Abstract
The high energy demand in domestic sector coupled with pollution brought by extensive exploitation of conventional fuels in an industrialized world makes it mandatory to boost renewable energy sources having lesser environmental impact than non-renewable ones. In this regard bio-diesel can be considered as a more reliable resource of energy that can be used readily in the existing engines. Biodiesel is formed by transesterification reaction of alcohol and triglycerides under a catalyst. In this paper, Bio-diesel is produced from karanja (pongamia pinnata) oil in sono reactor at varied methanol-oil ratios and varied catalyst ratios. Yield was found at different molar ratios of methanol:oil (6:1; 4.5:1; 3:1), different KOH concentrations (2.0 wt %; 1.5 wt %; 1.0 wt %) and different times (15 min; 30 min; 45 min; 60 min). The biodiesel thus obtained conformed to ASTM D6751 standards. The optimum conditions of maximum yield are determined at 50o C temperature, 45 min reaction time, 4.5:1 methanol:oil ratio and 1.5% of KOH. The results obtained are well in accord with the literature. Also ultrasonic vibration used for production of biodiesel proves to be promising technique. The biodiesel thus produced is analyzed using various tests to obtain its properties. Further optimization techniques namely Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic have been applied for modeling the reaction and finding the optimum yield at different conditions. The yield predicted by using ANN and Fuzzy logic was compared with the experimental yield. The ANN and Fuzzy can precisely calculate as per the experimental data with R2 = 0.998 and R2 = 0.995, respectively.
Highlights
Transesterification Reaction for Producing Biodiesel With the growing energy demands and increased dependence on the conventional sources and increased fear for their depletion brought up the urge for a better alternative which would replace the existing conventional fuels, that is petrol and diesel
Biodiesel can directly be used in the engines with no or slight modification of the engine. This is the most important feature of the fuel which makes it more important compared to other renewable sources where they cannot be be used in the existing techniques.The transesterification reaction is shown below [6] – [10]
The yield predicted by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy are 99.4 % and 99.6 % respectively, which are in good concurrence with the experimental yield within the range of experimental errors
Summary
Non-edible oils have to be used to produce biodiesel These are obtained in substantial amount and can be developed significantly on semi-arid and waste lands in different parts of the world. Biodiesel can directly be used in the engines with no or slight modification of the engine This is the most important feature of the fuel which makes it more important compared to other renewable sources where they cannot be be used in the existing techniques.The transesterification reaction is shown below [6] – [10]. The first stratum of multilayer ANN contains input units called as independent variables in statistical nomenclature. The last stratum of multilayer ANN contains output units called as dependent or response variables in statistical literature. Filter paper, thermometer, funnel, beakers, conical flasks, SG bottle are needed for the experiments
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