Ponceau 4R Research Articles

COMPARATIVE IMMUNOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ASTROCYTES AND NEUROCYTES OF THE CEREBELLAR GRAY MATTER IN RATS INFLUENCED BY THE FOOD ADDITIVES COMPLEX

Neurological diseases are among the most common in Ukraine, especially given the development of technology in the food industry and the accelerated pace of life, which contributes to an increased number of food additives in nutrition products. The cerebellum is easily affected by adverse effects. Our research aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of immunomorphological changes of astrocytes with neurons in the cerebellar gray matter of rats at different periods of consuming food additives, namely monosodium glutamate (food additive E621), ponceau 4R (food additive E124) and sunset yellow (food additive E110), using glial acid fibrillar protein and NeuN-immunoreactivity reaction. White rats were used in this study. We applied the immunohistochemical marker GFAP to establish protoplasmic astrocytes, and paraffin sections for the Neun-immunoreactivity reaction. Student's T-criterion was used to compare quantitative values in dual series. The difference was considered reliable at values of p<0.05. As a result of the study, histological specimens demonstrated GFAP-positive cells with large perikaryon and numerical processes, which we identified as protoplasmic astrocytes, and NeuN-positive piriform structures, from whose narrowed apex 2-3 dendrites radiated to the molecular layer, and the latter in turn gave numerous branches. We identified these cells as piriform neurons or Purkinje cells. Experimental studies have shown that in both gray and white matter of the cerebellum, there are compensatory and adaptive processes aimed at partial restoration of structural components of the cerebellum, and GFAP-positive structures play a decisive role in this process as a fibrillar framework. Furthermore, the morphometric study found that in the dynamics of the experiment, the average number of NeuN-positive Purkinje cells of the ganglion layer of the cerebellar cortex of rats in different experimental groups (from 1 to 5) significantly increased at p˂0.05 as compared to the control group of animals.

Color combination of polythiophene films doped with three dye molecules for electrochromism

The electrochromic polythiophene/dopants (PTh/dopants) films were synthesized by the electrochemical polymerization on fluorinated tin dioxide (FTO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrode. The dopants include Ponceau 4R (P4R), Naphthol red G (NrG), Acidblue 74 (A74) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The morphologies, electrochemical, optical and spectroelectrochemical performance of the films were studied. The morphological analysis of the PTh/dopants films indicated that the surface roughness (SR): SRPTh/A74-SDS < SRPTh/NrG-SDS < SRPTh/P4R-SDS. The result of the electrochemical analysis indicated that the existence of each P4R, NrG, or A74 with SDS, had an outstanding synergy effect on the electrochemical stability of films. The study of optical analysis indicated that the polaron and bipolaron were formed in PTh chains. In addition, in all PTh/dopants films, the fully doped states were observed and the energy bandgaps were reduced. The result of spectroelectrochemical analysis indicated that the PTh films with the dopant (simultaneous use of the surfactant and each dye molecule) showed excellent electrochromic characteristics, optical properties and electrochemical stability. For example, the color contrast of PTh/P4R-SDS at oxidized λmax was 52%, while this data in control sample (PTh/ClO4−) was 22%. Furthermore, the anodic and cathodic coloration efficiency of PTh/dye-SDS is 5–6 times higher than that of PTh/ClO4−. Therefore, these results confirmed that decreasing the dimension of dye molecule and increasing its number of anions as dopant played an important role in improving the electrochemical and electrochromic performance of the films.

Enhanced Performance of Natural Polymer Coagulants for Dye Removal from Wastewater: Coagulation Kinetics, and Mathematical Modelling Approach

This study explores the potentials of Brachystegia eurycoma coagulant (BEC) and Vigna subterranean coagulant (VSC) as natural organic polymers (NOPs) for the decolourisation of Crystal Ponceau 6R (AR 44) in wastewater. Materials characterisation studies were done on the precursors. A detailed kinetics study was employed. The decolourisation procedures were evaluated through time-dependent reduction in the concentration of particles, with the variation of the independent parameters. The proximate analysis showed protein contents of 19.77% and 18.15% for BEC and VSC, respectively. The functional test showed the presence of –OH, N–H, and C=H. The surface morphological study revealed some rough surfaces, different pores sizes, and compact-net structures. The order of removal efficiency was VSC > BEC with an optimum of 88.8% and 73.3%, respectively. The values of the coagulation rate constant (K) and coagulation order (α) obtained for BEC and VSC were 6.38 × 10− 4 L mg− 1 min− 1, 1.8 and 4.03 × 10− 3 L mg− 1 min− 1, 1.9, respectively. The coagulation time, T ag of 31.35 and 26.96 min for BEC and VSC, respectively, disclosed quick coagulation. The coagulation-flocculation kinetics demonstrated that the process conforms to the pseudo-second-order model with R 2 >0.997, suggesting that the rate-controlling mechanism is governed by chemisorption. In the mass transfer study, experimental data were well predicted by the cross-validation test, with a percentage mean relative deviation modulus (M%) of 3.26 and 2.54 for BEC and VSC, respectively. These coagulants added meaningful progress in wastewater treatment by coagulation-flocculation while displaying significant adsorption features. Likewise, the usage of kinetics studies and particle behaviour modelling should be a prerequisite in water treatment processes.

Ultrasensitive voltammetric measurement of Ponceau 4R using gold nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide on screen-printed electrode

Ultrasensitive voltammetric measurement of Ponceau 4R using gold nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide on screen-printed electrode

Investigation of the mechanism of phytate-modified biochar-catalyzed persulfate degradation of Ponceau 2R

The mechanism of oxidation and degradation effect of phytate-modified biochar catalyzed persulfate on Ponceau 2R was investigated. Chemical-structural properties of phytate-modified biochar, such as surface morphology and surface oxygen-containing functional groups were characterized. The results suggest that modified biochar has better oxidation performance than unmodified biochar, and the modified biochar generated at 500 ℃ pyrolysis temperature can catalyze peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system with high efficiency, in large pH and temperature scope. And the degradation mechanism of Ponceau 2R by biochar-catalyzed PMS generation (BC-PMS) system was researched. It revealed that PBC300 (phytate-modified biochar pyrolyzed at 300 °C), PBC500 (phytate-modified biochar pyrolyzed at 500 °C), and PBC700 (phytate-modified biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C) may have metaphosphoric acid linked to oxygen atoms and metaphosphoric acid linked in a bridging manner on the surface of biochar, catalyzing the production of hydroxyl radicals by PMS. PBC700 catalyzes the production of singlet oxygen by PMS through its structural defects, and singlet oxygen is the main catalytic product of PBC700.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LIVER PARENCHYMA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF RATION WITH THE FOOD ADDITIVES.

The aim: The aim of the paper was the experimental study of the morphological features of albino rat hepatocytes after the consumption of the complex of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R) supplemented into the ration and consumed for four weeks. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 30 outbred albino rats of both genders, weighing 204±0.67 g. The ration of the experimental animals, supplemented with a combination of food additives, namely, monosodium glutamate, Ponceau 4R, sodium nitrate, was consumed for 1 and 4 weeks. The study of the structure of hepathocytes was carried out on traditional histological preparations and preparations stained with Best's carmine. Results: Supplementation of ration with the complex of food additives for one week showed the phenomena of fatty degeneration that dominated in hepatocytes, and in a longer consumption of food additives in the ration (for four weeks), the number of liver cells with the phenomena of hydropic degeneration significantly increased, while individual hepatocytes had signs of irreversible destructive changes. Conclusions: Consumption of the complex of food additives supplemented into the standard ration of laboratory animals for 4 weeks leads to a significant change in the dimensions of the liver cells, a decrease in their glycogen content, and a progressive increase in the number of hepatocytes with alterations.

THE FEATURES OF THE NORMAL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE RAT DUODENUM AND UNDER THE COMBINED EFFECT OF THE FOOD ADDITIVES COMPLEX.

The aim: Investigation of ultrastructural changes in the elements of rats' duodenal mucosa in norm and exposed to a complex of food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and Ponceau 4R). Materials and methods: 70 rats of the experimental groups was administered 0.6 mg/kg of sodium nitrite, monosodium glutamate at a dose of 20 mg/kg, Ponceau 4R at a dose of 5 mg/kg in 0.5 ml of distilled water once daily per os. The doses of food additives were twice lower the allowable normal rate in food products. Animals were removed from the experiment at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Results: The effect of the complex of food additives on the mucous membrane of the duodenum was manifested by the development of edema and increased local immune response. In the later stages of observation, dystrophic changes in epithelial cells were determined. Vacuoles were found in the cytoplasm. Conclusions: The use of a complex of food additives led to general ultramicroscopic changes in the mucous membrane of rats' duodenum, triggering the morphological mechanisms of nonspecific inflammation in the form of dystrophic changes and the development of apoptosis.

Estimation of theoretical intake of synthetic food colours Azorubine, Erythrosine, Indigotine, and Ponceau 4R by the Brazilian population

There are very few studies evaluating the exposure of the general population to food colours. This study aimed to estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) by the Brazilian population of four rather seldom-used synthetic food colours: Azorubine, Erythrosine, Indigotine, and Ponceau 4R. The study was conducted using data from the two most recent National Household Budget Surveys (carried out in 2008/2009 and 2017/2018). The study covered the country’s population, sorted into the following groups: gender, geographic region, and age (among people older than 10 years). The results show that the mean TMDI (mg/day) does not exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in any population group for any of the food colours. The highest values found were 12.5% of the ADI for Erythrosine in 2008/2009 and 4% in 2017/2018. A decrease in the mean TMDI was observed for all food colours comparing 2008/2009 and 2017/2018. Intake increases with decreasing age, adolescents being the group with the highest mean TMDI. When considering the prevalence of food consumption instead of the mean consumption, TMDI gets closer to the ADI, reaching 79% of the ADI of Erythrosine for adolescent females. The intake of these food colours proved to be within the recommended levels.

Studies of Ponceau 4R food colorant and zinc oxide nanoparticles containing it interactions with DNA and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity

The current study describes design and synthesis of silica-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles containing Ponceau 4R food colorant (named as [email protected]2@APTMS/P4R). The interactions of Ponceau 4R and [email protected]2@APTMS/P4R with calf thymus-DNA were investigated It should be noted that the competitive binding experiment revealed that both Ponceau 4R and [email protected]2@APTMS/P4R could release Hoechst 33258. As inferred from the results the binding of the Ponceau 4R and [email protected]2@APTMS/P4R with DNA were surface binding, mainly due to groove binding. Furthermore, antibacterial properties of ZnO, Ponceau 4R and [email protected]2@APTMS/P4R samples against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria were examined and the resulting data were compared with the known antibiotic tetracycline. Interestingly, in most cases Ponceau 4R performs antimicrobial activities better than tetracycline that it is important for food preservation containing this colorant. In addition, the [email protected]2@APTMS/P4R exhibited good antimicrobial effectiveness not only to Gram-positive but also to Gram-negative bacteria. Novelty impact statement The silica-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles containing Ponceau 4R have been synthesized and fully characterized by FT-IR, TEM, TGA, XRD, SEM/EDX and Zeta potential analysis. The results showed that the Ponceau 4R food colorant and the nanoparticles interact with calf thymus-DNA as groove binders. Interestingly, Ponceau 4R performs excellent antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative in comparison to tetracycline and it is important for food preservation containing this colorant.

MORPHOMETRIC DESCRIPTION OF MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE UNDER THE EXPERIMENTAL COMBINED EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES

The peculiarities of the structural organization of the tongue quite often become the object of research by domestic and foreign researchers. At the same time, most of the contemporary scientific works are devoted to the study of the structural features of the lingual mucosa. Changes in the muscles of the tongue under the influence of certain unfavorable factors, in most cases, are insufficiently described. Aim: experimental study of the morphometric parameters of muscles of the tongue of the albino rats in introduction of complex food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R) into the ration over a period of 16 weeks. 60 outbred albino rats were involved into the study. The ration of experimental animals was supplemented with complex food additives, namely, monosodium glutamate, Ponceau 4R, sodium nitrite for 1 and 4 weeks. Animals of the experimental groups, in addition to the standard diet, received a combination of food additives monosodium glutamate, ponceau 4R, sodium nitrate for 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. The animals were sacrificed under thiopentone anesthesia overdose. Conventional histological microspecimens were made from tongue preparations, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. On the microspecimens, the ratio between the muscle and connective tissues, the diameter of the muscle fibers of the tongue on the tip, body and base were measured. The findings of the studies have shown that introduction of complex food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R) into the ration of laboratory animals for one week leads to an increase in the relative amount of muscle tissue in the tongue and to a heterogeneous change in the diameter of muscle fibers on the tip, body and base. The described parameters resulted from the changes in the nature of the movement of the tongue in the process of food mixing, when adapting to changes in the ration. Starting from week 4 of consumption of complex food additives supplemented into the ration of the laboratory animals, progressive atrophic changes were observed in the muscle fibers of all parts of the tongue, manifested by a gradual decrease in the diameter. At the same time, gradual decrease in the relative amount of muscle fibers and an increase in the relative amount of connective tissue were noted in the tongue of experimental animals.

PH determination of small sample volumes using Raman spectra of azo dyes

A method enabling pH-value determination in the 1.4–13.9 range of several nanoliters of aqueous solutions was developed using Raman spectra of four azo dyes: azorubine, ponceau 4R, allura red and tartrazine. Based on pre-resonance Raman spectra of dye solutions in phosphate buffer and HCl/KOH solutions, partial least squares models allowing pH measurement in the given range with an error of less than 3% were developed and validated. Spectra of several dozen samples with known pH values were recorded for each dye. As the concentration of hydrogen ions increased, changes in the intensity, position and half-width of bands were observed. In all analyzed systems, the most pronounced differences between the spectra were observed at two extreme pH values. The changes occurred mainly within vibrational bands of the azo group and the carbonyl group and were related to their protonation/deprotonation, along with the change in the pH of the solution.The results of cluster analysis and DFT calculations suggest that in a strongly acidic environment, the studied dyes appear in the form of 2- (azorubine, allura)/3- (ponceau 4R, tartrazine) anions with a negative charge located within the SO3− groups and a protonated azo group. The alkaline environment leads to further deprotonation and formation of 3- (azorubine, allura)/4- (ponceau 4R, tartrazine) anions. Principal component analysis confirmed the coexistence of two distinct forms of dye molecules in the studied solutions.

Reusable hybrid nanocomposites for clean degradation of dye waste under visible light

Herein we report on the degradation performance of three phthalocyanine-photosensitized TiO2 nanocomposites on waste dyes such as Ponceau 4R, Sella Fast Black, Congo Red, Select Brown, Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Blue, Fuchsin, Fluorescein and Naphthol Yellow S. All experiments were carried on at neutral pH, in ambient conditions, requiring only visible light and no additional oxidants. Chlorinated copper (II) α-phthalocyanine (αClCuPc), copper (II) β-phthalocyanine (βCuPc), and tetra-sulfonated copper (II) β-phthalocyanine (βSCuPc) increased the decolourization efficiency of TiO2 from moderate to high degrees, i.e., 30–100%, even for recalcitrant azo-dyes such as Ponceau 4R, Sella Fast Black, Congo Red and Select Brown. Moreover, the photosensitized catalysts display good thermal, operational stability, and reusability, providing total organic carbon (TOC) removal above 50% within 180 min in batch conditions. The reactive oxygen species were generated in the presence of dissolved oxygen, through the activation of phthalocyanine/TiO2 and it can be combined further with enzymatic/microbial treatment to achieve total mineralization.

A green approach for in-tube solid phase microextraction of acidic red dyes from juice samples using chitosan/poly vinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers

In this research, a green approach of filled in-tube solid phase microextraction (FIT-SPME) followed by HPLC-UV was introduced for extraction and determination of acidic red dyes (Amaranth, Ponceau 4R, Allura red, Carmoisine, and Erythrosine) in juice samples. In this way, stainless-steel wires were coated with chitosan as a natural polymer and polyvinyl alcohol as a safe co-polymer by electrospinning method, to achieve nanofibers with high surface area and porosity. Then, all fibers were put inside the lumen of a stainless-steel tube to make the extraction medium. The effective parameters on the extraction efficiency including desorption solvent type, extraction time, extraction flow rate, desorption flow rate, and desorption solvent volume were optimized by one variable at a time and experimental design approaches. Under the optimum conditions, the method showed good dynamic linearity in the range of 1.0–750.0 μg L−1 with LODs in the range of 0.3–7.6 μg L−1 and coefficient of determinations higher than 0.9943. The intra-day and inter-day RSDs were in the range of 2.5–9.5 % and 7.3–12.7 %, respectively. Finally, this technique was applied to the extraction and determination of the analytes in different beverage samples such as pomegranate, red grape, and sour cherry juice with acceptable and satisfying results.

Facile preparation of lotus seedpod-derived magnetic porous carbon for catalytic oxidation of Ponceau 4R

In this research, magnetic porous carbon was directly synthesized through one-step pyrolysis of FeCl3 – lotus seedpod mixture. Properties of the obtained material were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction, SEM image, nitrogen adsorption isotherm and vibrating sample magnetometer. The results showed that magnetic Fe3O4 particles were successfully formed over material template in 1 hour. The magnetic porous carbon possessed the specific magnetization of 7.13 emu/g, high specific surface area of 288 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.18 cm3/g. The material was subsequently applied as a potential catalyst for Ponceau 4R degradation by H2O2. Parameters including pH, H2O2 concentration, and different types of catalysts were investigated. At pH 3, 200 ppm H2O2, and 0.40 g/L magnetic porous carbon, 83% Ponceau 4R 50 ppm was removed after 120 minutes treatment. Moreover, the catalyst powders were separated from the treated mixture easily by a magnet. Summarily, magnetic porous carbon can promise to be an efficient catalyst in decomposition of Ponceau 4R.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF SYNTHETIC DYES IN GUMMY CANDY USING NOVEL MESOPOROUS MAGNETIC GRAPHENE OXIDE@ZEIN AEROGEL FOLLOWED BY A HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-DIODE ARRAY DETECTOR

The present work aimed to determine colorants used as food additives to confirm the gummy candy products authentication using a newly designed adsorbent in magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction. Nowadays, many kinds of synthetic dyes are widely added to food products and should be strictly monitored and regulated like other food additives. A mesoporous aerogel magnetic graphene oxide@zein adsorbent was prepared in a template-free and facile self-assembling manner for magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction extraction of 8 frequently used synthetic dyes in gummy candy samples. The adsorbent was designed and successfully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The isotherm parameters were calculated, and the amount of colorant was determined using high performance chromatography. The proposed method was validated according to the FDA guidelines over the concentration range of 0.05-50 µg/mL. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbent for Tartrazine, Quinoline Yellow, Ponceau 4R, Sunset Yellow, Allura Red, Carmoisine, Indigo Carmine, and Brilliant Blue FCF were 43.3, 43.2, 26.9, 37.8, 38.3, 74.5, 28.3, and 19.9 mg g-1, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs) were from 5 to 20 ng/mL. Inter- and intra-day precisions and accuracies were within 10%. The developed method was proved specific to determine synthetic colorants in gummy candy samples and can be easily used in food quality control laboratories.

Magnetic porous carbons derived from iron-based metal-organic framework loaded with glucose for effective extraction of synthetic organic dyes in drinks

The conversion of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to porous carbon has attracted extensive attention for developing multifunctional adsorbent materials. Herein, we demonstrated a facile method to prepare magnetic porous carbon via calcinating MIL-101(Fe) precursor loaded with glucose at 700 °C in an N2 atmosphere. The obtained magnetic porous carbon (MPCG) contained plenty of oxygen-containing functional groups and exhibited an enlarged specific surface area (177.7 m2/g) compared with its precursor (41.2 m2/g). In addition, MPCG can be easily separated from the matrix by a magnet. Benefitting from these advantages, the magnetic porous carbon exhibited high affinity toward four synthetic organic dyes (amaranth, ponceau 4R, sunset yellow, and lemon yellow) in an aqueous solution. Moreover, the adsorbent can be applied to quantitatively detect synthetic organic dyes in drinks coupled with chromatography. A new magnetic solid-phase extraction method for dye analysis yielded reasonable linearity (r □ 0.99), low limits of detection (0.047–0.076 μg/L), and good precision within the analyte concentration range of 0.25–50 μg/L.

Removal of tartrazine, ponceau 4R and patent blue V hazardous food dyes from aqueous solutions with ZnAl-LDH/PVA nanocomposite

Zinc-aluminum-based layered double hydroxide-polyvinyl alcohol (ZnAl-LDH/PVA) nanocomposite has been synthesized by one-pot co-formation method. An intercalation approach was realized using (ZnAl LDH/PVA) nanocomposite as adsorbent and photocatalyst for adsorption and solar photodegradation of hazardous food dyes—tartrazine, ponceau 4R and patent blue V. The characterization of synthesized nanocomposite was carried out by XDR, SEM, FTIR and UV-Vis. The adsorption of dyes onto the synthesized adsorbent was carried out under different initial dye concentrations, pH, adsorbent weight and three different temperatures. The optimal pH for tartrazine, ponceau 4R and patent blue V was determined as 2.0, 7.0 and 2.0, respectively. The optimal temperature at optimal pH was 303 K after 40 min. Pseudo-first-order kinetic model, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models were represented well for the definition of the adsorption mechanism of tartrazine. The adsorption of ponceau 4R and patent blue V on the ZnAl-LDH/PVA nanocomposite follows the Freundlich isotherm. The value of the slope of 1/n for ponceau 4R and patent blue V is more close to the unit (1/n = 0.668 and 0.768, respectively), which indicates the possibility of the adsorption process according to the Freundlich model. Because the adsorbent shows a photocatalytic property, after high effective sorption, the cyclic reusability of the sorbent was ensured by keeping the sample in its dye solution at 308 K in bright sunlight for 5 hours. The completely decolorized sorbent has shown high efficiency in subsequent sorption experiments.

Applicability of amethyst mining rejects as a novel photo-fenton catalyst for the abatement of an emerging pollutant in water

For the first time, the applicability of amethyst mining rejects as a novel photo-Fenton catalyst was evaluated. Catalyst characterization was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area (BET), and X-ray fluorescence (FRX). The effects of operating parameters, such as pH (2.0–4.0), catalyst dosage (0.25–1.0 g L−1), and H2O2 concentration (2.5–8.5 mmol L−1) on the degradation efficiency of Ponceau 4R dye were evaluated. The amethyst mining rejects presented a mesoporous structure, an average pore size of 9.73 nm, a specific surface area of 13.43 m2 g−1, and 23%wt of Fe2O3 on its chemical composition. The material showed an excellent catalytic efficiency, reaching 97.02% decolorization at 60 min and 75.40% TOC removal at 300 min, in the following reaction conditions: catalyst dosage: 0.75 g L−1, H2O2 concentration: 4.5 mmol L−1, and pH: 3. The waste also showed high stability and effectiveness after three successive reuse cycles. In addition, the catalyst was highly effective for treating synthetic wastewater composed of various hazardous dyes and salts.

Natural Material Shungite as Solid-Phase Extraction Sorbent for the Extraction of Red Synthetic Dye Ponceau 4R from Tap Water, Wine, and Juice

Natural Material Shungite as Solid-Phase Extraction Sorbent for the Extraction of Red Synthetic Dye Ponceau 4R from Tap Water, Wine, and Juice

ALOE VERA STABILIZED NANO SILVER-REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE NANO COMPOSITES FOR FACILE CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF PONCEAU 4R AND EOSIN-Y DYES IN VISIBLE LIGHT

In this work nanocomposites comprising of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and silver nanoparticles (AgNp) were prepared adopting eco friendlier components. Aloe vera plant extract was used as the stabilizing agent in the AgNp synthesis and graphite precursor being used in the rGO preparation. Size characterizations of AgNp-rGO nano composites were carried out from UV- Vis SPR, Powder XRD, HR-TEM and FE-SEM measurements. The catalytic ability of the fabricated green AgNp-rGO nano composites was confirmed by following the oxidative degradations of two popular dyes Ponceau 4R and Eosin-Y in aqueous medium under visible light irradiations at 25ºC. Reaction kinetic parameters such as overall pseudo first order rate coefficients ‘k’, % mineralization of dyes and effect of oxidant sodium peroxomono sulfate (Na2S2O5) were determined for the two dyes separately adopting visible light irradiation and nano composite catalyst inclusions. AgNp-rGO nano composites exhibited remarkable catalytic capacity under visible light irradiations of the dyes both in the presence and absence of oxidant. Among the dyes tested, Ponceau 4R degraded to a higher extent than Eosin-Y. The results point towards low cost advanced oxidation process and AgNp-rGO nano composites an efficient analytical tool for dye degradations.