Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe Research Articles

Nondestructive Testing of Nonmetallic Pipes Using Wideband Microwave Measurements

Conventional nondestructive testing techniques do not suffice to efficiently inspect the defects in multiple nonmetallic pipes. Thus, in this article, we propose a novel method for inspection of these components based on near-field microwave holographic imaging augmented with beamspace transformation. This approach harnesses the ability of microwaves for 3-D imaging by measuring the backscattered fields in the near-field region. In the proposed technique, we augment the solution of near-field holographic imaging through the use of beamspace transformation which allows for focusing on each pipe during the solution process. This improves the quality of the reconstructed images, in particular, for the pipes which are further away from the measuring antennas. First, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed imaging technique using simulations. Then, we present the experimental results for imaging of concentric cylindrical polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes using wideband microwave data.

Millimeterwave Radar Systems for In-Line Thickness Monitoring in Pipe Extrusion Production Lines

This letter presents algorithms and considerations for the applicability of millimeter wave radar systems as monitoring sensors in the field of plastic pipe extrusion. Since a constant wall thickness of the pipe is a major quality factor of the product, monitoring systems that in-line measure the thickness during the extrusion process are commonly used. Modern ultrawideband radar systems achieve target resolutions in the range of millimeters, allowing competition with well-established methods, such as ultrasound sensors, and even expensive photonic Terahertz devices. The authors describe a novel accurate and efficient method to measure the pipe-wall's thickness based on frequency domain evaluation of the material reflection. The general feasibility of W-band radar sensors, as well as the accuracy of the proposed method, is demonstrated by measurements using a moderate size polyvinyl chloride pipe.

Reagent-Free Detection of Lead Carbonate Using Stripping Voltammetry

Nowadays lead pipes are still present in many houses and could be a potential source of this metal in drinking water. Modern polyvinyl chloride pipes also contain compounds of lead, that can be leached from them, causing an increase of Pb concentration in drinking water. That is why regular and simple testing of tap water is necessary to avoid lead poisoning. Voltammetric sensors, due to their high sensitivity, simplicity and low cost, are very good for the detection of lead ions. In tap water, except of free ions, lead may present in various particulate forms (i.e. oxides, hydroxide, insoluble salts, etc.) that cannot be detected directly using electrochemical techniques.A user-friendly sensor should exclude any sample preparation; however, this step is necessary to bring all the species to the ionic form. It has been reported the possibility of electrochemical pH reduction of water. Oxidation of water occurs easily on most inert electrodes (Pt, Au, etc.), producing hydrogen ions. Generated H+ can chemically interact with some lead species, revealing free lead ions.The proposed method employs electrochemical generation of hydrogen ions, combined with stripping square wave voltammetry for quantification of lead species in particulate form, using lead carbonate as a model compound. The signal obtained using this method is linearly proportional to the amount of solid PbCO3 added to the solution in the range of 50-250 μg/l.

Theriogenology Question of the Month.

History A 2-year-old sexually intact male Vietnamese potbellied pig that weighed 113 kg (249 lb) was admitted and examined to determine the cause of inappetance, irritability, and an enlargement in the inguinal region. The clinical signs had become more evident and the pig’s condition had gradually worsened during the preceding week. No treatment had been initiated prior to our examination. The owners reported that the boar would attempt to mate with a piece of polyvinyl chloride pipe. Physical examination revealed massive distention (40 X 25 cm [15.7 X 9.8 inches]) in the inguinal region and caudoventral portion of the abdomen. Palpation of the enlargement revealed it was firm and excessively warm but could be compressed, which suggested it was filled with fluid. The prepuce was edematous. There was evi dence of irritation of the skin over the right inguinal region. Question

Novel, Inexpensive Portable Respiratory Protection Unit (PRPU) for Healthcare Workers

IntroductionGiven concern for increased aerosolization during intubation of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, we sought to create a portable, inexpensive, and easily constructed device to help protect healthcare workers.MethodsA respiratory protection unit can be constructed in approximately 30 minutes and for less than 50 United States dollars in materials, using polyvinylchloride pipe and automobile collision wrap.ConclusionThis device provides possible increased protection during video laryngoscopy and can easily be replicated.

Rediseño óptimo de la red presurizada de la sección 01, del distrito de riego 001 Pabellón de Arteaga, Aguascalientes

El recurso agua es cada día más limitado, siendo la agricultura el sector que mayor demanda tiene, por lo que es necesario contar con infraestructura de riego capaz de optimizar y suministrar el agua que recibe la planta. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo rediseñar y optimizar la sección 01 del distrito de riego 001 (DR 001) Pabellón de Arteaga, Aguascalientes para que la red pueda satisfacer los requerimientos de agua de los cultivos con el sistema de suministro del riego a la demanda. Se aplicó la primera fórmula de Clément para la capacidad hidráulica de los tramos de la red y programación lineal para el determinar los diámetros óptimos de la red presurizada, minimizando el costo de la tubería que es uno de los componentes de mayor presupuesto en un sistema de riego, se utilizó como restricciones la velocidad mínima y máxima, longitud de cada tramo, presión mínima en los nodos y un caudal mínimo a circular de 20 L s-1. Los resultados sugieren modificaciones importantes con respecto a lo instalado, actualmente los tramos de la red son clase 5 y el rediseño asignó en su mayoría clase 7 y 10, un 61% de los tramos incrementaron su diámetro, con un costo total mínimo de $ 6 968 266 en cuanto a tubería de policloruro de vinilo (PVC), también se eliminó la restricción de las 4 válvulas reguladoras de presión (VRP) existentes dentro de la sección 01 para que opere con la totalidad de la presión que recibe a la entrada de la sección.

Experimental Study on Performance Parameters of Power Cable Conduits of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes are used more and more widely as protective conduits in the field of power cables. According to the application characteristics in the field of cables, there are special requirements for the performance parameters of CPVC pipes. In this paper, several key performance parameters such as CPVC pipe size inspection, ring stiffness, longitudinal retraction rate, vicat softening temperature, density and flattening test are selected, and the theoretical research of the test method is carried out. On the basis of theoretical research, the difference between the dimensional inspection, the ring stiffness, the longitudinal retraction rate, the density and the vicat softening temperature parameters of the unqualified sample and the qualified sample are compared. It is found that the unqualified samples of the flattening test have relatively poor compressive performance, and the longitudinal plasticity stability under the influence of the heat source is also relatively poor. Moreover, when the sample size is unqualified, it directly affects the compressive performance of the sample. Through the research results, it provides the necessary reference for the application of CPVC pipes in the field of power cables.

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF POLYMER-POLYMER MIXTURES AS DRAG REDUCING AGENTS ON OIL-WATER FLOWS

The synergistic effect of natural and synthetic polymers as drag reducing agents in water phase during horizontal oil-water flows was studied in 12 mm internal diameter (ID) unplasticised polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipe. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM; trade name as magnafloc 1011 or Separan), polyethylene oxide (PEO; trade name as Polyox WSR 310), Aloe Vera mucilage (AVM; as Aloe barbadensis miller), mixture of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and Aloe Vera mucilage and polyethylene oxide and Aloe Vera mucilage (HPAM-AVM and PEO-AVM) were used. Mixture Reynolds number of 62923, master solution of 2000 ppm and 20000 ppm, and total concentration (TC) of 30 ppm and 400 ppm were investigated using diesel oil (ρ = 832 kg/m3, µ = 1.66 cP) and water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3, µ = 0.89 cP) as test fluids. The results show that the drag reduction (DR) of 65.39 and 69.23%, and 69.23 and 70.77% were obtained for HPAM-AVM and PEO-AVM mixtures respectively, at mixing ratios of 3:1 and 1:19, for 25% oil input fraction and water phase Reynolds number (Rew) of 47192. These values were found to be higher than the DR obtained by individual polymer alone at the same conditions. Drag reduction decreased with increase in the oil input fraction due to the decrease in the water phase Reynolds number. The result implies drag reduction efficiency can be enhanced by combining natural and synthetic polymers.

The construction and testing of an acoustic energy harvester consisting of a Helmholtz resonator and a loudspeaker

Sound energy is all around but not properly utilized despite being a source of electricity. This research was conducted to construct and test an acoustic energy harvester consisting of a Helmholtz resonator and a loudspeaker. The resonator cavity was made of 10 mm-thick cube-shaped acrylic plates with an inner side length of 300 mm while its neck was made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes with an inner diameter of 55 mm and three length variations at 50 mm, 70 mm, and 90 mm. A 6-inch subwoofer loudspeaker was mounted on the resonator back wall facing the cavity with its terminals connected to a 100-ohm load resistor. The sound waves entering the resonator cavity through the neck were converted into the alternating electric current flowing through the resistor. The test was conducted experimentally by exposing the harvester to sound waves at a maximum sound pressure level (SPL) of 100 dB and frequency variations from 25 Hz to 200 Hz. The root-mean-square (rms) voltages across the resistor were measured to calculate the output rms values for electric power. The results showed seven spectrum peaks which appeared at frequencies of 31 Hz, 37 Hz, 41 Hz, 49 Hz, 58 Hz, 73 Hz, and 82 Hz. Moreover, a shorter neck was also observed to have produced higher output power as indicated by the highest value of 2.75 mW obtained by using a 50 mm-long resonator neck at 37 Hz frequency and 100 dB SPL. These findings showed the acoustic energy harvester used to be effective due to its ability to produce electricity even at low frequencies below 100 Hz.

Model test study on mechanical properties of pipe under the soil freeze-thaw condition

Buried pipe is an important structure underneath embankment. In the frozen soil region, the destruction of pipe will directly affect the service life and benefit of road. Based on the effect of freeze-thaw action of embankment filling on pipes in the field, model tests on shallow buried PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) pipe were carried out in the temperature control laboratory. Variation of stress and strain of pipe, earth pressures around pipe and deformations of pipe were investigated under different filling loads, different layers of geogrid, symmetrical and asymmetrical freeze-thaw of soil around the pipes. The test results show that most of the upper half of the pipe is in compressive strain state, except for the 0° measuring point on the crown vertex of the pipe. And most of the lower half of the pipe is in tensile strain state. The maximum compressive stress and the maximum tensile stress are at points with an angle of 45° and 135° from the vertices of pipe, respectively. When symmetrical frost-heave of the soil occurs in the surrounding pipe, load reduction measures should be taken at the crown of the pipe. When asymmetrical frost-heave of the soil occurs in the surrounding pipe, the differential horizontal deformation of the pipe between its left and right halves is obvious, therefore the earth pressures on the lateral of the pipe should be monitored emphatically. The geogrid installed above the pipe effectively reduces the eccentric load on the pipe. The thaw-settlement of frozen soil has the greatest impact on the deformation of shallow buried pipes, which is more threatening to cause pipe damage. The test results can provide a reference for engineering design, construction and maintenance of shallow buried pipe under the soil freeze-thaw condition.

In-service condition assessment of pan-girder bridges

Pan-girder (PG) bridges became popular in Texas, USA, in the 1950s and 1960s as a viable alternative for short-span bridges due to their speed of construction, low-labour requirements and cost–effectiveness. However, these bridges were designed for lighter live loads than the current AASHTO HL-93 loading, resulting in gradual decline in their usage. Existing PG bridges may have various structural and non-structural deteriorations because they are nearing or have crossed their service lives. In this study, the existing condition of four selected PG bridges in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex were visually inspected to assess their current condition. The bridges exhibited significant concrete spalling, cracking and crushing, resulting in exposed and corroded steel rebars. The newest bridge, built in 1992, experienced less severe damage than the other three bridges built in 1955–1971. The bridges’ safety could be compromised due to deteriorations and lighter design live loads. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: (a) glue a polyvinyl chloride pipe on the form-lowering holes extending beyond the concrete surface of the arch to minimise water infiltration and related damage; (b) conduct load testing and ratings to verify the structural safety and load-carrying capacity of the deteriorated bridges; and (c) retrofit to upgrade the existing bridge condition and safety and mitigate against further damage.

Degradation Model for the Tensile Strength of PVC and Rubber Gasket Materials Exposed to Benzene and PCE-Saturated Aqueous Solutions:

In this paper, a tensile strength degradation model is developed for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and three rubber gasket materials commonly used in stormwater drains and wet utilities; the degrad...

Investigation on Hysteretic Behavior of Embedded PVC Pipe Confined Reinforced High Strength Concrete Columns.

To study the seismic performance of embedded polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe confined reinforced high-strength concrete (PVC-RHC) columns, five specimens are designed for cyclic loading test, which include three PVC-RHC column specimens, an embedded circle steel tube confined reinforced high-strength concrete (CST-RHC) column specimen, and a reinforced high-strength concrete (RHC) column specimen. The failure mechanism and morphology are revealed by experiments. The influences of PVC pipe diameter, axial compression ratio, and concrete strength on seismic performance indexes are analyzed. The research results indicate thhe following: all specimens displayed shear baroclinic failure. Compared with RHC specimens, the hysteretic curves of the PVC-RHC specimen and CST-RHC specimen were fuller; furthermore, their energy dissipation capacity, deformation, and ductility were more beneficial. With the increase of the diameter–length ratio and axial pressure, the energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity of PVC-RHC specimens decreased. The shear bearing capacity of the PVC-RHC specimen calculated with “concrete structure design code” (GB 50010-2010) was smaller than the test results by 25%, showing an excessive safety margin. Thus, according to the failure mechanism of the PVC-RHC specimen, a new calculation formula of shear bearing capacity is deduced, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.

Degradation Model for the Tensile Strength of PVC and Rubber Gasket Materials Exposed to Benzene and PCE-Saturated Aqueous Solutions

In this paper, a tensile strength degradation model is developed for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and three rubber gasket materials commonly used in stormwater drains and wet utilities; the degradation model considers exposure to a single contaminant at its saturation level. The contaminant considered included benzene and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) because of their prevalence. The materials considered are unplasticized Polyvinyl chloride (u-PVC) utilized as the pipe material, and three types of rubber gaskets: Polychloroprene (Neoprene-CR), Acrylonitrile (nitrile) butadiene rubber (Buna-N), and fluoroelastomer rubber (FKM—Grade A VitonTM). First, the degradation rates of these materials are experimentally quantified using accelerated testing; then using the experimental results and Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) method a degradation model is developed. Finally, a simplified method is introduced to relate the tensile strength degradation of PVC to the penetration rate of the contaminants.

Improving Healthcare Access: A Preliminary Design of a Low-Cost Arm Rehabilitation Device

AbstractA low-cost continuous passive motion (CPM) machine, the Gannon Exoskeleton for Arm Rehabilitation (GEAR), was designed. The focus of the machine is on the rehabilitation of primary functional movements of the arm. The device developed integrates two mechanisms consisting of a four-bar linkage and a sliding rod prismatic joint mechanism that can be mounted to a normal chair. When seated, the patient is connected to the device via a padded cuff strapped on the elbow. A set of springs have been used to maintain the system stability and help the lifting of the arm. A preliminary analysis via analytical methods is used to determine the initial value of the springs to be used in the mechanism given the desired gravity compensatory force. Subsequently, a multibody simulation was performed with the software simwise 4D by Design Simulation Technologies (DST). The simulation was used to optimize the stiffness of the springs in the mechanism to provide assistance to raising of the patient's arm. Furthermore, the software can provide a finite element analysis of the stress induced by the springs on the mechanism and the external load of the arm. Finally, a physical prototype of the mechanism was fabricated using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and commercial metal springs, and the reaching space was measured using motion capture. We believed that the GEAR has the potential to provide effective passive movement to individuals with no access to postoperative or poststroke rehabilitation therapy.

Automatic surface inspection for S-PVC using a composite vision-based method.

Appearance defect inspection is crucial for quality control in the context of Industry 4.0. This research introduces a joint surface defect inspection and classification framework for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe based on the low-cost visual sensors and high-efficiency computer vision algorithms. First, we build a robust imaging system to acquire the surface of PVC (S-PVC) by considering its characteristics and the illumination condition into the modeling process. Second, we adopt the region of interest method to eliminate the background interference captured in the S-PVC imaging and design an efficient S-PVC defect inspection and classification method. Third, we build an automatic machine prototype to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework has the advantages of low latency, high precision, and robustness.

Comparison analysis of expanded polystyrene system (eps) and polyvinyl chloride (pvc) pipe as platform material of floating buildings in the coastal areas of Semarang

The impact of tidal floods in the coastal area of Semarang greatly disrupts people’s activities and damages settlements and infrastructure buildings. Floating building is one of the alternative solutions to overcome the rising sea level. This study aims to compare 2 (two) floating housing material platforms, namely EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) and PVC (PolyVinyl Chloride). The analysis method of floating structure platform was carried out by using various indicators, namely, the uplift generated, the stability and costs. Based on the findings of the analysis, the uplift platform to bear building loads on the water surface showed a value of 0.2 ton / rod for Ø10 inches PVC pipes and 4 meters in length. Then, the uplift capacity of 0.9 tons / sheet was for EPS Styrofoam with dimensions of 2 m x 1 m x 0.5 m. The stability level of floating buildings on water was indicated by the high value of spectrum that was +3.23 m for PVC and +3.61 m for EPS. To support the loads of 54.01 tons, the comparison of material expenses and installation of PVC materials required a cost of IDR. 561, 561, 350.00; meanwhile EPS material cost IDR. 40, 420, 000.00.

Leaching of organic material in polymeric pipes distributing desalinated water

Polymeric pipes have now become a favourite choice for water distribution networks. However, the role of polymeric pipes with respect to quality of water distributed has not been extensively studied. These studies are critical for desalinated water distribution as the water can be aggressive to its surroundings. The objective of this study was to identify the leaching of organic carbon from three different polymeric pipes; polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PPR) and polyethylene (PE). The study investigated the role of pH and residual chlorine concentrations on the leaching of organic carbon. Laboratory-based pipe loop systems using desalinated water was used to investigate the leaching of organic matter (OM). The results revealed that the migration of organic material was in the order of PE > PPR > PVC. Results indicated the lowest level of potential precursors of disinfection by-products (DBP) was present in PVC pipes, compared to PPR and PE pipes.

Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Biogas Using a Bubbling Tank Fed with Aerated Wastewater

ABSTRACT The work develops a simple bubbling tank scrubber that is fed with aerating wastewater for the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in biogas. A 2,000 L plastic tank, in which fixed liquid levels 0.80 and 1.0 m and volumes of 1.1 and 1.4 m3 was kept, was used for the scrubbing tests. A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with holes of 1 mm diameter was used to sparge the biogas into the tank liquid. Results indicate that with an influent liquid of pH 7.5–7.7, a flow rate of 23–25 L min–1, influent biogas flow rates of 0.050–0.200 m3 min–1, and a H2S concentration of 907 ± 212 ppm, the pH of the effluent liquid stabilized at 6.6–6.9. With gas/liquid rate ratio of 2–8 m3 m–3 liquid and volumetric gassing intensities of 0.04–0.20 m3 m–3 liquid min–1, average H2S removals of 86–71% were obtained. Absorption of CO2 in the tested digester gas into the scrubbing liquid caused a decrease in the pH, thus decreasing the H2S removal efficiency. Increasing pH of the scrubbing liquid to 8.0 improved the H2S removal efficiency to as high as 99%.

The Effect of Heat Transfer Fluid Velocity on Heat Exchange Efficiency in Cold Energy Storage Tank: A Numerical Simulation Study

Developing a cold thermal energy storage (CTES) technology is one of the most effective methods to solve energy shortage and environmental pollution all over the world. The current study deals with the modelling and simulation of a cold thermal energy storage tank consisting of an polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC) heat exchanger partially filled with a phase change material (PCM). Water, as the heat transfer fluid (HTF), flows through the inner tubes and the outer one while propylene glycol as the phase change material fills. This paper focuses on studying the effect of the velocity characteristics on the heat transfer efficiency of polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC) heat exchanger in cold thermal energy storage system by the numerical simulation. In this paper, the detail of heat transfer performance within the heat exchanger is numerically solved using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), for various velocity as well as different heat transfer for optimal design. Several results of changes in the temperature field at the outlet of the cold thermal energy storage tank are presented when the inlet water velocity changes from 1 m/s to 1.4 m/s. The results indicate that low input water velocity will provide better heat exchange efficiency. However, it is required to make sure that the flow inside the heat exchanger is the turbulent flow because the study uses turbulent flow modules.