Polypyrrole Composites Research Articles

Retraction Note: The structural, dielectric and magnetic study of cobalt based spinel ferrites and polypyrrole composites

Retraction Note: The structural, dielectric and magnetic study of cobalt based spinel ferrites and polypyrrole composites

Magnetic CuFe2O4 Spinel-Polypyrrole Pseudocapacitive Composites for Energy Storage.

This investigation focused on the fabrication of ceramic ferrimagnetic CuFe2O4-conductive polypyrrole (PPy) composites for energy storage. CuFe2O4 with a crystal size of 20-30 nm and saturation magnetization of 31.4 emu g-1 was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and PPy was prepared by chemical polymerization. High-active-mass composite electrodes were fabricated for energy storage in supercapacitors for operation in a sodium sulfate electrolyte. The addition of PPy to CuFe2O4 resulted in a decrease in charge transfer resistance and an increase in capacitance in the range from 1.20 F cm-2 (31 F g-1) to 4.52 F cm-2 (117.4 F g-1) at a 1 mV s-1 sweep rate and from 1.17 F cm-2 (29.9 F g-1) to 4.60 F cm-2 (120.1 F g-1) at a 3 mA cm-2 current density. The composites showed higher capacitance than other magnetic ceramic composites of the same mass containing PPy in the same potential range and exhibited improved cyclic stability. The magnetic behavior of the composites was influenced by the magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic CuFe2O4 and paramagnetic PPy. The composites showed a valuable combination of capacitive and magnetic properties and enriched materials science of magnetic supercapacitors for novel applications based on magnetoelectric and magnetocapacitive properties.

Electro-Co-Polymerisation of Polypyrrole-Polyaniline Composites in Ionic Liquids for Metal-Free Hydrogen Evolution Electrodes.

Pure organic films consisting of polypyrrole, polyaniline and a composite of polypyrrole and polyaniline electrodeposited in the ionic liquid EMIM-TFSI onto mesoporous carbon electrodes are tested for their hydrogen evolution reaction capabilities. The use of these intrinsically conducting polymers is seen as a way of stepping away from expensive and rare metallic catalysts. Co-polymerisation of polypyrrole and polyaniline in a 1 : 10 ratio in EMIM-TFSI was found to be doped with the TFSI- anion and be much more active to the hydrogen evolution reaction when compared to pure polymers. Tafel analysis of the composite gave a value of 144 mV/dec indicating that the Volmer step is the rate limiting step. However, stability tests showed an improvement in the composite's overpoential performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction.

Exploring the novel environmentally friendly dye degradation mechanism of NiO-Polypyrrole polymer nanocomposites in degrading the organic pollutants under sunlight

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="en-AE" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">According to estimates, around 15-50% of textile dyes fail to adhere to the fabric during the dyeing process, resulting in their discharge into wastewater. This wastewater is often used for agricultural irrigation in impoverished nations which harms plant germination and development. In this study, polymer composites of Polypyrrole (PPy) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposites were synthesized via the hydrothermal method with different concentrations (250 mg, 500 mg, and 75 0mg) and their composite samples were employed as catalysts to degrade the anionic-brilliant blue and the cationic-crystal violet dye under 120 mins of sunlight irradiation. The process of degrading BB and CV dyes utilising nano catalysis was analysed using a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The findings indicate that the degradation of the anionic dye is more efficient than that of the cationic dye under exposure to sunlight. Hence, the presence of NiO NPs and the NiO-PPy nanocomposite significantly impact their photocatalytic activity in degrading BB and CV dyes, achieving an impressive efficiency of around 96.99% and 89.96% respectively. Moreover, its stability has also been studied for over five cycles.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

Design and analysis of the polypyrrole (PPy) composites for electromagnetic compatibility

Design and analysis of the polypyrrole (PPy) composites for electromagnetic compatibility

Tailored Synthesis of CN-PPy Composite for Enhanced Electrochemical Functionality

This study details the synthesis of pure carbon nitride (CN) and composite polypyrrole through an in-situ polymerization method. The prepared samples were comprehensively characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). These analyses confirmed the chemical bonding, structural, and morphological characteristics of the products. Electrochemical measurements, conducted through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), revealed significant current rates in both anodic and cathodic peaks, indicating superior electrochemical properties. This work not only details the synthesis process but also provides a thorough understanding of the structural, morphological, and electrochemical aspects, exhibiting the materials’ potential for various applications in electrochemical devices.

Epoxidized natural rubber grafted polyacrylamide and their polypyrrole composites for functional application

Fabrication of containing renewable material epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) graft polyacrylamide (PAM) functional composites are promising exploration for the treatment of organic dye and heavy metal. This research developed a hydrogel consisting of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and acrylamide (AM) via a one-pot free radical polymerization that can be exploited as an absorbent for organic dye removal. The ungrafted ENR in the ENR grafted polyacrylamide (ENR-g-PAM) hydrogel system through physical chain entanglement can form a secondary network, which is beneficial to improvements of the comprehensive properties of the hydrogel. The resultant hydrogel shows better mechanical properties due to the entanglement structure that is crucial for stress transfer and dissipation. The mass ratio of ENR and AM was varied and explored to ensure a superior ratio. Methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, is often utilized to determine adsorption behaviors. The ENR/AM weight ratio at 3:2 hydrogel (60ENR) has a better swelling ratio (up to 336%). More importantly, 60ENR exhibited a better adsorption value of 766.4 mg/g for MB. The experimental data can be also better depicted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Freundlich models, revealing adsorption processes were governed by chemical and multilayer mechanisms. In addition, 7% polypyrrole@ENR-g-PAM (7% PPy@ENR-g-PAM) hydrogel fabricated by a simple mixture method can effectively adsorbed Cr (VI) with a high adsorption value of 284.4 mg/g when pH=2 and be also exploited as a pressure sensor with better durability. Based on the above study results, the ENR-g-PAM hydrogel was expected to play a key role in fields such as dye treatment, heavy metal ion adsorption, and pressure sensor.

PPy-PdO modified MXene for flexible binder-free electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors: Insights from experimental and DFT investigations

Binder-free, flexible electrodes of V2C MXene, V2C-PPy, and V2C-PPy-PdO (a ternary composite of vanadium carbide, polypyrrole, and palladium oxide) were fabricated using a simplified, one-step electrodeposition method. A comprehensive assessment has subsequently been conducted on the microstructural and electrochemical attributes of these electrode materials when utilized in supercapacitors with a 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Notably, an impressive specific capacitance of 487F g−1 is achieved for V2C-PPy-PdO ternary composite at 1 A/g. This exceptional performance is due to the considerable active surface area and inherent structural stability of the host material. These factors significantly enhanced the electrochemical reaction kinetics and cyclic reversibility. Furthermore, the V2C-PPy-PdO composite demonstrated a notable specific capacitance of 250F g−1 when integrated into an asymmetric coin cell configuration alongside activated porous carbon under a current density of 1 A/g. Remarkably, it maintained an outstanding capacitance retention of 92 % across 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. Our experimental discoveries were additionally substantiated through the Density Functional Theory calculations, which unveiled that the inclusion of PdO within the V2C-PPy-PdO composite led to an augmentation of electronic states near the Fermi level. This increase in electronic states ultimately improved the quantum capacitance, rendering the V2C-PPy-PdO composite a highly promising candidate for supercapacitor applications.

Highly salt-resistant 3D melamine sponge-polypyrrole composites for efficient solar interfacial evaporation

Solar desalination has received great attention as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to desalinate seawater. In this paper, a melamine sponge composite polypyrrole (MSPPy) evaporator was prepared by in-situ polymerization of Pyrrole (Py) on a melamine sponge (MS). PPy has an efficient light absorption ability. The large aperture network structure of MS can realize multiple reflections of light and greatly increase the absorption of light. Their synergistic effect makes the light absorption efficiency of the MSPPy evaporator reach 96.97%. Under one sun, the average evaporation rate of 1.886 kg⋅m−2⋅h−1 and energy conversion efficiency of 96.8% were achieved during 10 h. Moreover, the evaporator has an edge-priority crystallization function, which enables it to work for a long time in a high-salt environment. It works continuously for 12 h in simulated seawater with a salinity of 20% without further accumulation of salt crystals on its surface. More important, it can rapidly diffuse accumulated salt into the bulk water at night. This study provides a new idea for the application of solar steam generation technology in high-salt wastewater treatment.

Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole composites: Optimization strategies for tailored material qualities and enhanced applications

Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole composites: Optimization strategies for tailored material qualities and enhanced applications

Temperature dependent dielectric characteristics of PPY/Y2O3 composite

The Y2O3 doped polypyrrole composites has been synthesized (PPy-Y2O3) through an insitu polymerization route, to get dielectric properties for potential applications. XRD confirmed the formation of the composites. SEM confirms the flakier structure in the PPyY2O3. The impedance of pure Y2O3 ~ 14 Ω, PPy ~12 Ω to PPy-10%Y2O3 ~10 Ω compositesdecreased, signify the increase in AC conductivity of PPy-Y2O3. The temperature-dependent dielectric properties follow the Maxwell-Wagner model. AC conductivity of the PPy/Y2O3, increased with an increase in temperature depending on Jonscher’s power law. Therefore, the present study suggested that PPy-Y2O3 composites can be considered useful for device applications.

Fabrication of a low-cost humidity sensor using polypyrrole composites containing Li2O and ZnO nanoparticles

Fabrication of a low-cost humidity sensor using polypyrrole composites containing Li2O and ZnO nanoparticles

(Invited) Improving Our Understanding of Conducting Polymer Binders

As lithium-ion batteries reach their intrinsic performance limits, next-generation battery technology arises that relies much more strongly on the electrode matrix. Traditional compositions of binders and conductive additives with non-polar surfaces face intrinsic obstacles in these developments. In many next-generation electrode formulations, this incompatibility reveals itself through particle disconnection, increased electrode inhomogeneity1, and conductive additive agglomeration2. Conducting polymers are an apparent solution to such problems. Conducting polymers and their composites can be designed to exhibit increased adhesion, stronger interactions with active material surfaces and electrolytes, and favorable mechanical properties, while providing electronic connectivity at the adhesive contact with the active material3. Many examples have been presented in the literature that demonstrate improved electrode performance using such composites4–6.A common form of conducting polymer composites combines an intrinsically conductive polymer (e.g. polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline) with a polyelectrolyte (e.g. polacrylate, polystyrene sulfonate, carboxymethyl cellulose). This presentation discusses an exploration of some of the fundamental properties of composites of polypyrrole with carboxymethyl cellulose. The work shows intrinsically favorable properties of the composite for application in batteries7. Among those properties are that it can be easily processed in water and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, exhibits better adhesion to the current collector, shows competitive conductivity and distributes evenly across active materials. However, it will also be shown that the native structure of this composite is not ideal for long-range conduction and that improvement can be made to the material’s conductivity and capacitance8.Our work is targeting a more complete understanding of the properties of these composites as they are employed in battery environments. It demonstrates enormous promise for the use of conducting polymers as binders, but also gaps in our understanding of their interactions with electrolytes and active materials that need to be addressed to advance their impact on the development of next-generation batteries.

Electrodeposition nanofabrication of carboxylated carbon nanotubes/α-MnO2 nanorods/ polypyrrole composites as high hybrid capacitance electrodes for efficient U(VI) electrosorption

The uranium-containing wastewater resourced from the nuclear fuel cycle presents serious harm to human health and ecological environment. Herein, carboxylated carbon nanotubes/α-MnO2 nanorods/polypyrrole (CMP) composite as high hybrid capacitance (EDL and pseudocapacitance) electrodes with good electrosorption performance for U(VI) were nanofabricated by the electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of carboxylated carbon nanotubes/α-MnO2 nanorods composites using potentiostatic method. The morphology and structure characteristics, electrochemical properties and electrosorption U(VI) properties of the CNT/α-MnO2/PPy composites were systematically investigated. The results show that among the CMP composites obtained at different pyrrole concentrations, CMP-0.10 has the highest specific capacitance (366.97F/g), and its electrosorption performance is also the best, which is due to its well balanced porous structure and high hybrid capacitance which favors U(VI) ions transfer and storage. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves with obvious redox peaks were observed at low sweep speeds, indicating its hybrid capacitance behavior of CMP composites in which the capacitance contribution can be quantified. The electrosorption experiments were performed in a capacitive deionaiztion (CDI) system in which different factors (voltage, pH, U(VI) concentration and contact time, etc.) on the electrosorption of U(VI) were investigated, which shows that high U(VI) removal could be achieved at a wide pH range. The theoretical simulation using different models shows the best fit of the Langmuir model for the electrosorption isotherms and PFO model for the kinetics. The U(VI) electrosorption capacity reaches 339.45 mg/g at 0.9 V and pH 4.5 for CMP-0.10, which is much higher that achieved at 0.0 V. The facile fabrication, excellent electrochemical and electrosorption performance as well as good cycling stability for the CMP composites highlight their potential application in radioactive wastewater treatment.

Electrochemical sensor based on polypyrrole/triiron tetraoxide (PPY/Fe3O4) nanocomposite deposited from a deep eutectic solvent for voltammetric determination of procaine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations

This investigation reports the electrochemical preparation of a polypyrrole/triiron tetraoxide (PPY/Fe3O4) nanocomposite from deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and their application as novel sensor electrodes to determine certain pharmaceutical formulations using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The modified polypyrrole/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These techniques confirmed the incorporation of Fe3O4 into the polypyrrole composite. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated that PPY/Fe3O4 shows higher redox currents and greater electrical conductivity with procaine hydrochloride than other pharmaceutical formulations (ascorbic acid, diclofenac, losartan potassium, adiphenine hydrochloride, and metformin hydrochloride). Factors that could influence the determination of procaine hydrochloride, including pH, temperature, scan rate, concentration of drug, stability, and reproducibility, have all been optimized. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve shows a linear relationship between oxidation peak current and procaine hydrochloride concentrations (between 0.005 and 0.3 mol/L), with an R2 of 0.9943. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0024 mol/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0079 mol/L. The modified sensor (PPY/Fe3O4) constructed in this study was successfully used for the determination of procaine hydrochloride drug concentrations in a procaine-penicillin pharmaceutical product.

Preparation and Characterization of Extruded PLA Films Coated with Polyaniline or Polypyrrole by In Situ Chemical Polymerization.

Conductive polymers, such as polypyrrole and polyaniline, have been extensively studied for their notable intrinsic electronic and ionic conductivities, rendering them suitable for a range of diverse applications. In this study, in situ chemical polymerization was employed to coat extruded PLA films with PPy and PANi. Morphological analysis reveals a uniform and compact deposition of both polyaniline and polypyrrole after polymerization periods of 3 and 1 h, respectively. Furthermore, the PLA-PANi-3h and PLA-PPy-1h composites exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, with values of 0.042 and 0.022 S cm-1, respectively. These findings were in agreement with the XPS results, as the polyaniline-coated film showed a higher proportion of charge carriers compared to the polypyrrole composite. The elastic modulus of the coated films showed an increase compared with that of pure PLA films. Additionally, the inflection temperatures for the PLA-PANi-3h and PLA-PPy-1h composites were 368.7 and 367.2 °C, respectively, while for pure PLA, it reached 341.47 °C. This improvement in mechanical and thermal properties revealed the effective interfacial adhesion between the PLA matrix and the conducting polymer. Therefore, this work demonstrates that coating biopolymeric matrices with PANi or PPy enables the production of functional and environmentally friendly conductive materials suitable for potential use in the removal of heavy metals in water treatment.

BSA-Grafted porous amino polypyrrole for efficient removal of excess bilirubin in hemoperfusion

Due to the low adsorption capacity, poor adsorption selectivity and poor biocompatibility of bilirubin adsorption materials currently used, it is still a challenge to design an efficient bilirubin removal material for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. In this work, BSA-grafted (bovine serum albumin) porous amino polypyrrole was constructed by grafting bovine serum albumin onto porous amino polypyrrole composites. Comparing with porous amino polypyrrole, its removal rate was as high as 90% in 25 mg/L conjugated bilirubin solution, and it has significantly improved the selectivity of adsorption. In addition, it has good blood compatibility and biocompatibility. Superhydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond and pore filling were the main reasons for bilirubin adsorption. BSA-grafted porous amino polypyrrole has potential application value in whole blood perfusion.

Bidisperse magnetorheological fluids utilizing composite polypyrrole nanotubes/magnetite nanoparticles and carbonyl iron microspheres

Conductive polypyrrole nanotubes were synthesized with a two-step one-pot synthesis. During synthesis, the nanotubes were decorated with magnetite nanoparticles at different concentrations granting them magnetic properties. The characterization of the tubes revealed differences from the theoretical reactions. A bidisperse magnetorheological fluid (MRF) was prepared by mixing the composite polypyrrole nanotubes/magnetite nanoparticles with commercial carbonyl iron spherical microparticles in silicone oil. The rheological properties of the bidisperse system were studied under the presence of magnetic field at room and elevated temperature. An enhancement of the MR effect with the presence of the nanotubes was observed when compared with a standard MRF consisted only of magnetic microparticles. Due to the faster magnetic saturation of the nanotubes, this enhancement is exceptionally high at low magnetic fields. The stability of the system is studied under dynamic conditions where it is revealed that the nanotubes keep the standard particles well dispersed with the sedimentation improving by more than 50%.

Electrosynthesis of binder-free polypyrrole/nano- Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 composite for supercapacitor anode

β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 dispersed polypyrrole (PPy/β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3) composite is electrochemically deposited on stainless steel mesh (SSM) surface in an acetonitrile solution of pyrrole monomer and pre-synthesized β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 nanoparticles. The coating is characterized compared with those of the PPy homopolymer coating and β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 powder using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), XPS, XRD, TEM, and FESEM. Flower-shaped spherical nanoparticles containing β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 phases are encapsulated in the partially oxidized PPy clusters composed of small nanospheres, thus dispersed well in the composite. The PPy/β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 coating exhibits a more capacitive behaviour than the PPy coating due to the electro-generation of Bi5+ in the β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 phases during the synthesis of composite and the supercapacitor cycling. The coated electrode provides a higher pseudocapacitive contribution (67.4 %) thanks to the mixed metal oxide of β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 in addition to PPy, exhibited a specific capacitance of 360 F g−1 in 100 mM Li2SO4. Bi2O2CO3 with a layered structure contributes to enlarge of active surface area, conductivity, and catalytic performance. A solid-state asymmetric cell is fabricated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Li2SO4 using 10 mg cm−2 mass-loaded PPy/β-Bi2O3-Bi2O2CO3 composite- and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/carbon- coated SSM electrodes. The device provides 64.2 Wh kg−1 specific energy and 350 W kg−1 specific power at 0.5 A g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 90 % and high stability of about 97 % for 5000 cycles. The electrode has the potential to be used as a binder-free electrode in high-performance supercapacitors.

Rare earth oxide based polypyrrole composite: An efficient room temperature reliant humidity sensor

Rare earth oxide based polypyrrole composite: An efficient room temperature reliant humidity sensor