Plasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride Research Articles

Novel insights into the role of bisphenol A (BPA) in genomic instability.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a phenolic chemical that has been used for over 50 years in the manufacturing of polycarbonate and polyvinyl chloride plastics, and it is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. Because BPA can bind to and activate estrogen receptors, studies have mainly focused on the effect of BPA in disrupting the human endocrine and reproductive systems. However, BPA also plays a role in promoting genomic instability and has been associated with initiating carcinogenesis. For example, it has been recently shown that exposure to BPA promotes the formation of single stranded DNA gaps, which may be associated with increased genomic instability. In this review, we outline the mechanisms by which BPA works to promote genomic instability including chromosomal instability, DNA adduct formation, ROS production, and estrogen receptor (ER) activation. Moreover, we define the ways in which BPA promotes both carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy, and we provide critical insights into future directions and outstanding questions in the field.

Effect of various saturation levels of hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber on plasticized polyvinyl chloride performance

AbstractPlasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) burns easily and generates a lot of smoke during combustion. In order to improve the comprehensive performance of plasticized PVC, hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR) with different degrees of saturation (88%, 94% and 99%) were melt blended with plasticized PVC. Compared to the plasticized PVC without HNBR, the glass transition temperature decreased from −10.6 to −26.0°C, the initiation temperature for thermal degradation increased from 272 to 281°C, the elongation at break enlarged from 316% to 477%, and the permanent set dropped from 72% to 61% when HNBR was added to plasticized PVC at a ratio of 30 parts per hundred parts of resin. However, this resulted in a weakening of tensile strength of the plasticized PVC. Additionally, in the cone calorimetry test, the total smoke production of the PVC/HNBR blends (from 18 to 22 m2) was lower than that of the PVC control (23 m2) and the time to ignition was increased from 26 to 32 s. As a result, PVC/HNBR is expected to gain popularity in the rubber and plastic pipe, wire, and cable sheathing industries.Highlights Plasticized PVC improves thermal stability by melt blending with HNBR. All PVC/HNBR samples have excellent low‐temperature resistance. The addition of HNBR decreases the burning smoke density of plasticized PVC.

Mattel's ©Barbie: Preventing Plasticizers Leakage in PVC Artworks and Design Objects through Film-Forming Solutions.

The main conservation problem of p-PVC artworks is phthalate-based plasticizer migration. Phthalate migration from the bulk to the surface of the materials leads to the formation of a glossy and oily film on the outer layers, ultimately reducing the flexibility of the material. This study aimed to develop a removable coating for the preservation of contemporary artworks and design objects made of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (p-PVC). Several coatings incorporating chitosan, collagen, and cellulose ethers were assessed as potential barriers to inhibiting plasticizer migration. Analytical techniques including optical microscopy (OM), ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (UV/Vis/NIR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to evaluate the optical and chemical stability of selected coating formulations applied to laboratory p-PVC sheet specimens. Subsequently, formulations were tested on a real tangible example of a design object, ©Barbie doll, characterized by the prevalent issue of plasticizer migration. Furthermore, the results obtained with the tested formulations were evaluated by a group of conservators using a tailored survey. Finally, a suitable coating formulation capable of safeguarding plastic substrates was suggested.

생분해성 PLA-PHA 폴리머 블로운 압출 가공 특성

As delivery culture grows rapidly, global regulations on disposable products and packaging materials are being strengthened. The use of various chemical additives and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticizers in the packaging material manufacturing process has been confirmed to cause water pollution and microplastics. Therefore, it is important to develop biodegradable packaging materials. When polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) is mixed with polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PLA), a biodegradable petroleum material, its applications in food and medical device packaging are limited owing to its low tensile strength and high opacity. However, the plant-based PLA composite material with added PHA exhibits excellent blown extrusion processability, improved tensile strength (MPa) by 32%, and improved transparency by more than 80%. Furthermore, in a comparative study, it was determined that the tensile strength of the composite material can be improved by 170% by changing the biodegradable mixing ratio. The composite material, which comprises PHA, is a white bioplastic known for its significant carbon reduction effect. It is expected to serve as a sustainable material for future generations.

The highly selective green colorimetric detection of yttrium ions in biological and environmental samples using the synergistic effect in an optical sensor.

A new eco-friendly method for creating an optical sensor membrane specifically designed to detect yttrium ions (Y3+) has been developed. The proposed sensor membrane is fabricated by integrating 4-(2-arsonophenylazo) salicylic acid (APASA), sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB), and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) matrix with dimethyl sebacate (DMS) as the plasticizer. In this sensor membrane, APASA functions dually as an ionophore and a chromoionophore, while TOPO enhances the complexation of Y3+ ions with APASA. The composition of the sensor membrane has been meticulously optimized to achieve peak performance. The current membrane exhibits a linear dynamic range for Y3+ ions from 8.0 × 10-9 to 2.3 × 10-5 M, with detection and quantification limits of 2.3 × 10-9 and 7.7 × 10-9 M, respectively. No interference from other potentially interfering cations and anions was observed in the determination of Y3+. The membrane showed strong stability and a swift response time of about 3.0 minutes, with no signs of APASA leaching. This sensor is highly selective for Y3+ ions and can be renewed by treating it with 0.15 M HNO3. It has been effectively applied to measure Y3+ in nickel-based alloys, as well as in biological and environmental samples.

Carbon Nanotube-Doped 3D-Printed Silicone Electrode for Manufacturing Multilayer Porous Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Gel Artificial Muscles.

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel has large deformation under an applied external electrical field and high driving stability in air and is a candidate artificial muscle material for manufacturing a flexible actuator. A porous PVC gel actuator consists of a mesh positive pole, a planar negative pole, and a PVC gel core layer. The current casting method is only suitable for manufacturing simple 2D structures, and it is difficult to produce multilayer porous structures. This study investigated the feasibility of a 3D-printed carbon nanotube-doped silicone electrode for manufacturing multilayer porous PVC gel artificial muscle. Carbon nanotube-doped silicone (CNT-PDMS) composite inks were developed for printing electrode layers of PVC gel artificial muscles. The parameters for the printing plane and mesh electrodes were explored theoretically and experimentally. We produced a CNT-PDMS electrode and PVC gel via integrated printing to manufacture multilayer porous PVC artificial muscle and verified its good performance.

Synthesis and evaluation of oleic acid‐derived hyperbranched polyester as an efficient plasticizer for PVC

AbstractIn response to the health and environmental concerns associated with the plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP), this research explores the utilization of methyl oleate (MO) derived from plant oil, 1,2,4‐Benzeneticarboxylic anhydride (TMA) and isobutyric anhydride (IA) as a precursor for synthesizing a hyperbranched polyester named IA‐MO‐TMA. This polyester serves as an alternative plasticizer for Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The chemical structure of IA‐MO‐TMA was thoroughly characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectra, and its molecular weight was assessed. The PVC film, plasticized with IA‐MO‐TMA, underwent comprehensive testing using techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Notably, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the plasticized PVC film exhibited a significant reduction from 75°C to −6.7°C. The plasticized film demonstrated an elongation at break of 318.1%, a tensile strength of 19.2 MPa, and a plasticizing efficiency of 109.9%. Moreover, the use of IA‐MO‐TMA as a plasticizer increased the initial decomposition temperature of PVC film from 235.6 to 264.1°C. Additionally, the extraction rate of IA‐MO‐TMA in petroleum ether was found to be 35.6% lower than that of DOP.

Effects of polymer matrix and temperature on pyrolysis of tetrabromobisphenol A: Product profiles and transformation pathways

Plastics are crucial constituents in electronic waste (e-waste) and part of the issue in e-waste recycling and environmental protection. However, previous studies have mostly focused on plastic recovery or thermal behavior of flame retardants, but not both simultaneously. The present study simulated the process of e-waste thermal treatment to explore tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) pyrolysis at various temperatures using polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and e-waste plastics as polymer matrices. Pyrolysis of TBBPA produced bromophenol, bromoacetophenone, bromobenzaldehyde, and bromobisphenol A. Co-pyrolysis with the polymer matrices increased emission factors by 1 − 2 orders of magnitude. The pyrolytic products of TBBPA, TBBPA+PS, and TBBPA+PVC were mainly low-brominated bisphenol A, while that of TBBPA in e-waste plastics was consistently bromophenol. Increasing temperature drove up the proportions of gaseous and particulate products, but lowered the relative abundances of inner wall adsorbed and residual products in pyrolysis of pure TBBPA. In co-pyrolysis of TBBPA with polymer matrix, the proportions of products in different phases were no longer governed solely by temperature, but also by polymer matrix. Co-pyrolysis of TBBPA with PS generated various bromophenols, while that with PVC produced chlorophenols and chlorobrominated bisphenol A. Transformation pathways, deduced by ab initio calculations, include hydrogenation-debromination, isopropylphenyl bond cleavage, oxidation, and chlorination.

Unveiling reflectance spectral characteristics of floating plastics across varying coverages: insights and retrieval model.

Marine floating debris, particularly chemically stable plastics, poses a significant global environmental concern. These materials, due to their prevalence and durability, linger on the ocean surface for extended durations, inflicting considerable harm on marine ecosystems, life, and the food chain. The traditional methodology for investigating marine floating debris mainly uses field observations, which are time-consuming, laborious, and constrained in observational scope. Consequently, there is an urgent need for more effective methodologies, such as remote sensing, to monitor marine floating debris, which will be of great significance for enhancing the management of their pollution. In this study, we employ controlled experiments and theoretical model simulations to investigate the spectral characteristics of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) of two common types of floating plastic debris, specifically polyvinyl chloride (PVC) buoys and polypropylene (PP) bottles. Our analysis reveals distinct Rrs(λ) spectral characteristics for each type of plastic debris, differing significantly from that of the background water. Furthermore, both PVC buoys and PP bottles exhibit a similar absorption valley in the short-wave infrared region, with its depth increasing alongside the plastic coverage. Based on these findings, we develop a novel floating plastic index (FPI) and a corresponding retrieval model for estimating the coverage of floating plastic debris. Validation with simulated data and measurements from control experiments shows good performance of the retrieval model with high inversion accuracy, demonstrated by the values of the coefficient of determination, mean percentage error, mean absolute percentage error, and root mean square error of 0.97, -0.3%, 17.5%, and 3.98%, respectively, for the experimentally measured dataset. Our research provides a theoretical and methodological foundation for remote sensing retrieval of the coverages of floating PVC and PP plastics, as well as offers valuable insights for the analysis of other floating debris types in future studies.

Real-Time Potentiometric Monitoring of Tetrachloroaurate(III) with an Ion-Selective Electrode and Its Applications to HAuCl4 Iodide-Catalyzed Reduction by Hydroxylamine

Ion-selective electrodes for tetrachloroaurate(III) have been developed for potentiometric monitoring of the reduction reaction of tetrachloroaurate(III). Three different plasticized polyvinyl chloride membranes containing tridodecymethylammonium chloride as an anion exchanger were investigated. These membranes differ in the plasticizer used, either 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) or tricresyl phosphate (TCP) or bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS). The potentiometric response of the electrodes to the tetrachloroaurate(III) concentration was studied by two methods. In the first method, commonly used in the calibration of ion-selective electrodes, successive tetrachloroaurate(III) concentration increments were used and the potential was allowed to stabilize after each concentration step. The second method was developed to mimic the tetrachloroaurate(III) reduction reaction in which there is a continuous decrease in the concentration of tetrachloroaurate(III). This was achieved by continuously diluting an initial concentration of tetrachloroaurate(III) by pumping a diluent solution while keeping the sample volume constant. This method gave an excellent linear response to the tetrachloroaurate(III) concentration. The calibrated electrodes were used for the potentiometric monitoring of the kinetics of a newly observed reaction: the reduction of tetrachloroaurate(III) by hydroxylamine catalyzed by iodide. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed on the basis of the experimental results obtained.

A Study of Plant-Filled Polymer Composites Based on Highly Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride.

To enhance the ecological properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, the fabrication of PVC-based composites using biofillers with acceptable performance characteristics could be considered. In this work, plant-filled PVC-based composite materials were fabricated and their optical, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties, depending on the nature of the filler, were studied. Spruce flour, birch flour, and rice husk were used as fillers. Optical measurements showed the selected technological parameters, allowing films with a uniform distribution of dispersed plant filler in the polymer matrix to be obtained. Using the plant fillers in PVC films leads to a reduction in strength characteristics; for instance, the tensile strength changed from 18.0 MPa (for pure PVC film) to ~7 MPa (for composites with 20 wt.% of fillers), and to ~5-6.2 MPa (for composites with 40 wt.% of fillers). Thermal investigations showed that the samples with plant fillers could be used at low temperatures without changing their operating characteristics. Thus, plant-filled PVC-based composite materials have a wide operating temperature range, from-65 °C to 150 °C. TGA analysis has demonstrated that the rice husk affected the thermal stability of the composites by increasing their thermal decomposition resistance. The ability to absorb water was observed during the investigation of water absorption of the samples. And the highest degree of water absorption (up to 160 mg/g) was detected for the sample with 40 wt.% of rice husk. In general, plant-filled polymer composites based on PVC can be used on an equal basis with unfilled PVC plastic compounds for some applications such as in construction (for example, for design tasks).

Broadening Bandwidth in a Semi-Active Vibration Absorption System Utilizing Stacked Polyvinyl Chloride Gel Actuators.

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel is a new soft and smart material, whose potential in electroactive variable stiffness can be used for vibration control in soft robotic systems. In this paper, a new semi-active vibration absorber is developed by stacking PVC gel actuator units. The absorption bandwidth of a single PVC gel absorber covers the range of three natural frequencies (76.5 Hz, 95 Hz, 124 Hz) of a rectangular steel plate in vibration attenuation. The maximum reduction percentage in acceleration amplitude is 63%. With stacked PVC gel actuator units, the absorption bandwidth can be shifted and obviously broadened.

Functionalizing Carbon Substrates with a Covalently Attached Cobalt Redox Buffer for Calibration-Free Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes.

With a view to potentiometric sensing with minimal calibration requirements and high long-term stability, colloid-imprinted mesoporous (CIM) carbon was functionalized by the covalent attachment of a cobalt redox buffer and used as a new solid contact for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The CIM carbon surface was first modified by electroless grafting of a terpyridine ligand (Tpy-ph) using diazonium chemistry, followed by stepwise binding of Co(II) and an additional Tpy ligand to the grafted ligand, forming a bis(terpyridine) Co(II) complex, CIM-ph-Tpy-Co(II)-Tpy. Half a molar equivalent of ferrocenium tetrakis(3-chlorophenyl)borate was then used to partially oxidize the Co(II) complex. Electrodes prepared with this surface-attached CIM-ph-Tpy-Co(III/II)-Tpy redox buffer as a solid contact were tested as K+ sensors in combination with valinomycin as the ionophore and Dow 3140 silicone or plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the matrixes for the ion-selective membrane (ISM). This solid contact is characterized by a redox capacitance of 3.26 F/g, ensuring a well-defined interfacial potential that underpins the transduction mechanism. By use of a redox couple as an internal reference element to control the phase boundary potential at the interface of the ISM and the CIM carbon solid contact, solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) with a standard deviation of E° as low as 0.3 mV for plasticized PVC ISMs and 3.5 mV for Dow 3140 silicone ISMs were obtained. Over 100 h, these SC-ISEs exhibit an emf drift of 20 μV/h for plasticized PVC ISMs and 62 μV/h for silicone ISMs. The differences in long-term stability and reproducibility between electrodes with ISMs comprising either a plasticized PVC or silicone matrix offer valuable insights into the effect of the polymeric matrix on sensor performance.

Application of pfg NMR diffusometry to study diffusion and ionization phenomena in plasticized polymeric membranes doped with ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) are increasingly used as promising organic solvents for a variety of applications, including electrochemical processes, novel separation techniques and innovative methods of synthesis, due to their low volatility, excellent solvation properties, high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. Moreover, the tunable properties of ILs determined by their composition make them favorable candidates as dopants for composite and/or functional polymeric materials, e.g. in the membranes of chemical sensors. To effectively use ILs in polymeric materials and control the characteristics of the latter, one should develop a complete understanding of the properties of ILs in the polymeric phase, such as their diffusion and ionic behavior.In our previous work, we applied pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR technique to verify the results of a chronopotentiometric method conventionally used to determine the diffusion coefficients and electrolytic properties of electrolytes in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes of chemical sensors. The results obtained with these two independent methods were in good agreement, confirming that PEG NMR diffusometry is a viable technique for assessing the diffusion properties of species even in highly viscous polymeric media of low polarity.Here we report a comprehensive study of the transport and ionic behavior of IL 1-hexyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide ([C6Meim][NTf2]) in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix, performed in situ by means of PFG NMR diffusometry. A number of sets of spectra for the 1H and 19F nuclei of the [C6Meim][NTf2] ionic liquid in PVC membranes doped with the plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate were registered at different amplitudes of the magnetic field gradient. The mobility of both individual ions of the IL and the formed ion associates was investigated over a broad range of IL concentrations in the PVC matrix; in addition, the ionization degree and dissociation constant of [C6Meim][NTf2] were determined and their dependence on the IL content was traced.

Synthesis and application of environmental plasticizers based on benzene polyacid ester

AbstractUsing benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid, trimellitic anhydride, 2‐propylheptanol and 2‐ethylhexanol as raw materials, four kinds of environmental plasticizers were prepared, which were used as additives for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Compared with commercially available di (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP), di (2‐ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DOTP), and tributyl citrate (TBC), the application performance and plasticizing performance were compared. The structure of the target product was analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to verify the fingerprint region of the molecular structure of the product. The properties of plasticized PVC films were tested by thermal weight loss analysis, oven thermal aging test, migration and volatility resistance test, DMA analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The plasticizing mechanism was confirmed through quantum chemical calculations, and the results of the calculations were in line with the migration outcomes. The results showed that compared with commercially available plasticizers, benzene polyacid ester plasticizers had better thermal stability, and better cold resistance in the polar environments, suitable for high‐temperature and water‐based environments.Highlights The four plasticizers prepared in this study were compared with reference plasticizers, and the plasticizing mechanism was validated through quantum chemical calculations. The PVC film plasticized with benzene polyacid ester prepared in this study demonstrates outstanding thermal stability, surpassing certain plasticizers reported in current literature. Benzene polyacid esters plasticized PVC film has migration stability under various conditions, it has great potential in packaging and other applications.

Enhancement in efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation with the assistance of PVC/TiO2 reflective composite applied for double-sided power generation

Solar photovoltaic power generation is a productive and environmentally friendly technique. The results of objective evaluations show that double-sided power generation is more efficient than single-sided power generation, with a possible increase of 5 %–30 %. Hence, it is necessary to identify a composite that reflects the exact sunlight waveband (300–1100 nm) onto the backside of photovoltaic panels used for double-sided power generation. Herein, two different crystalline types of titanium dioxide (TiO2), rutile (R–TiO2) and anatase (A-TiO2), were combined with plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to create composites. A comparative analysis was conducted with other commonly utilized reflective fillers, such as barium sulfate (BaSO4) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). As a result, the R–TiO2 was identified as the most appropriate substance to be blended with PVC for the production of PVC/R–TiO2 composite. As the quantity of R–TiO2 increased from 0 to 100 phr, reflectance in the distinctive waveband of 300–1100 nm of the PVC/R–TiO2 rose from 5.30 % to 82.97 %. Moreover, an improvement in the thermal conductivity of PVC/R–TiO2 sample was observed, which increased by 59.2 % from 0.179 W m−1 K−1 to 0.285 W m−1 K−1, indicating a positive effect on heat transfer. The rheological measurement showed that the amount of reflective filler was inversely proportional to the compatibility of the reflective filler with plasticized PVC in the overall composite system, whereas the thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal stability of the composites improved as the number of reflective fillers increased. Substantially, PVC/R–TiO2 composites exhibit better performance in enhancing the power generation efficiency of solar photovoltaic panels.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ И ПРОЦЕССОВ СТАРЕНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛА НА СИЛОВЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ПОГЛОЩАЮЩИХ АППАРАТОВ ВАГОНОВ

Improving the dynamic qualities, traffic safety and increasing the inter-repair mileage of cars are urgent tasks of car-building industry. The most dangerous loads acting on the car are longitudinal loads during emergency driving modes, to reduce which inter-car shock absorbers (absorbing devices) are provided; their effectiveness must be ensured throughout the whole car life. The performance of polymer car absorbing devices depends primarily on the durability of the polymer, which is a kinetically activated process accelerated by repeated deformations and elevated temperature. The mechanism of the material ageing process depends on the structure of the material. Based on experimental laboratory studies and comparative field tests, ageing of elastomers of different classes have been identified, the dependences of the power characteristics of R-5P absorbing apparatus with two types of solid elastomer (based on rubber and a mixture of elastic thermoplastic with polyvinyl chloride plastic) have been constructed at normal and low temperatures, as well as after 6 years of operation. Recommendations are given to increase the resistance to crystallization and to ageing of polymer elements of absorbing devices. It is advisable to use the characteristics obtained in the paper when modeling the operation of absorbing devices with a solid elastomer, taking into account the operating time.

PVC plasticized membranes modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles for potentiometric sensing of sulfate

Potentiometric sensing is one of the most wide spread platforms for analysis of aqueous solutions. The development of potentiometric sensors for hydrophilic anions such as sulfate, phosphate and bicarbonate is a challenging problem, since their high hydration energy results in a low affinity for non-polar polymer membranes – a standard material for potentiometric sensor production.In this study we propose a new type of polymeric sensor membranes for ion-selective sensors with pronounced selectivity to hydrophilic anions. The membranes are based on inorganic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NP) embedded into plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). Six different formulations of membranes with various combinations of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and other membrane-active components were synthesized and characterized with a wide range of physico-chemical methods. Contact angle measurements, FTIR spectra, SEM and AFM imaging, magnetization hysteresis curves, ZFC/FC studies were performed. The obtained results proved the formation of nanocomposites and demonstrated a structure with “cavities” in membranes with embedded nanoparticles. Potentiometric sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensors in aqueous solutions of SO42−, HPO42−, HCO3−, H2PO4−, NO3− and Cl−anions were studied. The developed sensors showed high sensitivity to sulfate ion (-22 mV/dec in the concentration range from 10−5 to 10−3 M) and low sensitivity to the typical interfering anions – chloride and nitrate (-14 mV/dec). The optimized sensor membrane composition demonstrated sulfate selectivity higher than that of commercially available ion-selective sensor formulations. The novel sensors were tested for quantification of SO42− in real samples of natural mineral water and the obtained content of sulfate was in a good agreement with the reference data (relative error < 3 %)

Global analysis of the adverse effects of micro- and nanoplastics on intestinal health and microbiota of fish

The wide occurrence of micro- and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) within aquatic ecosystems has raised increasing concerns regarding their potential effects on aquatic organisms. However, the effects of MPs/NPs on intestinal health and microbiota of fish remain controversial, and there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding how the impact of MPs/NPs is influenced by MPs/NPs characteristics and experimental designs. Here, we conducted a global analysis to synthesize the effects of MPs/NPs on 47 variables associated with fish intestinal health and microbiota from 118 studies. We found that MPs/NPs generally exerted obvious adverse effects on intestinal histological structure, permeability, digestive function, immune and oxidative-antioxidative systems. By contrast, MPs/NPs showed slight effects on intestinal microbial variables. Further, we observed that the responses of intestinal variables to MPs/NPs were significantly regulated by MPs/NPs characteristics and experimental designs. For instance, polyvinyl chloride plastics showed higher toxicity to fish gut than polyethylene and polystyrene did. Additionally, larval fish appeared to be more sensitive to MPs/NPs than juvenile fish. Collectively, this study highlights the potential impacts of MPs/NPs on intestinal health and microbiota of fish, and underscores the determinant role of MPs/NPs characteristics and experimental designs in MPs/NPs toxicity.

Effectiveness of activated zeolite adsorber in decreased soot emission and increased oxygen concentration from combustion smokes of polyvinyl chloride plastic

Polyvinyl Chloride plastic waste is becoming an increasingly urgent global environmental issue. Combustion PVC plastic waste can have significant negative impacts on human health. To overcome these problems, this research was conducted by utilizing zeolite as an adsorbent for PVC combustion smokes. The research methodology is zeolite activation, adsorber design and gas adsorption process through dry adsorption method which is the core of this research. This study will evaluate oxygen concentration and soot emissions. Before being given a zeolite adsorbent, the oxygen concentration produced in PVC combustion smokes was only 17.2% with high soot levels as evidenced by the blackened smoke color. Furthermore, after being given an adsorbent in the form of activated zeolite as much as 283.5 grams, the oxygen concentration produced increased significantly to 20.9% followed by a decrease in soot emission levels as evidenced by changes in the color of whitened smoke. Based on the test results related to the increase in oxygen concentration and the decrease in soot emission levels, it can be concluded that activated zeolite has a high effectiveness in carrying out the PVC combustion smoke adsorption process by producing particles of carbon and oxygen within the normal threshold in the air.