Pongamia Pinnata Oil Research Articles

Statement of Retraction

This article refers to:RETRACTED ARTICLE: Tribological characterization of Pongamia pinnata oil blended bio-lubricant

Production and optimization of biodiesel from composite Pongamia oil, animal fat oil and waste cooking oil using RSM

The main concern of this work is to examine the biodiesel production from Composite oil of pongamia pinnata, animal fat and waste cooking oil by using alkaline catalyst namely sodium methoxide and comparison of yield is done between the two different sample oil yields obtained by using methanol and catalyst as a reaction mixture. The experiments were designed with the help of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to get maximum yield and to examine the optimum process conditions. Two samples of oils were taken, sample 01 contains 50% of pongamia, 25% of each waste cooking and animal fat oil, sample 2 contains 60% pongamia, 20% of each waste cooking and animal fat oil. For 100 ml quantity of sample 01 oil, 7.5 M ratio, 1 wt% of catalyst, reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 40 °C and stirring rate of 500 rpm would give the maximum yield of 98.29%. For 100 ml quantity of sample 02 oil, 6 M ratio, 1.2 wt% of catalyst, reaction time of 75 min, reaction temperature of 64 °C and stirring rate of 500 rpm would give the maximum yield of 97.76%.All the fuel properties of Biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and fire point are meeting the requirements as per the ASTM and EN norms.

An experimental study on spectroscopic analysis of alternating liquid dielectrics for transformer

Conventionally, mineral oil impregnated with solid insulating materials has been used as an insulating medium in the transformers. On the other hand, mineral oil is less biodegradable than ester oils and it has poor fire-resistant characteristics. Therefore, the conventionally used mineral oils are not satisfying the new ecological requirements. Besides that the availability of fossil fuels is also going to run out. Consequently, several investigators have tried with different kinds of edible as well as non-edible oils for using them as liquid dielectrics in the transformers. This paper attempts to prove the feasibility of Pongamia pinnata oil (PPO) as an alternate liquid dielectric for transformer. At first, solid insulating material’s deterioration study was carried out using DGA, SEM, XRD and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Alongside, thermal stability of PPO and mineral oil was analyzed through FTIR spectroscopy. DGA results show that gas-generating phenomenon was found on both the oil samples. However, the generation of combustible gas in PPO impregnated with solid insulating material is found to be lower when compared with other oils. From the FTIR analysis, it is found that the structural difference between PPO and mineral oil is negligible. However, from XRD and UV–Vis spectroscopy, it is evident that depending on the type of material, the thus emitted spectra have different bandwidth and there is variation in the absorbance intensity. When the contamination rate is higher, the absorbance intensity of the insulating oil increased. SEM analysis shows that cellulose fiber’s width has drastically decreased in case of the solid insulation material immersed in mineral oil; also, there is evidence for bond breaking.

Viscosity prediction of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil by molecular dynamics simulation using GAFF and OPLS force field

The increasing concern on the harmful effects caused by mineral oil-based lubricants towards the environment has given impetus to the evolution of green-lubricants. Vegetable oils are highly biodegradable, renewable, and possesses good lubricating property. In the present study Pongamia pinnata, non-edible vegetable oil, also known as Karanja Oil (KO) was used as the base oil for a lubricant. The preliminary properties, such as fatty acid profile and viscosity, which has a vital role in governing the performance of lubricants were evaluated experimentally as per international standards. The shear viscosity of KO which constitutes 8 major fatty acids were predicted using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) and periodic perturbation (PP) method using Optimised Potentials for Liquid Simulations (OPLS) and Generalized Amber Force Field (GAFF). The shear viscosities were evaluated at temperatures ranging from 313K to 373 K and pressure P = 0.1 MPa. The experimental and simulation data of KO shear viscosity are in line with each other using OPLS. The kinematic viscosities were calculated using the shear viscosities and densities obtained from simulation. The variation between experimental and simulation data is less while using OPLS, while GAFF force fields resulted in higher deviations.

Solvent-free K–CaO/Ca(OH)2 mixed-phase nanocatalytic single-step methanolysis, ethanolysis and aminolysis of Pongamia pinnata triglycerides

In this report, the K–CaO/Ca(OH)2 mixed-phase nanodendrites were prepared and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot solvent-free synthesis of methyl esters, ethyl esters and alkyl amides from Pongamia pinnata triglycerides. A modified incipient-wetness chemical impregnation method was used to prepared potassium hydroxide doped CaO, MgO, and ZnO nanocrystallites. The prepared K–CaO/Ca(OH)2 nanocrystallites were found as the most efficient heterogeneous catalyst (4%, w/w) for aminolysis (6:1 M ratio of diethanolamine/oil, 110 °C), methanolysis (9:1 M ratio of methanol/oil at 65 °C) and ethanolysis (9:1 M ratio of ethanol/oil at 75 °C) of Pongamia pinnata oil and took 40 min for the completion (99% yield) of all the reactions. The K–CaO/Ca(OH)2 nanodendrites were found to be efficient at room temperature (25–30 °C) also and reused for 10 reaction cycles. The pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic model was applied and the first-order rate constant was calculated as 0.112 min−1, 0.093 min−1, and 0.118 min−1 for the methanolysis, ethanolysis, and aminolysis of Pongamia pinnata oil, respectively.

Lipase immobilized graphene oxide biocatalyst assisted enzymatic transesterification of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil and downstream enrichment of biodiesel by solar-driven direct contact membrane distillation followed by ultrafiltration

The present experimental investigation has shown the biodiesel production from 2nd generation renewable carbon source, Karanja seed oil using graphene oxide (GO) immobilized lipase biocatalyst. The adsorption of lipase in GO was found to be most suitable immobilizing support matrix (adsorbed ~94 mg/g of GO) due to large specific surface area and abundant functional groups. The GO immobilized enzyme i.e. biocatalysts assisted enzymatic transesterification yielded ~88% of biodiesel using 1:8 Karanja oil: ethanol ratio, 25 °C, 3% biocatalysts in 24 h reaction time. The newly designed solar-driven direct contact membrane distillation module enables continuous separation and recycles of unreacted alcohol (>99% recovery) from transesterification reaction mixture while yielding ~41 Kg EtOH/m2/24h using commercial PTFE/PET hydrophobic membrane. Subsequently, free glycerol was removed up to ~77% (permeate concentration ≤0.018 mass%) by cross-flow membrane module fitted with flat-sheet polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane. The integration of GO-based biocatalyst assisted transesterification and multi-staged membrane system for downstream enrichment of fatty acid ethyl ester culminates in the development of a cost-effective, energy-intensive and eco-friendly system which represents a sustainable biofuel production process.

Effectiveness of Pongamia pinnata oil as rejuvenator for higher utilization of reclaimed asphalt (RAP) material

An increasing trend in utilization of the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for pavement recycling is being noticed due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Most of the studies recommend to add RAP only up to 30% except a few which recommends up to 50% based on the convenience in field application. However, there is a scope for higher RAP utilization through the addition of rejuvenators or recycling agents. In this study, a non-edible oil (i.e. Pongamia oil) obtained from Pongamia pinnata was used as a rejuvenator for design of recycled hot mix asphalt (HMA) with higher RAP content. Rheological tests revealed that about 5% dosage of the rejuvenator is adequate to meet the performance in terms of rutting and fatigue cracking. The rejuvenated binder was found to be thermostatically stable when exposed to temperature up to 230 °C as observed from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The performance of the HMA containing a varying percentage of RAP (30% to 70%) with the addition of a softer binder and with the addition of rejuvenator was studied or compared in terms of volumetric properties, indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture sensitivity, resilient modulus, rutting and intermediate temperature cracking. Results indicate that by adding the Pongamia oil as a rejuvenator, RAP up to 60% may be used in the production of HMA without affecting the performance significantly.

Comparative Evaluation of Reactions of the Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Perg. (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) and the Predatory Bug Orius laevigatus Fieber (Heteroptera, Miridae) to Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Oil

This paper presents comparative assessment of the reaction of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and the predatory bug Orius laevigatus to the seed oil of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. This oil had repellent and toxic effects on the adult and larval thrips, and also reduced the number of laid eggs. The predatory bug O. laevigatus was highly sensitive to P. pinnata oil under various methods of exposure, even at a concentration of 0.75%, which was the lowest concentration effective against the thrips. The observed side effects of the oil on O. laevigatus determine the need either for development of a specific approach for combined use of the oil and this entomophage, or for replacing O. laevigatus with some other predator resistant to P. pinnata oil.

Synthesis of Nano ZnO: A Catalyst for N-formylation of Aromatic Amines and Biodiesel Application

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared from an easy, eco-friendly and cost-effective green combustion technique using an extract of turmeric root has been an immense attractive nanomaterial that is used widely in light emitting display systems, piezoeletricity, electric conductivity, and biological applications. The prepared samples were characterized for their structural and morphological study using various analytical techniques. Results: Crystallite size was calculated by both XRD as well as UV-visible absorption measurements and Crystallite size was found to be 14-36 nm. An equation was developed with the aid of an effective mass model (Brus 1986) to calculate the size of the particle as a function of the peak absorbance wavelength. The energy bandgap of the synthesized sample calculated to be in the range of 4.74 - 5.0 eV by UV-Vis spectra confirms the quantum confinement. ZnO nanocatalyst is used for the synthesis of biodiesel from garcinia gummigutta seed oil has been studied. The environmental friendly procedure was carried for the formylation of amines under solvent-free reaction condition and simple work-up giving pure products with prompt recyclability behavior are the main features of the reaction. Conclusion: In this work, ZnO NPs were synthesised using turmeric root extract as a fuel via green combustion method. It is an environmentally friendly, easy as well as cost-effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles. ZnO NPs were examined through various equipments such as PXRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, and SEM studies. XRD study show the hexagonal wurtzite structure. it is a good catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from the pongamiapinnata oil. It also serves as a catalyst for the Nformylation reactions, which involves the clean procedure under milder reaction conditions with an excellent yield of the desired products

Delonix regia heterogeneous catalyzed two-step biodiesel production from Pongamia pinnata oil using methanol and 2-propanol

The study described here was focussed on preparing heterogeneous catalysts (acid and base) by H2SO4 and KOH wet impregnation technique from raw Delonix regia pods after carbonization and steam activation, which was used in converting free fatty acids and glycerides in karanja oil into fuel-grade esters. Resistance to thermal degradation of the precursor material was evaluated by TGA analysis, while catalyst characterization was done through BET, EDAX, FT-IR, SEM and XRD. These helped in estimating efficient surface modification and efficient doping of functional groups. Optimization of both esterification and transesterification steps is done through L16 Taguchi matrices, with the following process parameters: agitation speed, alcohol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction duration, reaction temperature. With a maximum FFA conversion of 99.86%, the biodiesel yield was 99.39%. Fuel characterization tests and GC analyses for residual glycerides showed that the fuel has acceptable physico-chemical properties according to ASTM standards with low residual glycerides. Catalysts show significant reusability with sulfonated (H2SO4 impregnated) catalyst retaining efficiency up to 3 uses and base catalyst (KOH doped) up to 7 uses. A cost analysis of catalyst preparation shows that the indigenously developed catalysts reduce production costs by a significant margin, proving to be lucrative for commercialization.

Optimization of Biodiesel Transesterification using ANN and Fuzzy Logic

The high energy demand in domestic sector coupled with pollution brought by extensive exploitation of conventional fuels in an industrialized world makes it mandatory to boost renewable energy sources having lesser environmental impact than non-renewable ones. In this regard bio-diesel can be considered as a more reliable resource of energy that can be used readily in the existing engines. Biodiesel is formed by transesterification reaction of alcohol and triglycerides under a catalyst. In this paper, Bio-diesel is produced from karanja (pongamia pinnata) oil in sono reactor at varied methanol-oil ratios and varied catalyst ratios. Yield was found at different molar ratios of methanol:oil (6:1; 4.5:1; 3:1), different KOH concentrations (2.0 wt %; 1.5 wt %; 1.0 wt %) and different times (15 min; 30 min; 45 min; 60 min). The biodiesel thus obtained conformed to ASTM D6751 standards. The optimum conditions of maximum yield are determined at 50o C temperature, 45 min reaction time, 4.5:1 methanol:oil ratio and 1.5% of KOH. The results obtained are well in accord with the literature. Also ultrasonic vibration used for production of biodiesel proves to be promising technique. The biodiesel thus produced is analyzed using various tests to obtain its properties. Further optimization techniques namely Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic have been applied for modeling the reaction and finding the optimum yield at different conditions. The yield predicted by using ANN and Fuzzy logic was compared with the experimental yield. The ANN and Fuzzy can precisely calculate as per the experimental data with R2 = 0.998 and R2 = 0.995, respectively.

Pongamia pinnata Plant Seed Oil as Dielectric Fluid for Electro Discharge Machining Process

Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is a noticeable machining practice among created unconventional machining procedures for intricate, complex profiles in hard to machine materials, similar to heat-treated steels, composites, superalloys, ceramics, composites, carbides, and so on. In EDM, the material expulsion of the cathode is accomplished through precise controlled electric discharge (the spark), which transforms the metals of two electrodes into melt and vaporize, and due to the breakdown of the dielectric medium. In this research work, the suitability of non-edible plant seed oils from Pongamia pinnata as a dielectric fluid in the EDM process was investigated. Also, the suitability of EDM oil as an alternate dielectric fluid for industrial application was studied. Electrode Wear Rate (EWR), Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), and Tool Wear Rate (TWR) are the key performance features of EDM. The principal goal of EDM is to get higher MRR alongside accomplishing the sensibly good surface quality of the machined workpiece. The parameters that accomplish the most astounding MRR depend on the machining surface, which is related to the workpiece and tool. Dielectric is the most significant variable for obtaining excellent results for the above-stated key features. These investigations showed that Pongamia pinnata oil is a suitable dielectric media; the results are satisfactory comparing with that of EDM oil. The effect of topography of the workpiece and carbon particles dissolving is also checked with SEM analysis for any deviations on work surface.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pongomia Oil using VCR Engine with Turbo Charger Setup

The diesel motors has prompted the outflow of risky gases like Sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, which can additionally prompted issues like acid rain, These discharges can likewise influence human well being and increment a dangerous atmospheric devation which has prompted the requirement for interchange energizes. Biodiesel is one of the choices which are by and large broadly considered and its generation from oil seeds is constrained by yield land dislodging, The impact of variable pressure proportion at various burdens with turbocharger is utilized to break down the presentation and to improve the exhibition of an I.C motor and to expand the effectiveness of the single chamber four stroke diesel motors. The turbocharger is utilizations to the vitality of fumes gas to drive more air-fuel blend into chamber to expand the motor power. The properties of Pongamia pinnata oil mixes with diesel are tried in a variable pressure proportion motor (VCR motor) with turbo charger arrangement. The presentation attributes of the motor are utilized to decide the brake control, explicit fuel utilization, warm effectiveness, and so on.

Performance analysis of vegetable oil‐based nanofluids used in transformers

Nanofluids (NFs) are an emerging technology in the field of dielectrics. These oils are used in transformers and other power apparatus for the purpose of insulation and cooling. The vegetable oil (VO) proposed in this study is the Pongamia pinnata oil (PPO), commonly known as karanji oil. The molecular structure of PPO is changed by the transesterification process and converted to Pongamia oil methyl ester (POME) as the crude oil is not suitable for direct use because of its high viscosity, high pour point, and acid number. For preparing the NF, 0.01 wt.% of exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride (Eh-BN) is dispersed in mineral oil (MO) and POME to prepare MO-based NF (MO-NF) and POME-based NF (POME-NF), respectively. This study explores the various thermophysical and electrical properties of four types of oils - MO, MO-NF, POME, and POME-NF. Thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, interfacial tension, flash point, and pour point, and electrical properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric dissipation factor, and dielectric strength are measured and a comparative analysis is carried out among all the four types of oils. The charging dynamics study has also been investigated to understand the phenomenon underlying the enhanced breakdown voltages of VO-based NFs.

Volumetric and Viscometric Studies of Copper Surfactant Derived from Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) Oil in Methanol-benzene Mixture at 298.15 K

Volumetric and Viscometric Studies of Copper Surfactant Derived from Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) Oil in Methanol-benzene Mixture at 298.15 K

Load and Emission Characteristics of Pongamia Pinnata Oil in ACI Engine

As the world is running on fossil fuels there has been an ever increase in the depletion rate of these fuels. A promising and a best alternate to the fossil fuel is vegetable oils. Pongamia Pinnata oil is non edible in nature and is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation is made to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics on a compression ignition engine by using methyl ester of pongamia with mineral diesel in different proportions. Pongamia methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 50% and 100% by mass and the results are tabulated and evaluated under various test conditions. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The Efficiency and emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be equal than pure diesel.

Biosynthesised ZnO : Dy3+ nanoparticles: Biodiesel properties and reusable catalyst for N-formylation of aromatic amines with formic acid

ZnO nanoparticles doped with trivalent dysprosium ions (Dy3+) were prepared through the green combustion technique using E. tirucalli plant latex as a fuel. The fundamental and optical properties of the samples are examined via the X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV-visible analytical methods and morphology by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Rietveld refinement results show that the ZnO : Dy3+ were crystallized in the wurtzite hexagonal structure with space group P63mc (No. 186). The average particle size of ZnO : Dy3+ prepared with the different concentration of latex was found to be in the range 30-38nm, which is also confirmed by TEM analysis. A rapid and convenient method for the one-pot preparation of N-formamide derivatives aromatic amines and amino acid esters has been developed using Dy3+ doped ZnO as a catalytic agent. This method provides an efficient and much improved modification over reported protocols regarding yield, clean and work-up procedure milder reaction conditions. In this work, Pongamiapinnata oil was recycled for the preparation of biodiesel via Dy3+ doped ZnO as a catalytic agent.

Photocatalytic, biodiesel, electrochemical sensing properties and formylation reactions of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via eco-friendly green synthesis method

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised through green synthesis method with different concentrations of non-germinated razma (NG) seeds and germinated razma (G) seeds powder as a fuel through. The obtained ZnO NPs were characterised by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM analytical techniques. The non-germinated and razma germinated seeds powder ratios are the effect on the structure, morphology, UV concentration, PL emission and photodegradation of dye were analysed. The different structure and shape of NPs were explored for the photodegradation of methylene blue dye. The improved photodegradation of zinc oxide NPs was characteristics of slight crystal dimension, new superficial deficiencies, more band hole and ability to make smaller the electron–hole pair rearrangement. The electrochemical property of the synthesized ZnO NPs has been shown by quantifying dopamine at micro molar concentration levels. In the present study, preparation of biodiesel using ZnO nanocatalyst, Pongamiapinnata oil was used. The chemical process of amines with formic acid in the presence of a ZnO nanocatalyst under solvent-free conditions gives a high yielded protocol for the N-formylation to form the corresponding formamide derivatives.

Functional characterization of Helicoverpa armigera trehalase and investigation of physiological effects caused due to its inhibition by Validamycin A formulation

Trehalase catalyzes hydrolysis of trehalose and plays a crucial role in insect metabolism. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment suggested that H. armigera trehalase-1 (HaTre-1) is closely related to other soluble trehalases with conserved signature features and functional sites. We have expressed and purified recombinant HaTre-1 having Vmax ~0.16mM/min and KM ~1.34mM. Inhibition kinetics and Microscale thermophoresis illustrated competitive inhibition of HaTre-1 by Validamycin A having Ki ~3nM and KD ~542nM, respectively. Docking studies of HaTre-1 with Validamycin A indicated that it binds at the active site with multiple hydrogen bonds. Ingestion of Validamycin A resulted in impediment of H. armigera growth and developmental defects. Treated larvae showed concentration dependent decrease in fecundity. It also led to total inhibition of ex-vivo trehalase activity and down-regulation of gene expression of HaTre-1. Relatively high insect mortality was observed on tomato plants sprayed with combination of Validamycin A with Azadirachta indica (neem) and Pongamia pinnata (karanj) oil as compared to the individual treatments. This report has re-emphasized trehalase inhibition as a potential insecticidal strategy and also recommends Validamycin A as a prospective value-added ingredient to commercial bio-pesticide formulations.

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Diesel Engine with <i>Pongamia</i> Biodiesel and Diesel Blends

Biodiesel has been recognized as a possible alternative fuel for CI engines because use of biodiesel can reduce petroleum diesel consumption as well as engine out emissions. Out of many biodiesel derived from various resources, this biodiesel derived from Pongamia pinnata Oil (PPO) can be prepared economically using usual transesterification process. In the present study, in-depth research and comparative study of blends of biodiesel made from PPO and diesel is carried out to bring out the benefits of its extensive usage in CI engines. The experimental results of the study reveal that the PPO biodiesel has similar characteristics to that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon are observed to be lower in the case of PPO biodiesel blends than diesel. On the other hand specific fuel energy consumption and oxides of nitrogen of PPO biodiesel blends are found to be higher than diesel.