Polysemous Lexemes Research Articles

Lexical representation of the notion coffee in present-day English (on the material of lexicographical sources)

The article is devoted to the study of the lexicon that represents the notion of coffee in present-day English. The novelty of the research is that the corresponding lexical units were established, analysed, and then distributed in groups, with their semantic connections revealed and described. It is quite topical as a great number of modern philology studies focus now on those lexical domains that verbalize various fragments of material and spiritual life of an ethnic community. Thus, in this work, the thematic criterion of stratification of the part of English vocabulary that denotes coffee was applied. The borrowed nature of the lexeme coffee was revealed. The polysemous lexeme possesses a six-component structure, the basic lexico-semantic variant of which fixes the idea of a drink and is characterized by the double axiology of its connotation. It was established that the other meanings were formed as a result of a metonymic shift. We demonstrated that the unit coffee is a core of the lexicon "coffee" with nine thematic groups, further differentiated into thematic subgroups, lexical-semantic groups and synonymic rows. The stylistic classification of the vocabulary was also carried out. The identified groups reflect the components (or their combination) of the notion of coffee, which was initially modelled on the basis of the study of the meaning of the lexeme coffee and finally expanded in the course of further analysis of the lexical fragment.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEANING OF THE WORD, SEMIC ANALYSIS

In this article, the role and importance of the grammatical meaning in the development of the meaning of the word is defined. Formation of polysemous lexemes, types of its meaning and semantic relations between these meanings are studied.

Lexical synecdoche in Croatian

The three key mechanisms in deriving the secondary meaning of polysemous lexemes are lexical metaphor, lexical metonymy and lexical synecdoche. Considering that lexical synecdoche has not received much attention so far, this paper will explore its role in creating the polysemous structure of Croatian lexemes. In this paper, lexical synecdoche is viewed as a predictable mechanism with several reversible transfers in its core: part for whole and whole for part, general for individual and individual for general, singular for plural and plural for singular, species for genus and genus for species. The formulas of these transfers are at the same time notations for conceptual metonymies which we consider the starting point for the creativity of lexical synecdoches. We do so because the metonymy and the synecdoche operate within a single conceptual domain, where one entity stands for another on the basis of their spatial, temporal, functional or causal relation. This common relation is why the synecdoche is usually considered a subcategory of metonymy. On the other hand, the metonymy and the synecdoche can be seen as separate lexical mechanisms because they are motivated by different types of relations between entities involved in the transfer. While the metonymic transfer is based on the closeness of entities in conceptual proximity as parts of the same domain, the transfer in synecdoche occurs between the domain itself and its integral part and turns from proximity to inclusion.

Функционирование и семантические особенности лексем с корнем -dol/duel- во французском языке XII-XV веков

The aim of the research is to identify the semantic features of nouns and adjectives with the root -dol/duel- in various French texts from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The article examines the evolution of meanings of Old French polysemous lexemes with the root -dol/duel-. Special attention is given to describing the linguistic environment and determining the role of context in the syncretic realization of multiple meanings of these polysemous lexemes. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the application of a corpus analysis method, allowing for the creation of representative sub-corpora compiled according to specified parameters, thus forming an empirical basis for the research and selecting all instances of the use of the analyzed words. As a result of the study, it was established that lexemes with the root -dol/duel- are capable of syncretically realizing multiple meanings in specific contexts, depending on their syntactic function, lexical environment, and occurrence in set speech formulas. Furthermore, the research enabled a refinement of the dictionary meanings of the described lexemes and the identification of new meanings not recorded in existing dictionaries of Old French.

Unambiguity of Polysemy: On the Definition of the Qur’anic Discipline al-wujūh wa-n-naẓā’ir

Since the earliest period of the development of Muslim exegetics, theologians have paid considerable attention to the problems of the Qur’anic lexicology, a special place among which is occupied by the topic of al-wujūh wa-n-naza’ir. Despite the fact that classical works of this genre consider exclusively different contextual meanings of lexemes of the same root, the definition of naza’ir among the Muslims, and after them, European researchers received at least 6 different interpretations. However, such diversity is caused by discrepancies in the understanding of two different definitions formulated by the classics and some of the later authors. According to the first, belonging to Ibn al-Jawzi, naza’ir are verbal forms of polysemous lexemes, and according to the second, by Ibn Taymiyyah, they are multi–object univocative words. At the same time, it was revealed that Ibn al-Jawzi recognized that the books of this genre contained a special group of words with the same meaning, which in different contexts denote different objects, gave examples of them, although he considered them quasi-polysemantic. Based on this, the conclusion is made about the fallacy of late interpretations and the unity of both classics in defining the genre of al-wujūh wa-n-naza’ir itself as a special discipline exclusively considering various contextual meanings of lexemes of the same root in the Qur’an. Most of the values indicated in the books of this genre have an exegetical interpretation, when the meaning reflects a purely theological interpretation of a given word in a particular ayah.

Graph-Based Taxonomic Semantic Class Labeling

We present a graph-based method for the lexical task of labeling senses of polysemous lexemes. The labeling task aims at generalizing sense features of a lexical item in a corpus using more abstract concepts. In this method, a coordination dependency-based lexical graph is first constructed with clusters of conceptually associated lexemes representing related senses and conceptual domains of a source lexeme. The label abstraction is based on the syntactic patterns of the x is_a y dependency relation. For each sense cluster, an additional lexical graph is constructed by extracting label candidates from a corpus and selecting the most prominent is_a collocates in the constructed label graph. The obtained label lexemes represent the sense abstraction of the cluster of conceptually associated lexemes. In a similar graph-based procedure, the semantic class representation is validated by constructing a WordNet hypernym relation graph. These additional labels indicate the most appropriate hypernym category of a lexical sense community. The proposed labeling method extracts hierarchically abstract conceptual content and the sense semantic features of the polysemous source lexeme, which can facilitate lexical understanding and build corpus-based taxonomies.

Verbalization of the Notion of Time in Present-Day English

The universal notion of time, alongside the basic notion of space, is believed to determine the formation of a huge number of other notions of the human mind. The results of time interpretation are fixed first and foremost in the semantics of the lexical units of national languages. The novelty of this research is that the noun synonyms to the lexeme time in present-day English have been established and analyzed with their subsequent grouping in synonymic rows within the core of the nominative field of time. The structure of the polysemous lexeme time, which consists of nine lexico-semantic variants, was chosen as guidance for synonymic rows organization. On the ground of the established obligatory and optional ties between them, among which hyper-hyponymic relations turn out to be fundamental, the semantic network of the core of the nominative field of time has been revealed and visualized. The network is based on four central hypersemes that represent the main features of the notion of time verbalized by the noun units of present-day English. A clear tendency of synonyms to express time metaphorically and metonymically in terms of ‘quantity’ in close connection to the components ‘something that happens’ and ‘state’ has been established.

Representation of the concept of 'stubbornness' in the Bashkir language

This article analyzes the lexical and phraseological units that represent the concept of ‘stubbornness’ in the Bashkir language and its dialects. The sources of the research were the materials presented in the “Machine Fund of the Bashkir Language” (mfbl2.ru). In the course of the analysis, the semantic connection between the meanings of polysemous lexemes is revealed, the main motives of the nominations are revealed. Special attention is paid to names formed on the basis of transfer of values. The multiplicity of nominations proves the importance of this parameter for native speakers It is established that the main composition of the lexemes of this group has a pejorative assessment. This is due to the fact that the attention of others is attracted by deviations from the norm and cultural speech behavior always goes unnoticed. The images through which the linguistic portrait of a stubborn person is built reflect the peculiarities of the worldview of the Bashkir people. The study of the lexico-semantic group 'stubbornness' allows you to create an idea of one of the fragments of the linguistic picture of the world.

Lexical polysemy and homonymy in the Middle High German language in light of the problematic of lexical synonymy and lexical-semantic analysis

Based on the compositions of pre-courteous epic poetry and chivalric romance written in the Middle High German language, this article reviews the problem of lexical polysemy in relation to the phenomena of homonymy and synonymy, as well as the problem of structural description of lexis. The need for comprehensive examination of polysemous lexemes in the Middle High German language, which includes structural analysis of the meaning of polysemous word and the lexical-thematic group and/or synonymic row it belongs to, well as the study of contextual implementation of the meanings of polysemous word, is substantiated by the principle of diffusivity of meanings of polysemous word that complicates comprising dictionary definitions and creates difficulties for the researcher in distinguishing the meanings of a polysemous word and separating polysemy from homonymy. Based on the example of lexical-thematic group for denomination of edged weapon in the Middle High German Language, the author demonstrates the appropriateness of using lexical-semantic analysis for establishing systemic relations between the analyzed lexemes, as well as postulates the importance of the context in determination of the structure of polysemous word. Discussion of the given examples from the compositions of pre-courteous epic poetry and chivalric romance written in the Middle High German language is accompanied by the author’s clarifications to the dictionary definitions of the lexemes under review. The conclusion is made on feasibility of the authorial approach towards detection of the discrepancies between lexicographic data and use of the lexeme in the texts written in the Middle High German language. The author also believes that this research is valuable from the perspective of lexicographic practice.

Lexical Sense Labeling and Sentiment Potential Analysis Using Corpus-Based Dependency Graph

This paper describes a graph method for labeling word senses and identifying lexical sentiment potential by integrating the corpus-based syntactic-semantic dependency graph layer, lexical semantic and sentiment dictionaries. The method, implemented as ConGraCNet application on different languages and corpora, projects a semantic function onto a particular syntactical dependency layer and constructs a seed lexeme graph with collocates of high conceptual similarity. The seed lexeme graph is clustered into subgraphs that reveal the polysemous semantic nature of a lexeme in a corpus. The construction of the WordNet hypernym graph provides a set of synset labels that generalize the senses for each lexical cluster. By integrating sentiment dictionaries, we introduce graph propagation methods for sentiment analysis. Original dictionary sentiment values are integrated into ConGraCNet lexical graph to compute sentiment values of node lexemes and lexical clusters, and identify the sentiment potential of lexemes with respect to a corpus. The method can be used to resolve sparseness of sentiment dictionaries and enrich the sentiment evaluation of lexical structures in sentiment dictionaries by revealing the relative sentiment potential of polysemous lexemes with respect to a specific corpus. The proposed approach has the potential to be used as a complementary method to other NLP resources and tasks, including word disambiguation, domain relatedness, sense structure, metaphoricity, as well as a cross- and intra-cultural discourse variations of prototypical conceptualization patterns and knowledge representations.

Lexis features of relevant to ancient turkic language words in alisher navoi works

In this article the thematic groups of ancient Türkic lexemes used in the language of the works of Alisher Navoi have been analyzed, and also the features of their meaning are explored. A similar comment can be made about the paternity // paternity construct used in the last byte. This word was first used in Qutadgu Bilig to mean “fatherhood” in the form of paternity [ATD, 66]. In order to shed some light on these issues, it is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the spiritual processes that took place in the ancient Turkic lexicon used in the language of Alisher Navoi's works. Such lexemes are likely to include not only terms that express specific concepts in the field of science and technology, but also mono-semantic words belonging to other subject groups, as well as poly-semous lexemes.

Prototype semantics: syntaphor in polysemy and beyond

The paper shows how a recently introduced concept of syntaphor, which blends synecdoche with metaphor, may be used to represent semantic extensions of polysemous lexemes like paint or pin. The network semantic representations using syntaphor are both more descriptively adequate and precise. They also account for the fact that the word meanings differ in their use from vague general senses to rather specific, and yet entrenched senses. Finally, it is demonstrated that syntaphor is one of the crucial cognitive processes resulting in lexical differences between languages.

The technical term ‘amphibolon’ in Pollux’s Onomasticon

Abstract Pollux uses the technical term ‘amphibolon’ in different contexts and with relatively different functions. This paper documents in detail these functions, categorizes them in 5 different categories (marking of polysemous lexemes; marking of polysemous lexemes in specific passages; highlighting dubious readings in specific passages; marking of a doubtful categorization of a thing; marking lexemes which are dubious regarding their canonicity) and discusses their relation with lexicographic features and intentions of the Onomasticon. It contributes contributes, thus, to the disambiguation of the term in the Onomasticon and adds some insights about its uses in the ancient Greek grammatical and lexicogrpahical tradition.

Nazwy zawodów, godności i urzędów jako podstawy motywacyjne współczesnych nazwisk Podlasian

The paper presents contemporary surnames of Podlasie derived from the names of professions, courtesy titles, held offices and performed functions. Several groups of anthroponyms were identified through etymological analysis of the gathered material, primarily focused on the semantics of word roots. Contemporary surnames were formed from the following categories of words associated with: 1) crafts (Bondar, Kowalczuk), 2) agriculture, forestry and animal production (Fiszer, Pastuszak), 3) food preparation (Kucharczuk, Mielczarek), 4) trade (Budnik, Salnikow), 5) protection of objects and facilities (Leśnik, Pasiecznik), 6) mansion service (Dworańczyk, Pachołek), 7) music (Fidler, Grajko), 8) occasional functions (Drużba, Krzyżak), 9) religion (Kirchner, Monachowicz), 10) military service (Atamańczyk, Janczar), 11) public offices (Rejent, Tywonek), 12) social status (Dziedzic, Ofman), 13) others (Godun, Stangryciuk). Some surnames (e.g. Budnik, Hajduk, Pachołek) were allocated to more than one category because of their polysemous lexemes. From a linguistic point of view the analysed surnames come from Polish (Cieśla, Krawiec), East Slavic (Czebotariow, Monach), German (Rezler, Sznajderuk) or Baltic words (Dojlida). In terms of word formation, most surnames are the equivalents of common names (Kołodziej, Ogrodnik), although there are also derivative surnames with suffixes (Korolko, Szwajdych), some representing the patronymic model (Majstrowicz, Tokarzewicz; Puszkaruk, Szklaruk) or having genetically possessive suffixes (Kniaziew, Winnikow).

A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON THE ARABIC SPATIAL NOUN/ فَوْقَ /FAWQA/ APPLYING THE PRINCIPLE POLYSEMY MODEL

<p class="TeksAbstrak">The present paper provides a cognitive linguistics (CL) framework for analyzing the semantic structure of Arabic spatial noun <em>fawqa</em> based on <em>Principled Polysemy Model </em>(PPM) of Tyler and Evans (2003). PPM approach can broaden the narrow view of classical cognitive linguists regarding the semantic variation in the concept of physical-geometry of a preposition. As a polysemous lexeme,<em> fawqa</em> used by Arabian native to express a broad range of meanings, not only spatial relation but also non-spatial relation. The substantial sense of the lexeme is investigated using a large amount of corpus data (<em>corpus.kacst.edu.sa</em>) and applying the five steps of PPM approach. Through this approach, we ascertain that every single usage of <em>fawqa </em>expressing extended senses is always in its semantic network. Our study reveals that the usages of this lexeme in many situations and many cases show non-up down spatial relation, and non-physical relation, but they essentially refer to the primary sense.</p>

A Reconsideration of Old English fāh

The Old English (OE) adjective fāh—a word bearing a complex semantic profile and appearing in both poetic and non-poetic genres—has recently come under scrutiny. Filip Missuno argues that although fāh is usually listed in lexical aids as two separate lemmata, the words had actually fallen together into one polysemous lexeme bearing meanings of both lemmata, and that fāh 2 ‘particolored’ had disappeared as a separate lexeme in OE. Through diachronic evidence of pre-OE and post-OE forms, and through synchronic evidence that examines fāh’s place in the whole of the OE lexicon (rather than just poetry, as Missuno does), I demonstrate that fāh 1 ‘hostile’ and fāh 2 ‘particolored’ are in fact separate lexemes, and their lexical relationship is one of homophony and not polysemy. I also show that the allomorphic forms fāg 1 and fāg 2, previously thought to be the result of phonological processes in late OE, actually date from pre-Germanic and are beginning to show principled differentiation in OE records: allomorph fāg is being associated with the ‘particolored’ meaning while allomorph fāh is associated with the ‘hostile’ meaning. This association is loose in OE but produces distinct reflexes in late Middle English (foe from fāh, and fawe from fāg) with clearly differentiated semantics. Missuno is correct that the meanings of fāh 1 and fāh 2 show some overlap with one another, but I argue that this is an example of conventionalized word play, creating intentional associations between two distinct lexemes, rather than a seamless polysemous blend.

Polisemična struktura pridjeva “sec/suh” prema modelu primjenjivih semičkih obilježja (PSO)

Polisemična struktura pridjeva “sec/suh” prema modelu primjenjivih semičkih obilježja (PSO)

Your blog is (the) shit

The study of swearing has increased in the last decade, diversifying to include a wider range of data and methods of analysis. Nevertheless, certain types of data and specifically large corpora of computer mediated communication (CMC) have not been studied extensively. In this paper, we fill a gap in research by studying the use of swearwords in blog data, and illustrate ways of identifying swearing in a large corpus by taking context into account. This approach, based on the examination of shared and unique collocates of known expletives, facilitates the distinction of attestations of swearing from non-swearing in the case of polysemous lexemes, and the analysis of overlaps in usage and meaning of swearwords. This work therefore goes beyond basic sentiment analysis and offers new insights into the use of collocation for refining profanity filters, providing innovative perspectives on issues of growing importance as online interaction becomes more widespread.

Three-factor prototypicality evaluation and the verb look

Various linguistic and extra-linguistic criteria have been put forward as useful for evaluating the semantic prototypicality of polysemous lexemes. It has been suggested that most of these criteria are linked to frequency of occurrence of senses. However, the provision of additional quantitative linguistic data can shed more light on this complex lexical issue. The present paper embarks on a corpus-based investigation of whether a three-factor measurement of prototypicality based on a) frequency of occurrence of a sense (as the central feature), b) contextual saliency, and c) inter-category similarity produces significant results, particularly when applied to a highly polysemous lexeme – in this case the verb look. Besides investigating the quantitative linguistic background of the central (prototypical) member of a semantic category, the paper briefly scrutinizes whether the same combination of quantitative data can be applied to gauging the level of prototypicality of senses other than the prototype. The findings strongly support the application of the proposed three-factor methodology and point to the need for further work on the identification of suitable criteria for evaluating attested levels of category membership of multiple senses of a lexeme.

ОБРАДА ВИШЕЗНАЧНОГ ГЛАГОЛА <em>ГЛЕДАТИ</em> У ШЕСТОТОМНОМ И ЈЕДНОТОМНОМ РЕЧНИКУ МАТИЦЕ СРПСКЕ

У овом раду разматрају се примењене лексикографске стратегије при обради вишезначних лексема у вишетомном и једнотомном Речнику Матице српске. Обрада полисемије се анализира кроз три аспекта лексикографске праксе: идентификацију и диференцијацију значења, структуру и организацију речничког чланка и илустрацију контекста у којем се посматрана значења јављају. Анализирана је одредница глагола гледати одабраног због своје богате полисемантичке структуре засноване на деловању различитих механизама деривације значења. Циљ овог истраживања јесте утврђивање предности и недостатака система обраде полисемије у посматраним речницима, као и сличности и разлика између два система с обзиром да постоји известан временски јаз између вишетомног и једнотомног издања речника, те се може проверити потенцијални напредак и осавремењивање лексикографске праксе. Резултати анализе омогућавају селекцију лексикографских стратегија које су у складу са лексиколошком теоријом, али и ефикасне у смислу прегледног и систематичног представљања полисемантичке структуре у оквиру речничког чланка, што се може и илустровати формирањем предлога за одредницу посматраног глагола.