Values Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Development and characterization of wheat rusks supplemented with Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour with respect to physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics

Highly nutritional and functional properties of chia seeds would make it unique than other grains. Considering its known properties chia can be used as an important food ingredient. These are rich in fiber, ash, protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and antioxidants. Higher proportion of protein having greater biological value with essential amino acids and high dietary fiber content prevents several metabolic disorders and obesity. It is also consist of PUFA helpful in lowering cardiovascular diseases. Rusks were supplemented with chia flour at a rate ranging 5 to 20% with the goal to modify the fiber content, nutritional contents and physicochemical properties. The obtained results were highly significant and showed increasing trend in dietary fiber and PUFA values. Texture values decreased significantly. Sensory evaluation showed significant (p<0.05) differences in color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability. Most acceptable treatment was with 5% chia flour supplementation with a mean score of 8.10. Hence, Chia flour-supplemented rusks up to 5% addition level could be utilized as a convenience food and vehicle of improved nutritional status with health beneficial bioactive compounds. Moreover, supplementation of chia flour led to improvement of functional properties of wheat rusks as a valuable source of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases: uncertainty prevails.

In the late 1970s, a lower incidence of myocardial infarction and favorable hemostatic alterations were reported in Greenland Inuits. This observation prompted investigators worldwide to continue research on the role of a specific diet in this population and sparked an ongoing discussion about the potential use of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (VITAL), and the secondary prevention of primarily coronary artery disease (JELIS, REDUCE‑IT, OMEMI). However, the current evidence to support the preventive value of PUFAs is inconsistent. Seminal clinical trials such as the GISSI‑Prevenzione, JELIS, PREDIMED, or ASCEND differed in their approach to the assessment of cardiovascular effects of n-3 PUFAs and reported divergent results. The questions remain whether eicosapentaenoic acid is the only PUFA offering cardiovascular benefits, what is the importance of PUFA dosing, and, finally, who should receive n-3 PUFA treatment. This article discusses the latest insights into n-3 PUFA use in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. as a Sustainable Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Animal Feeding.

With the aim to explore the use of A. hypochondriacus seeds for animal feeding, the agronomic traits, nutrients, and bioactive compounds of four accessions with different origin (India, Nebraska, Iowa, and Pennsylvania) grown in a Mediterranean environment were studied. Proximate composition was determined using the official methods of analyses, fatty acid profile by gas chromatography, total phenolic content (TPC) and the scavenging activity (DPPH• and ABTS•+) by colorimetric method. A one-way ANOVA model was performed to determine the differences between accessions. The four A. hypochondriacus accessions showed interesting seed yield results. No significant differences were observed for crude protein and crude fiber; the oil content showed the significant highest values in the seeds from Nebraska and Pennsylvania, but their nutritional characteristics were significantly different. The accession from Nebraska showed the highest oleic and linoleic acid levels, the highest values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the best atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio, and the highest TPC content. The accession from Pennsylvania showed the highest antioxidant activity and lowest peroxidation index. On the whole, A. hypochondriacus seeds can be used as pseudo-cereal to balance the animal diet and the accession should be chosen according to the different metabolic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant and monogastric animals.

Effects of organic chromium sources on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, breast amino acid and fatty acid profiles in broilers.

BACKGROUNDTrivalent chromium (Cr) is involved in carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acid metabolism in animals. This study evaluated the effects of different organic Cr forms with Cr methionine (CrMet), Cr picolinate (CrPic), Cr nicotinate (CrNic), and Cr yeast (Cr‐yeast) at the level of 400 μg kg−1 Cr, on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, breast amino acid and fatty acid profiles of broilers. In total, 540 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to five treatments with six replicates (18 broilers per replicate) until day 42.RESULTSThe results showed growth performance was not affected by Cr sources. The Cr‐yeast group had lower serum cortisol levels than the CrNic group (P < 0.05). Besides, Cr‐yeast increased methionine and cysteine content in breast compared with the control group. Liver malondialdehyde content was lower in the CrMet group than the CrPic group on day 42 (P < 0.05). The n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) values were increased, but the n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio was decreased in both CrMet and CrNic groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant effects on broilers’ serum antioxidant status and breast total essential amino acid content among all treatments.CONCLUSIONSDiets supplemented with organic Cr could regulate lipid metabolism, and improve amino acid and fatty acid profiles in broiler breast. Moreover, Cr‐yeast was the most effective source in improving methionine and cysteine content, whereas CrMet was more effective than CrNic in increasing n‐3 PUFA value and decreasing n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio in breast meat and effectively strengthened liver antioxidant ability than CrPic. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Fatty acids profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices in freshwater fish common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from market chain

The study examined the fatty acids composition and main nutrients composition in two freshwater fish species in the Czech Republic during one year. Samples of common carp and rainbow trout were taken from a market chain during a year. All samples were homogenized and analyzed for lipid, protein, water, and ash contents. Energy value (E), sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA), atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were then calculated. The freshwater fish on the Czech market chain have beneficial average value content of unsaturated fatty acids, Σ MUFA+PUFA in carp is 69.46% of all fatty acids, similar average value of Σ MUFA+PUFA - 70.83% is in rainbow trout. The calculated average value of AI in carp is 0.52 (SD = 0.06), AI in rainbow trout is 0.63 (SD = 0.07), the average TI in carp is 0.63 (SD = 0.09), TI in rainbow trout is 0.49 (SD = 0.05). Freshwater fish in the Czech market chain have beneficial value of PUFA, so AI and TI indices are low in both species of analysed fish. Regular consumption of fish meat is important in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of dietary supplementation of Albizia Lebbeck seed oil on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Albizia lebbeck seed oil (ALO) on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits.50 weaned rabbits of mixed breed and sexes, aged between 6-7 weeks with an average initial body weight of 460 ± 1.3 were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments of ten rabbits per group; each group was further divided into 5 replicates consisting of two rabbits each. Basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of rabbits according to NRC (1977). Rabbits in treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with ALO at 0 %, 0.1%, 0.2 %, 0.3 % and 0.4 % respectively. Feed and water was given ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 12 weeks.The results showed that significant differences (P&lt;0.05) were observed in saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega-6/omega -3 ratio (n-6:n-3) values obtained. Rabbits fed diet containing 0.4 % ALO had the highest PUFA value (54.17 %), followed by T4 (53.01 %), T3 (45.13 %), T2 (37.61 %) and T1 (26.93 %) respectively. Similarly (n-6:n-3) composition in T5 (3.65 %) increased in T5 fed 0.4 % ALO compared with T1 (1.38 %) fed 0% ALO.Antherogenic index were significantly (P&lt;0.05) different among the treatments. It can be concluded that supplementation of ALO at 0.4 % highly influenced the composition of fatty acid in rabbit meat.

Shifts in photosynthetic parameters and lipid production of the freshwater microalga Selenastrum gracile (Chlorophyceae) under cadmium exposure

The amount of metals released into the environment can increase with anthropogenic activities and different trophic levels can be affected. In the present study, we evaluated the changes in growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters, and lipid and fatty acid (FA) contents of the freshwater microalga Selenastrum gracile (Chlorophyceae) exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium for 72 h. Our results show that Cd negatively affected algal growth and chlorophyll a increased per cell under Cd exposure. Photosynthetic parameters (maximum and operational yield, as well as quenching) were affected under Cd exposure, indicating damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. The amount of lipids and fatty acids increased with the increase of Cd in the medium. The most affected lipid classes under metal exposure were aliphatic hydrocarbon (HC), acetone mobile polar lipid (AMPL), and phospholipid (PL). Based on our results, we suggest that the production of algal lipids and fatty acids changed as a response to the amount of metal in the medium, avoiding photosynthetic damage at the lowest Cd concentration with the increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, at higher concentrations, the maintenance of the high values of PUFA was not observed and there was a decrease in the unsaturation of FA, resulting in higher amounts of MUFA. In addition, the percentage of structural lipids (sterol—ST—and PL) also decreased at the highest concentration. This, in combination with the decreased unsaturation of FA, suggests changes in membrane conformation and, consequently, damage to the photosynthetic machinery in the presence of Cd.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Albizia lebbeck Seed Oil on the Fatty Acid Composition of Weaner Rabbits

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Albizia lebbeck seed oil (ALO) on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits. 50 weaned rabbits of mixed breed and sexes, aged between 6-7 weeks with an average initial body weight of 460 ± 1.3 were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments of ten rabbits per group; each group was further divided into 5 replicates consisting of two rabbits each. Basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of rabbits according to National Research Council [1]. Rabbits in treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with ALO at 0 %, 0.1%, 0.2 %, 0.3 % and 0.4 % respectively. Feed and water was given ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed that significant differences (P&lt;0.05) were observed in saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega-6/omega -3 ratio (n-6: n-3) values obtained. Rabbits fed diet containing 0.4 % ALO had the highest PUFA value (54.17 %), followed by T4 (53.01 %), T3 (45.13 %), T2 (37.61 %) and T1 (26.93 %) respectively. Similarly (n-6: n-3) composition in T5 (3.65 %) increased in T5 fed 0.4 % ALO compared with T1 (1.38 %) fed 0% ALO. Antherogenic index were significantly (P&lt;0.05) different among the treatments. It can be concluded that supplementation of ALO at 0.4 % highly influenced the composition of fatty acid in rabbit meat.

Effects of three different diets on the fatty acid profile and sensory properties of fresh Pecorino cheese "Primo Sale".

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of three different diets on the fatty acids (FA) profile and sensory properties of a characteristic Italian fresh cheese: Pecorino “Primo Sale” (PS).MethodsFifty-four sheep were divided into three feeding groups: total mixed ration (TMR) enriched with extruded linseed (TL), control diet with TMR without any integration (TC), and pasture (P). During cheese production, six cheeses per experimental group were produced each week, stored for 10 days at 4°C, and then analyzed for chemical composition, FA profile, and sensory properties.ResultsSaturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly higher in PS from group TC (82.11%) than in cheese from other two groups (P 75.48% and TL 66.83%). TL and P groups presented higher values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4.35 and 3.65%, respectively, than that of TC group (2.31%). The lowest SFA/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was found in TL and P groups, while the highest was found in the TC group. Vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were higher in group P (p<0.05) than in groups L and TC. Sensory properties of cheese from group P received the highest scores for odor intensity and friability, while control group had a greater chewing consistency. Overall, all cheeses received good scores for acceptability.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study showed how the integration of extruded linseed improved the FA profile of fresh pecorino cheese PS preserving its sensory properties. Levels of CLA in the PS group achieved using this approach was not higher than that in a grazing diet. Cheeses from groups P and L contained a higher value of FA, with nutritional implications for humans, when compared with un-supplemented diet. Linseed may be a good feeding strategy when pasture is not available.

P6154Association between n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plaque vulnerability by optical coherence tomography in acute myocardial infarction patients

Abstract Background The values of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like low eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) /arachidonic acid (AA) ratio are known to be associated with cardiovascular events, however their relationship with coronary plaque vulnerability in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not revealed. Purpose We evaluated the relationship between n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and coronary plaque vulnerability assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in AMI patients. Methods We investigated 79 AMI lesions (51 ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) lesions and 28 non-STEMI lesions) that had undergone emergency percutaneous coronary intervention using OCT. Coronary plaque characteristics by OCT were compared with n-3 and n-6 PUFAs values which were measured on admission. Results Of all AMI lesions (n=79), 43 thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) and 35 plaque rapture (PR) were detected by OCT. Lesions with TCFA had no significant relationship with n-3 and n-6 PUFAs values, whereas lesion with PR had significantly lower EPA values than those without (55.8±29.5 vs 74.3±37.1 μg/ml, p=0.018). Median low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol value was 117 (98–137) mg/dl and sub-analysis in patients who had lower LDL cholesterol values than median (n=39) revealed that EPA values were significantly lower in lesions with TCFA (56.3±30.9 vs 85.3±47.7 μg/ml, p=0.03). In STEMI patients, the values of EPA and EPA/AA ratio were significantly lower in lesions with TCFA (EPA: 55.5±22.8 vs 80.8±46.1 μg/ml, p=0.01; EPA/AA ratio: 0.34±0.16 vs 0.50±0.36, p=0.03). STEMI patients who had lower LDL cholesterol values &lt;114 mg/dl of median (n=26), the values of EPA, EPA/AA ratio, and EPA+ docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) /AA ratio were significantly lower in lesions with TCFA (EPA: 51.4±20.7 vs 93.1±53.0 μg/ml, p=0.01; EPA/AA ratio: 0.37±0.16 vs 0.67±0.41, p=0.01; EPA+DHA/AA ratio: 1.13±0.41 vs 1.63±0.76, p=0.04). In STEMI patients with lower LDL cholesterol values, EPA/AA ratio positively correlated with fibrous cap thickness (Spearman, ρ=0.35, p=0.08). The cutoff value of EPA/AA ratio predicting the existence of TCFA was 0.52 (area under the curve 0.78, sensitivity 93.8%, specificity 70.0%, p=0.02). Conclusion This study demonstrated that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs values were associated with coronary plaque vulnerability by OCT in AMI patients, especially in STEMI. These results suggest that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs may be residual risk markers of severe acute cardiovascular events in patients with low LDL cholesterol values.

Novel “Matrix-Corrected Calibration” study for the detection of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in plasma and erythrocytes by means of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approach optimized to follow up long-term parental patients

An accurate and specific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was optimized to quantify specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in plasma and in erythrocyte membranes for clinical purposes. The developed and fully-validated method showed optimal linearity in addition to adequate results in terms of accuracy, intra-day and inter-day precision. By adopting the Matrix-Corrected Calibration approach on all the biological matrices tested, both the constant and the proportional errors of the developed analytical methodology were considered to assure that the method was not affected by matrix bias. Moreover, a pilot study involving patients in parental nutrition with two different compositions of the administered fat emulsion was performed. The comparison of results obtained in these patients with a group of healthy subjects (i.e. control population) showed significant differences in the collected values of PUFAs in both plasma and erythrocyte membranes, thus providing evidence that the described GC-MS method could be employed as a simple tool for fast and accurate PUFAs analysis aimed at optimizing parenteral nutrition protocols.

The effect of production systems on beef fatty acid composition

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different production systems on fatty acids (FA) composition of three beef muscles (longissimus thoracis, semitendinosus and diaphragmae). The first group (MGSC) included 8 bulls of Slovenian Brown breed that were fattened with maize, grass silage and concentrates. The second group (MCS) included 8 bulls of Slovenian Simental breed that were fattened with maize silage, ensiled corn grain and concentrates. The third group (GS) included 6 Limousine × Simmental crossbreed bulls that have been fattened on pasture in cow-calf production system until slaughter. In fourth group (G) 8 bulls of Slovenian Simmental breed were fattened on pasture from spring to autumn when they were slaughtered. Bulls from MSC and MGSC had similar carcass weight (316 kg, 308 kg, respectively), whereas bulls from GS had the lightest (215 kg) and bulls from G the heaviest carcass weight (371 kg). Carcass fatness was similar for bulls in MSC, MGSC and G groups and slightly lower in GS group. The percentage of saturated FA differed among groups only in semitendinosus muscle. Bulls from G and GS had lower percentage of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and higher percentage of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in all three muscles. Bulls from grazing production systems had higher n-3 PUFA values in all muscles and higher n-6 PUFA values in semitendinosus and diaphragmae. Bulls fattened on pasture had lower n-6/n-3 ratio in all three muscles. Bulls from GS had a higher percentage of conjugated linolenic acid in comparison to MGSC and MCS groups in all muscles except in semitendinosus where percentage of CLA was higher only from MGSC group.

Fatty Acid Profile in Fat Obtained from Edible Part of Land Snails Harvested in Poland.

IntroductionThe objective was to determine the content of fatty acids in edible snail fat by snail species, collection site, and processing stage.Material and MethodsThe research material comprised 180 edible fat samples from the three genera of edible snails collected in Poland: free-living Helix pomatia (HP) and two cultivated Cornu subspecies: C. aspersa maxima (CAM) and C. aspersum aspersum (CAA). All snails came from the Greater Poland and Lower Silesian Provinces: HP from their natural habitat and CAM and CAA from heliciculture farms. The studies focused on the raw meat, cooked meat, and frozen meat processing stages. Fatty acid (FA) profiles were determined by the gas chromatography method.ResultsHelix pomatia fat showed a higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, whereas the fat of Cornu genus snails had a higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) component, i.e. monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Thermal processing of snail meat increased all the determined SFA and decreased all the PUFA values, and increased the content of C18:1, C20:1, and C22:1 acids in the MUFA group. The material collection site had limited impact on FA content as differences were noted only in levels of C18:1, C18:2 n6, and C20:5. The differences pertained only to the fat of farmed snails of the Cornu genus.ConclusionDue to the high content of UFA and a favourable ratio of n6:n3 acids and PUFA:SFA, snail fat can be regarded as nutritionally valuable.

Assessment of subcritical propane, supercritical CO2 and Soxhlet extraction of oil from sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis) nuts

The extraction of sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis) nut oil (SNO) using subcritical propane (SPE) and supercritical CO2 (with ethanol as co-solvent; scCO2) as solvent was investigated and compared with the conventional (Soxhlet) extraction. Extraction with scCO2 was performed at 333K and 20MPa while the SPE extractions were carried out in different conditions to investigate the effects of temperature (293–333K) and pressure (2–10MPa) on the oil yield and the chemical compositions of the products. Results show that SPE allowed a fast extraction with a higher yield (46.22%) obtained at 333K and 10MPa, representing 93% efficiency compared to Soxhlet. Only temperature had significant (p<0.05) effect on the extraction yield. SPE yielded the oils with highest values of polyunsaturated fatty acids (∼36%). Stability to oxidation ranges from 6.53 to 11.17h. The major triacylglycerols present in SNO are OOO, SOO, POO, PLO, and POS.

A Comparative Study of Lipid Composition of an Undervalued Crustacean (Munida spp.) Captured in Winter and Summer

ABSTRACTThis research was focused on the lipid fraction of an undervalued crustacean (lobster krill; Munida spp.) and the comparative study of individuals captured at winter and summer seasons. For this purpose, seasonal variations were analyzed in the muscle (i.e., tail meat) for proximate composition, lipid class distribution, and fatty acid (FA) profile. Mean total lipids ranged from 0.75 ± 0.08% (summer) to 0.92 ± 0.06% (winter), moisture from 77.94 ± 0.25% (winter) to 78.62 ± 0.38% (summer), and protein from 17.93 ± 0.46% (summer) to 18.22 ± 0.46% (winter). Regarding lipid class content (% of total lipids), phospholipids ranged from 64.85 ± 1.29 (summer) to 67.85 ± 2.56 (winter), sterols from 12.15 ± 0.35 (winter) to 13.54 ± 0.54 (summer), triacylglycerols from 0.04 ± 0.02 (summer) to 1.25 ± 0.88 (winter), and free FA from 1.14 ± 0.72 (winter) to 2.19 ± 0.34 (summer). In both seasons, the most abundant FA were C22:6ω3, C16:0, C18:1ω9, and C20:5ω3. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found to be the most abundant group in samples from both seasons (50.4–55.3%). Higher PUFA values were determined in summer samples, while a highly valuable ω3/ω6 ratio (from 9.11 ± 1.12 in summer to 10.40 ± 1.39 in winter) was observed. It is concluded that in spite of being a low-fat product, the lipid fraction of this underutilized crustacean can provide highly valuable constituents.

Fatty Acid, Phospholipid and Sterol Compositions of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and Wonderful Kola (Buchholzia aoriacea) Seeds

A comprehensive study on fatty acid, phospholipid and phytosterol compositions of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and wonderful kola (Buchholzia coriacea) seeds flour were determined using standard analytical techniques. The most concentrated fatty acid (%) was oleic acid in Artocarpus altilis seed (56.775) while linoleic acid (42.644) was the most concentrated acid in Buchholzia coriacea seeds. The increasing order of the concentrated fatty acids in Artocarpus altilis seeds were: stearic acid (4.723) < palmitic acid (11.412) < linoleic acid (25.710) < oleic acid (56.775) < while that of Buchholzia coriacea seeds were: linolenic acid (2.197) < stearic acid (6.734) < palmitic acid (11.241) < oleic acid (35.719) < linoleic acid (42.644), respectively. Arachidinic, linolenic, erucic, palmitoleic, behemic, lignoceric, arachidonic, margaric, myristic, lauric, capric, caprilic and caproic acids were present in small quantities with none of them recording up to 1.0% in both the two plant seeds. The results also showed high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (57.071%) in Artocarpus altilis and 36.739% in Buchholzia coriacea, and values of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were 0.125 and 2.212% for the two plant seeds, respectively. The respective phospholipids composition of phosphatidylserine (204.75 mg/100g) and phosphatidylinositol (29.35 mg/100g) showed a highest concentration in Artocarpus altilis and Buchholzia coriacea while diphosphatidylglycerol was the least phospholipid with concentrations of 0.11 and 0.01 mg/100 g for both samples. The concentrations of phytosterols were of low values except in sitosterol with values of 90.81 and 31.24 mg/100 g in Artocarpus altilis and Buchholzia coriacea respectively. This study provides an informative oil profile that will serve as a basis for further chemical investigations and nutritional evaluation of the Artocarpus altilis and Buchholzia coriacea seed oils.

Dietary carnosic acid, selenized yeast, selenate and fish oil affected the concentration of fatty acids, tocopherols, cholesterol and aldehydes in the brains of lambs

Abstract. The function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other internal organs and tissues of the body. Thus, the objective of our studies was to evaluate changes in the concentration of fatty acids (FAs), cholesterol (CHOL), cholest-4-en-3-one (CHOL-4-3), tocopherols, malondialdehyde (MDA) and fatty aldehydes in the brains of lambs fed supplemented diets. Thirty male Corriedale lambs with a body weight of 30.5 ± 2.6 kg were allotted to five groups of six lambs and housed individually. After the preliminary period, for 35 days the animals were fed a diet containing 3 % rapeseed oil (RO) (the RO diet), a diet enriched with 2 % RO and 1 % fish oil (FO) (the FO diet) or the diets with combined addition of 2 % RO, 1 % FO, 0.1 % carnosic acid (CA) (the CA diet) and 0.35 ppm Se as the selenized yeast (SeY) (the CASeY diet) or selenate (SeVI) (the CASeVI diet). The CASeVI diet most efficiently increased the accumulation of FAs (including unsaturated FAs), CHOL-4-3 and fatty aldehydes in the lamb brain. This diet most effectively decreased the concentration of CHOL and MDA in the brain. The CASeY diet showed a different impact on the level of FAs, CHOL, CHOL-4-3, tocopherols, MDA and fatty aldehydes in the brain as compared with the CASeVI diet. The CA diet reduced the concentration of CHOL-4-3, the sums of fatty aldehydes, FAs, atherogenic- and thrombogenic-saturated FAs in the brain compared with the CASeVI diet; the CA diet most effectively increased the value of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) peroxidation index in the brain. The RO diet most efficiently increased the concentration of CHOL and values of the ratios of saturated FAs to PUFAs and long-chain n-6PUFAs to long-chain n-3PUFAs in the brain.The current studies provide new useful information for nutritionists carrying out further investigations aimed at improving farm-animal health, growth performance, reproductive system and the nutritional quality of feed for ruminants.

Changes in physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of pork following long-term frozen storage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term frozen storage (2 years) of pork on colour stability, lipid and protein oxidation, drip/thawing losses and intramuscular fatty acid composition, as well as to examine the relationships among them. Pork quality parameters were significantly altered by frozen storage during 2 years, causing an increase in pH values, drip and thawing losses and metmyoglobin percentage, and a decrease in colour indices (a* and b* values) and oxymyoglobin percentage. The percentage of intramuscular fat and total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in pork after 2 years of storage at −20 °C, whereas it had the lowest values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 long chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the relationships among colour stability, lipid and protein oxidation, thawing losses and fatty acid profile revealed the complex interrelations generated during frozen storage.

Effect of the amount of chestnuts in the diet of Celta pigs on the fatty acid profile of dry-cured lacon

The effect of including chestnuts in the formulation of the feed (0, 15 and 25% chestnut) on the fatty acids of dry-cured lacon from Celta pigs was studied. The inclusion of chestnuts decreases the saturated fatty acid content (SFA) and the monounsaturated fatty acid content (MUFA). With regards to the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the lacon from animals fed with chestnuts presented higher values of total PUFA, n6 PUFAs and n3 PUFAs. This is related to the fact that chestnut diets had the highest amounts of essential fatty acids (C18:2n6 and C18:3n3), therefore the lacon from chestnut-fed animals also presented higher amounts of these fatty acids. According to nutritional ratios, lacon obtained from chestnut-fed pigs was healthier than the one obtained from pigs fed on commercial feed. The main conclusion is that including chestnuts in the diet allows us to obtain healthier dry-cured meat products.

Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of omega 3 ethyl esters and krill oil: a randomized, cross-over, clinical trial.

IntroductionPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) derived from different sources could have different lipid-lowering effects in humans. The main aim of our study was to compare the short-term triglyceride-lowering efficacy of krill oil and purified omega 3 ethyl ester PUFAs in mildly overweight hypertriglyceridemic subjects.Material and methodsThis double-blind, randomized clinical trial was carried out in 25 moderately hypertriglyceridemic subjects (TG = 150–500 mg/dl). After a 4-week run-in, participants were allocated to treatment with similar pills containing omega 3 ethyl ester PUFAs 1000 mg twice a day vs. krill oil 500 mg twice a day. After 4 weeks of treatment, participants were asked to observe a 4-week wash-out period, and they were then assigned to the alternative treatment for a further period of 4 weeks.ResultsAlthough both PUFA sources were able to improve TG plasma levels, esterified omega 3 PUFAs were more efficacious than krill oil (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, only krill oil treatment was able to significantly improve high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI levels, compared to both baseline (p < 0.05) and end of treatment with esterified omega 3 PUFAs (p < 0.05) values. Both treatments were able to significantly reduce high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels from the baseline (p < 0.05), but krill oil improved it more efficaciously than esterified omega 3 PUFAs (p < 0.05).ConclusionsKrill oil has lipid-lowering effects comparable with those obtained through a 4-fold higher dose of purified omega 3 ethyl ester PUFAs in mildly overweight hypertriglyceridemic subjects, while more efficaciously reducing hs-CRP.