iteration techniques. The data revealed a 3-layer (A, KA and H Curve type) and 4-layer (A and H-curve type). In the 3-layer system, the apparent resistivity of the first layer ranged from 18.90 Ωm to 183.20 Ωm with a corresponding thickness of 0.7 m to 14.8 m. The second layer has apparent resistivity value ranged from 13.50 Ωm to 423.80 Ωm with a corresponding thickness in the range of 4.5 m to 14.7 m while the third layer has resistivity values ranging from 1156.40Ωm to 3732.70 Ωm with an infinite depth. For the four (4) layered model curves, first layer’s resistivity ranged from 29.50 Ωm to 244.70 Ωm, with a corresponding thickness ranging from 0.8 m to 13.0 m. The resistivity of the second layers ranged between 25.2 Ωm to 183.4 Ωm with a corresponding thickness ranging from 8.0 m to 14.2 m. The third layer resistivity ranged from 119.4 Ωm to 586.7 Ωm with a corresponding thickness ranging from 8.1 m to 20.4 m. The forth layer has a resistivity value ranging from 1318.3 Ωm to 3240.9 Ωm with an infinite depth. An integration of both isopach and iso-resistivity maps for both the 3- layer model curves and 4- layer model curves indicates that most of the northwest parts of the study area have low apparent resistivity values and thick overburden while, the southern portion has a little higher resistivity values and shallow overburden, an indication of poor groundwater potential. Future boreholes in the area should reached an expected depth of 50 m to 70 m depth

DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AREAS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, KADUNA, NIGERIA

Groundwater is one of the major resources important for sustainable growth and development. Proper management of the resources is therefore important to meet all the water requirements for human existence to continue. In this study, an investigation is made to explore for groundwater potential areas of Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State using remote sensing and GIS technique. The data used for the study are as follows; Landsat 8 (OLI) 30m, Aster data (30m), Geologic map, Soil map and Topographic map was used to generate the factors such as; Land use/cover, Slope, Geomorphology, Geologic rock types, soil textures and drainage density. All the factors and its attributes were weighted and rated respectively and were classified according to their importance to groundwater occurrence using the modified DRASTIC model and the weighted overlay technique was used to create a groundwater potential map of the metropolis. Groundwater potential map were classified into four categories that best describes the potential of each area. These classes are; Poor (21%), Moderate (23%), Good (26%) and Very Good (30.2%) groundwater potential which was found to be concentrated in the central part of the metropolis. This result was verified against existing borehole data and field observations to validate the accuracy and was found to be 76% accurate. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of Remote Sensing and GIS as an effective tool in delineation and identification of groundwater potential areas.

AHP and GIS-based Delineation of Groundwater Potential of Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract Water is crucial to human survival. Studies on surface water are well documented but precise knowledge of groundwater resources is difficult. Thus, accurate knowledge of groundwater resources could meet the necessities of water at present and in the long run. Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS) together with multicriteria parameters has emerged as an efficient technique for delineation of groundwater potential in recent decades. However, no efforts to delineate the groundwater potential have been attempted in the study area till date. Hence, in this study, the groundwater potential of Papum Pare district of Arunachal Pradesh was delineated by combining AHP, overlay analysis, GIS, and ten thematic layers (geomorphology, geology, slope, lineament density, drainage density, rainfall, distance from the major river, topographic wetness index, soil texture, and land use/land cover). The results show about 64% of the area under poor groundwater potential. Moderate and good groundwater potential is found in 31% and 5% of the area. Map-removal and single-parameter sensitivity analyses revealed that the groundwater potential map is most sensitive to the annual average rainfall with a mean variation index of 1.05% and a weight of 19.07%. The flood/alluvial plains, Siwalik formations with sediments, and level to gentle slopes receiving high rainfall show good potential, and the dissected hills/ valleys, metamorphic rock assemblages, steep slopes with low rainfall reveals poor groundwater potential. The overall accuracy of 81.25% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.72 explains good agreement between the reference data and the map. The estimated area under good groundwater potential appears too little concerning the increasing population and urbanization. Therefore, the state government in general and the water resources and planning department in particular need to formulate suitable strategies to combat the water scarcity scenario waiting ahead. The study suggests raising the use of surface water from nearby rivers to lessen the pressure on groundwater resources.

Groundwater Potential Zone Delineation in Hard Rock Terrain for Sustainable Groundwater Development and Management in South Madhya Pradesh, India

In view of the vital significance of water resources and issues emerging from their temporal and spatial distribution and utilization posing serious problems to the land resources and to the society United Nations has identified sustainable management of water resources (SDG 6) as one of the seventeen major Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this perspective, the purpose of the study is to identify the groundwater potential zones in the hard rock terrain of Betul-Chhindwara Region, Madhya Pradesh, India, using AHP technique. The study area comprises the sub-watersheds of Tawa river (Narmada basin), Tapi river (Tapi basin), Kanhan and Pench rivers (Godavari basin). Various thematic layers such as geomorphology, geology, physiography, rainfall, soil, slope, lineament, drainage density, groundwater depth, and land use/ land cover were developed. The analytical hierarchy process helps to delineate groundwater prospect zones, which are categorized into five classes, i.e. very poor, poor, moderate, good, and very good based on objective, criteria, and preference. The good, moderate, and poor groundwater potential zones cover 4815 sq. km., 6423 sq. km, and 4857 sq. km, respectively, comprising 22.46%, 29.96%, and 22.65% of the entire region under study. The result indicates that 15.22% of the area comprising 3262.10 sq. km have very good groundwater potential whereas 9.71% (2080 sq. km) has very poor groundwater potential. The obtained result has been verified through field check based on the yield data collected from 16 bore wells in the study area. The accuracy of the results was 75% that proves the efficiency of the adopted techniques. Thus, this study will be efficient for the sustainable development and management of groundwater in the study area.

Determination of groundwater potential zones using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) between Edirne-Kalkansogut (northwestern Turkey)

Groundwater is one of the most important resources when it comes to satisfying the freshwater needs of a region. In recent years, due to the growing climate change threat to water supplies, the importance of groundwater resources has increased. The main aim of this study is to determine groundwater potential zones using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques in the area of Edirne-Kalkansogut, Northwestern Turkey. Several environmental parameters (lithology, fault density, geomorphology, soil, land use and land cover, drainage density, lineament density, precipitation, and slope) were analyzed to determine groundwater potential zones. The weighting of the parameters was conducted using the AHP technique, overlay analysis was carried out on the GIS platform. According to obtained results; 14% of the study area exhibits poor groundwater potential and 47% of the study area has moderate groundwater potential. Good groundwater potential zones and very good groundwater potential zones constitute 31% and 8% of the study area respectively. The groundwater potential increasing gradually from the northeast to southwest. Tundzha Rivers' alluvial flood plain shows very good groundwater potential and most of The Strandzha Massif have poor to moderate groundwater potential. Examination of groundwater characteristics such as groundwater levels, groundwater flow directions, springs and wells' distribution characteristics, and well discharge data verified the results. Findings have great potential to increase the success of water management policies, efficient use of natural resources, physical planning, and sustainable groundwater development between Edirne-Kalkansogut, especially in the brink of climate changes’ unfavorable threats to human life. The methods of this study can be applied anywhere else in the world. The results of this study have applications to the further studies dealing with sustainable groundwater, basin management, agriculture, and climate change-groundwater relationship.

Comparison of gradient boosted decision trees and random forest for groundwater potential mapping in Dholpur (Rajasthan), India

In the drought prone district of Dholpur in Rajasthan, India, groundwater is a lifeline for its inhabitants. With population explosion and rapid urbanization, the groundwater is being critically over-exploited. Hence the current groundwater potential mapping study was undertaken to ascertain the areas that are more likely to yield a larger volume of groundwater against those areas that have poor groundwater potential and accordingly perpetuate the much needed damage control. Thematic layers for 14 groundwater influencing factors were considered for the study region, including elevation, slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), geology, soil, land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), surface temperature, precipitation, distance from roads, and distance from rivers. These were then subjected to an overlay operation, with the groundwater inventory which comprised of the locations of observational groundwater wells. The resulting geospatial database was then used to train two decision tree based ensemble models: gradient boosted decision trees (GBDT) and random forest (RF). The predictive performance of these models was then compared using various performance metrics such as area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC), sensitivity, accuracy, etc. It was found that GBDT (AUC: 0.79) outperformed RF (AUC: 0.71). The validated GBDT model was then used to construct the groundwater potential zonation map. The generated map showed that about 20.2% of the region has very high potential, while 22.6% has high potential to yield groundwater, and approximately 19.9–17.5% of the study region has very low to low groundwater potential.

Hydrogeological appraisal of basement and sedimentary terrain in Ogun state using Geoelectrical methods

The coverage of the groundwater potential was estimated using the geometry calculator, the potential groundwater zones were validated using geophysical surveyed points of some selected locations in Abeokuta and Ewekoro. Generally, the result of the study shows that the higher the aquifer thickness and depth the better the groundwater potential. In the basement part of the study area (Abeokuta), the Northwestern region is characterized by increase in overburden thickness (28.1 m at VES-9), weathered layer resistivity (546 Ω m at VES-7) and longitudinal conductance unit (0.193 S at VES-3 and 0.218 S at VES-7), reflecting high aquifer potentials. In this regard, the Northeastern part of the study area can be categorized as good groundwater potential; moving towards the Southwestern part from the northern, groundwater potentiality changes from good to moderate while the Southwestern/ central part is categorized as area with poor groundwater potential. In the Sedimentary part of the study area (Ewekoro), the northcentral region is characterized by increase in overburden thickness (93 m at VES-10), longitudinal conductance unit (3.644 S at VES-6), reflecting high aquifer potentials. In this regard, the northcentral part of the study area can be categorized as good groundwater potential; moving towards the northeastern part of the study area, groundwater potentiality changes from good to moderate while the southwestern part is categorized as area with poor groundwater potential. The area showed very good protective capacity at VES’s 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8; making 60% of the VES stations. Good protective capacity is observed at VES 1 and 6, making 15% of the VES stations in the town. The excellent protective capacity is observed at VES 9 and 10; making 15% of the study area.  Â

Multi-criteria decision analysis for delineation of groundwater potential zones in a tropical river basin using remote sensing, GIS and analytical hierarchy process (AHP)

The present study emphasizes the effectiveness of the integration of remote sensing, GIS and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques in groundwater management, specifically in the delineation of the groundwater potential zones (GWPZs). In this study, various geoenvironmental factors, such as lithology, geomorphology, land use/land cover, the density of lineaments and stream network, slope, and soil texture are used to identify the GWPZs and to classify the spatially distributed groundwater potential of the Manimala River Basin (MRB) - a tropical river basin of the southern Western Ghats (Kerala State, India). A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is performed in ArcGIS, using the weights of different themes generated by the AHP technique, for the delineation of the GWPZs of the basin. The results indicate that nearly 50% of the basin area (mostly across the highlands and the midlands physiographic zones of the basin) is characterized by moderate to poor groundwater potential, whereas the very good potential zones extend across 20% of the basin area. Among the different geoenvironmental factors, lithology, lineament density and geomorphology have decisive roles in the occurrence of groundwater of the basin. Validation of the delineation of the GWPZs of the basin using the groundwater yield data of a limited number of dug wells underscores the efficiency of the integrated approach as well as the suitability of the geoenvironmental factors (used in the study) for the identification of the groundwater potential of the region.

Characterization of groundwater potential zones using analytic hierarchy process and integrated geomatic techniques in Central Middle Atlas (Morocco)

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is an invaluable tool that has been applied by different specialists to upgrade their administration capacity. Managing groundwater resources particularly under arid land faces several limitations and problems such as the implications of various spatial factors, which lead managers to utilize multicriteria decision. In this research, a consistent approach was applied to identify groundwater potential (GWP) areas through the use of AHP, geographic information system (GIS), and (RS) techniques in the Central Middle Atlas, Morocco. First of all, the efficient groundwater potential thematic layers including lithology (Lt), karst (K), height above the nearest drainage (HAND) geomorphology, which is called HG, and lineament density (LD) were derived through spatial databases. Then, the weights assigned to the thematic layers on the basis of expert knowledge were standardized by the AHP’s eigen vector technique. To calculate the groundwater potential index, the weighted linear combination (WLC) method was implemented in a GIS environment. The study found that only 3.88% of the study area had very good groundwater potential and 17.22% had a good potential, in addition to 20.20% with moderate potential, whereas in the most part of the region, 29.89% is within poor groundwater potential, and 18.60% are within very poor groundwater potential and 10.49% with non-potential. The very good GWP areas are located where the land cover majority is forests. The good, moderate, and poor GWP zones are located in areas where the land cover majority is shrublands. The poor and non-potential GWP zones are located in areas where the land cover majority is cropland.

Use of Landsat 8 OLI Images to Assess Groundwater Potential Areas in the Bamun Plateau: Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL)

The problem of groundwater supply in the Bamun plateau situated in the Cameroon Volcanic Line exists and no proper solution has been found so far. This investigation intends to find the suitable groundwater potential zones by overlaying the geomorphologic map, lineament map, lineament density map and lithological map, using visual interpretation of Landsat imagery. The results reveal that about 1921 structural elements, ranging in size, from 30 m to 5.845 km with an average length of 671 m in the field. The total length of the mapped lineaments is approximately 1289 km. The most important lineament (5.845 km length) diagonally crosses the study area in the direction NNE-SSW. In addition to this trend, all others are smaller than 14 km. More than 92% of lineaments are less than 5 km in size and only 1.3% of them are larger than 10 km. Small lineaments are thus the most numerous. According to their directions, the lineaments listed are grouped into 18 directional classes of 10-degree intervals. The rosette of their directions highlights the preferred directions NE-SW, N-S, E-W, NNE-SSW and ENE-WSW. Most of the lineaments clusters in the central part of the area are N20° - 30°E and N60° - 70°E trending lineaments. In this study, the NE-SW trend dominates the structural trend followed by NW-SE and N-S. This can be an indication of the directions of groundwater movement in the area. Alluvial plain and valley have moderate to very good groundwater potential that occurs all over the study area. Porosity of the volcanic rocks varies greatly, but it is everywhere more porous than the underlying, unweathered bedrock. There are essentially three classes (low, average and high) of groundwater potential zones. Hight potential zones are observed around the localities of the Khogham, Mbatpit and Mbam massifs on the one hand and Manswen, Njikwop, Mfelap, Foumban, Njindare, Nkoundem and Ngwen jigoumbe localities on the other hand. About 13% of the area has good groundwater potential around the mountains while 58% is moderately good which corresponds to high to moderate lineament densities situated at average altitude 1200 m and about 31% of the area has poor groundwater potential corresponding to low lineament density areas. Moreover, this work has helped develop a detailed lineament map that can be used for mining and hydrological prospecting campaigns.

Use of Landsat 8 OLI Images to Assess Groundwater Potential Areas in the Bamun Plateau: Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL)

The problem of groundwater supply in the Bamun plateau situated in the Cameroon Volcanic Line exists and no proper solution has been found so far. This investigation intends to find the suitable groundwater potential zones by overlaying the geomorphologic map, lineament map, lineament density map and lithological map, using visual interpretation of Landsat imagery. The results reveal that about 1921 structural elements, ranging in size, from 30 m to 5.845 km with an average length of 671 m in the field. The total length of the mapped lineaments is approximately 1289 km. The most important lineament (5.845 km length) diagonally crosses the study area in the direction NNE-SSW. In addition to this trend, all others are smaller than 14 km. More than 92% of lineaments are less than 5 km in size and only 1.3% of them are larger than 10 km. Small lineaments are thus the most numerous. According to their directions, the lineaments listed are grouped into 18 directional classes of 10-degree intervals. The rosette of their directions highlights the preferred directions NE-SW, N-S, E-W, NNE-SSW and ENE-WSW. Most of the lineaments clusters in the central part of the area are N20° - 30°E and N60° - 70°E trending lineaments. In this study, the NE-SW trend dominates the structural trend followed by NW-SE and N-S. This can be an indication of the directions of groundwater movement in the area. Alluvial plain and valley have moderate to very good groundwater potential that occurs all over the study area. Porosity of the volcanic rocks varies greatly, but it is everywhere more porous than the underlying, unweathered bedrock. There are essentially three classes (low, average and high) of groundwater potential zones. Hight potential zones are observed around the localities of the Khogham, Mbatpit and Mbam massifs on the one hand and Manswen, Njikwop, Mfelap, Foumban, Njindaré, Nkoundem and Ngwen jigoumbé localities on the other hand. About 13% of the area has good groundwater potential around the mountains while 58% is moderately good which corresponds to high to moderate lineament densities situated at average altitude 1200 m and about 31% of the area has poor groundwater potential corresponding to low lineament density areas. Moreover, this work has helped develop a detailed lineament map that can be used for mining and hydrological prospecting campaigns.

Geophysical Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Using Electrical Resistivity Method in Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

The groundwater potential of the (NDA, Kaduna) was investigated using vertical electrical sounding (VES) method. A total number of 40 vertical electrical sounding VES points were used for the investigation using Schlumberger array and data obtained were analyzed using curve matching and computer iteration techniques. The data revealed a 3-layer (A, KH and H Curve type) and 4-layer (A and H-curve type). In the 3-layer system, the apparent resistivity of the first layer ranged from 18.9 Ωm to 183.2 Ωm with a corresponding thickness of 0.7 m to 14.8 m. The second layer has apparent resistivity value ranged from 13.5 Ωm to 423.8 Ωm with a corresponding thickness in the range of 4.5 m to 14.7 m while the third layer has resistivity values ranging from 1156.4 Ωm to 3732.7 Ωm with an infinite depth. For the four (4) layered model curves, first layer’s resistivity ranged from 29.5 Ωm to 244.7 Ωm, with a corresponding thickness ranging from 0.8 m to 13.0 m. The resistivity of the second layers ranged between 25.2 Ωm to 183.4 Ωm with a corresponding thickness ranging from 8.0 m to 14.2 m. The third layer resistivity ranged from 119.4 Ωm to 586.7 Ωm with a corresponding thickness ranging from 8.1 m to 20.4 m. The forth layer has a resistivity value ranging from 1318.3 Ωm to 3240.9 Ωm with an infinite depth. An integration of both isopach and iso-resistivity maps for both the 3- layer model curves and 4- layer model curves indicates that most of the northwest parts of the study area have low apparent resistivity values and thick overburden which implies good groundwater potential while, the southern portion has a little higher resistivity values and shallow overburden, an indication of poor groundwater potential. Future boreholes in the area should reached an expected depth of 40 m to 60 m depth

Assessment of groundwater potential zones in Chittar basin, Southern India using GIS based AHP technique

The present study investigates multiple geo-envrionmental parameters for delineating groundwater potential zones in Chittar basin, Tamil Nadu using GIS based analytical hierarchical process (AHP) technique. The parameters contributing groundwater recharge and sub-surface flow such as geology, lineaments, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, soil and rainfall are spatially explored at site-specific level based on the expert guidelines of AHP systematic weighted analysis. In this analysis, each thematic layer of contributing parameter is mathematically calculated for normalized weights and geometric mean in order to determine its rule to identify potential groundwater prospects at pixel (10 × 10 m) scale level. The result map indicates the potentiality of groundwater availability in various parts of the study area. In which, the area covers 162.84 km2 (6.6%) are identified with higher groundwater prospectus, that occurs under confined aquifers lay down along the flow path of river channel; whereas the poor groundwater potential found in the area of 180.52 km2 (7.37%) in the western parts due to leaking or discharge from unconfined aquifers towards east-down directions. The result is validated using field-estimated groundwater optimum yield for the 24 open wells located across the study area and the among them 17 wells are highly correlated with the derived measurements, i.e. the higher groundwater potential in Keelapavoor in south-west parts and poor groundwater availability in Devarkulam and surrounded areas and the overall accuracy is agreed at 71%. Higher groundwater potential found along some parts due to presence of lineaments occurred in weathered and jointed rocks that transmitting surface runoff into the confined aquifers; however, zones covered by massive weathered rocky layers prevails poor groundwater sources in many parts of the study area. The GIS based AHP method is effectively performed for identification of groundwater potential zone in the hard rock terrain and the information sources can be used for planning the sustainable groundwater management.