Polypyrrole Composites Research Articles

Investigation into the Dielectric Properties of Polypyrrole Coated Fabrics Composites

Flexible polypyrrole coated fabric composites with good dielectric properties were produced using pyrrole as a monomer by in-situ polymerisation on polyester fabric. Initially, the influence of the pyrrole concentration, temperature and time on the dielectric constant of the real and imaginary parts, the loss tangent, and the surface resistance of the composites were investigated. Subsequently, exterior morphologies was analysed. The results show that the pyrrole concentration, the reaction temperature and time had a significant influence on the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, the loss tangent, and the surface resistance of the composites. The polypyrrole composites produced show good performance in terms of dielectric properties and electrical conductivity.In the 0-106 Hz frequency range, the values of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of the 0.8 mol/L group are both at their largest. Moreover, the value of the surface resistance of the 0.8 mol/L group is at its smallest, and the value of the surface resistance of the 0.2 mol/L group is at its largest, which is 12 times the value given by the 0.8mol/L group.Values of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, and the loss tangent for the experimental group produced by polymerisation at ambient temperature are at their largest, which is superior to the other groups. The value of the surface resistance for the experimental group produced at ambient temperature is at its smallest and the electrical conductivity is at its strongest; the higher the reaction temperature, the larger the value of the resistance. The various dielectric properties of the 150 min group are better than for the other groups.

Toward high thermoelectric performance for polypyrrole composites by dynamic 3-phase interfacial electropolymerization and chemical doping of carbon nanotubes

Polymer thermoelectric composites have received significant attention in recent years. To achieve high thermoelectric performance is one main aim, especially when being compared with their inorganic counterparts. Here, we report high-performance thermoelectric composites based on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and polypyrrole (PPy), which are prepared by dynamic 3-phase interfacial electropolymerization and subsequent physical mixing. We found that both SWCNT content and chemical doping of SWCNT dramatically affected the composite thermoelectric performance. The maximum power factor at room temperature of the PPy composite reaches as high as 240.3 ± 5.0 μW m−1 K−2, which may be the highest value for PPy and its composites reported so far. The present study demonstrates that the dynamic 3-phase interfacial electropolymerization combining SWCNT chemical doping is effective to fabricate high-performance polymer thermoelectric composites.

Enhanced specific capacitance of a novel ternary polypyrrole incorporated with prussian blue and mesoporous carbon black for high performance supercapacitor applications

A facile ternary composite of polypyrrole (PPy), prussian blue (PB) and carbon black (CB), PPy-PB-CB is synthesized by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole and formation of PB on CB to achieve efficient electrode material for supercapacitor. The polymer composite is characterized structurally and morphologically; CV, GCD and EIS techniques are used to evaluate the capacitive behavior of the ternary composite. PPy-PB-CB electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 163.7 F g−1 in neutral electrolyte, KCl which is superior to PPy, PPy-PB and PPy-CB electrode materials. Moreover, the ternary composite retains 98.35% of its initial capacitance even after 2000 cycles, exhibits high specific power, 10.78 kW kg−1 and high specific energy, 18.1 Wh kg−1. The excellent performance of the ternary polymer composite is attributed to the synergistic effect of high specific capacitance of pseudocapacitive electrodes, namely, PPy, and PB and better reversible nature of EDLC electrode, CB and its porosity.

Zn-Al layered double hydroxide growing on the substrate of graphene and polypyrrole composite as anode material for Zn-Ni secondary battery

Abstract In this work, the zinc-aluminum layered double hydroxide grown on the substrate of graphene and polypyrrole composite (Zn-Al LDHs/GP) was prepared by in-situ growth method, and evaluated as anode materials of Zn-Ni secondary batteries. The results indicate that the Zn-Al LDHs/GP electrode has the smallest peak potential difference (0.452 V), the lowest charge transfer resistance and the superior cycling performance. Compared to the normal Zn-Al LDHs, charge transfer resistance of Zn-Al LDHs/GP electrode is reduced by 6.65 Ω. Moreover, the specific capacity of the Zn-Al LDHs/GP electrode is still remained at 350.0 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles, with a retention rate of 91.5% and it exhibits better rate capability.

Effective improvement in capacitance performance of polypyrrole assisted by black phosphorus

The composite of polypyrrole and black phosphorus (PPy/BP) has been successfully prepared by the in situ chemical method through the polymerization of pyrrole (Py) on the surface of BP flake. Characterization results show that it present well-dispersed morphological and P–C bonding in PPy/BP. It is evident that the adding of BP exactly brings the changes in morphological and structure. To verify the existence of BP and to obtain the structure relationship between BP and PPy, an auxiliary experiment has been designed and the corresponding XRD and TEM results clearly display that BP is wrapped by PPy. All these morphology and structural characteristics are conductive to the excellent electrochemical performance of PPy/BP. The electrochemical results show that, the capacity of PPy/BP is 515 F/g at 1 A/g, which is ~ 1.7 times (70%) higher than that of PPy and ~ 7.1 times than that of BP. The capacity of PPy/BP reaches stable value within 200 circles, which is faster than that of PPy within 450 circles. The stable value of PPy/BP is still ~ 1.5 times (48%) higher than that of PPy within 1000 circles, presenting better cycling performance.

Facile fabrication of SBA-15/polypyrrole composites with long-rod shape for enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption

Abstract Functionalized SBA-15 has attracted considerable interest owing to its highly ordered mesoporous structure, well thermal stability and great potential applications. Meanwhile, as was demonstrated, polypyrrole (PPy) with good electrical conductivity is also a very popular absorber-related candidate. Herein, long-rod shape SBA-15/PPy-X composites were successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal treatment by combining in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method. The SBA-15/PPy-X composites exhibited effective absorption band (RL

Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of acid violet 7 dye in a continuous annular reactor using ZnO/PPy photocatalyst: Synthesis, characterization, mass transfer effect evaluation and kinetic analysis

In this work, a composite of ZnO and polypyrrole (ZnO/PPy) was synthesized by polymerization method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–Visible with Near-infrared (UV–Vis NIR) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, both by diffuse reflectance mode. The ZnO/PPy composite was tested as photocatalyst for the degradation of acid violet 7 dye under visible light radiation in two systems: a) by using a batch reactor and b) in a continuous annular reactor. The hole formation in the valence band was evidenced using a hole scavenger test for ZnO/PPy composite and also the hydroxyl radicals formation capacity was determined. A three-resistance model of mass transfer (MT) was evaluated, it considers the traditional external mass transfer coefficient (She) to obtain an overall mass transfer coefficient (Shapp), the model is considered a full 3-D convection–diffusion–reaction applied to the photocatalyst of ZnO/PPy composite attached onto the interior wall of a quartz ring (annular space). The MT analysis showed in the continuous reactor that the degradation reaction was kinetically controlled. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model was analyzed according the fitting of the experimental data in the annular continuous photocatalytic reactor. The adsorption parameter obtained with L-H model was validated based on thermodynamic criteria for the changes in the standard enthalpy of adsorption (ΔHadso) and standard total entropy of adsorption (ΔSadso). The analysis of thermodynamic properties revealed that the adsorbed AV7 molecule on ZnO/PPy photocatalyst still presents mobility in order to react to the very short time OH radicals formed on surface.

Preparation of Graphene–Polypyrrole Hollow Sphere by Pickering Emulsion Method and Their Electrochemical Performances as Supercapacitor Electrode

Graphene–polypyrrole hollow sphere composite was synthesized for the first time via Pickering emulsion polymerization using graphene oxide as Pickering stabilizer. It was found that polypyrrole and graphene were well hybrid and all graphene–polypyrrole composites had a uniform hollow sphere structure, whose diameters gradually decreased as the pyrrole content decreased. The electrochemical properties of the composites as supercapacitor electrode were investigated. The test results displayed that the specific capacitance of the optimal ratio of composite could reach 238[Formula: see text]F/g at a current density of 1[Formula: see text]A/g, and a 90.7% capacitance retention could be achieved after 1500 cycles, which was a significant improvement compared with the 62.2% retention of pure polypyrrole.

Simultaneous HPLC-MS determination of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene after online in-tube solid phase microextraction using a graphene oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composite.

The exploration of monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) produced by oxidative stress and DNA damage is a powerful and non-invasive tool to study the health risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A nanocomposite prepared from graphene oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polypyrrole was electrodeposited on the internal surface of a stainless-steel tube for online in-tube solid phase microextraction (IT-SPME) of 8-OHdG, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene from urine. The coating possesses excellent chemical and mechanical stability, high extraction efficiency, good resistance to matrix interference, and a long lifespan. An online IT-SPME-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of these three metabolite biomarkers in human urine. Figures of merit include (a) enrichment factors of 30-48; (b) low limits of detection (4-41pg·mL-1 at S/N = 3); (c) wide linear ranges (0.05-50ng·mL-1); (d) good recoveries from spiked samples (71.6-109.5%); and (e) acceptable repeatability (2.3-14.6%). The method offers the advantages of low cost, simplicity, sensitivity, rapidity and automation. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of online in-tube solid phase microextraction using graphene oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composites as adsorbent in astainless-steel (SS) tubefor the enrichment and simultaneous determination of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene prior to HPLC-MS analysis.

Electrochemical synthesis of PPy composites with nanostructured MnOx, CoOx, NiOx, and FeOx in acetonitrile for supercapacitor applications

In the present study, the polypyrrole (PPy) composites with nano-structured CoOx, NiOx, MnOx, and FeOx were synthesized using the galvanostatic method on their own metal-intercalated graphite surfaces. The deposition and intercalation are performed in TBABF4/acetonitrile solution with related metal (II) tetrafluoroborate salts, pyrrole, HBF4, H2O, Triton-X 100 (TX100) and carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC). For the PPy/MnOx/Na-CMC composite, the effects of intercalation and additives on the specific capacitance were examined in an H2SO4/water medium by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Using the optimum deposition conditions determined for Mn composite (additive concentrations and galvanostatic parameters), PPy/CoOx/Na-CMC, PPy/NiOx/Na-CMC, and PPy/FeOx/Na-CMC coatings with a mass loading of 4.0 mg cm−2 were deposited on their own metal-intercalated graphite electrodes in the deposition solutions containing Co(BF4)2, Ni(BF4)2 and Fe(BF4)2, respectively. XRD, TEM, XPS, SEM-EDX, BET, and EIS techniques were used in characterizing the coatings. Subsequently, the capacitive properties of the composite coatings were examined by means of the galvanostatic charge-discharge test. The highest SC value is recorded for the Mn-based composite (463 F g−1), whereas the lowest is for Fe-based (311 F g−1) one. Finally, symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor configurations incorporating two electrodes with 10 mg cm−2 active material were used in making measurements to determine the capacitive behaviors of PPy/Metal oxide composites. The symmetric supercapacitor with PPy/MnOx/Na-CMC composite providing 0.29 kW kg−1 and 15.0 Wh.kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1 maintains 62% of its power and energy densities at 2.5 A g−1 at the end of 5000 cycles at a potential range of 0.8 V.

Highly sensitive amperometric detection of glutamate by glutamic oxidase immobilized Pt nanoparticle decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)/polypyrrole composite

A highly sensitive and selective glutamate biosensor using glutamate Oxidase (GlUtOx) immobilized platinum nanoparticle (PtNP) decorated multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite on glassy carbon electrodes (GC) is demonstrated. PtNP decorated MWCNTs (Pt-MWCNTs), PPy and Pt-MWCNTs/PPy composite were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis to confirm the formation of the nanocomposite. The glutamate Oxidase (GlUtOx) was immobilized on a GC/Pt-MWCNTs/PPy and characterized by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The fabricated L-glutamate biosensor exhibited high sensitivity (723.08 µA cm−2 mM−1) with less response time (3 s) with a detection limit of 0.88 µM. The dynamic range from 10 to 100 µM with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.985 was observed for the L-glutamate biosensor. The analytical recovery of added L-glutamate acid (50 and 100 μM) in human serum soup were 96.1% and 97.5% respectively. The enzyme immobilized GC/Pt-MWCNTs/PPy/GlUtOx bioelectrode lost 12.6% and 23.8% of its initial activity after 30 days when stored at − 20 °C and 4 °C respectively.

Electrochemical behavior of composite electrode based on sulphonated polymeric surfactant (SPEEK/PSS) incorporated polypyrrole for supercapacitor

Sulfonated polymeric surfactants integrated polypyrrole composites have been prepared and exploited as electrode material for supercapacitor application where sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) SPEEK and poly (styrene sulfonate) PSS have been used as surfactant as well as dopant in polypyrrole (PPy). These composites are conveniently prepared via in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization of pyrrole using FeCl3 as oxidant at varying weight ratio of SPEEK/PSS and investigated through Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, Thermal gravimetric analysis/Derivative thermal gravimetric, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical performance. Field emission scanning electron micrographs divulge granular morphology of composite with spongy and baggy structure. Electrochemical performance of all the composites has been investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Results reveal that electrochemical properties of composites significantly depend upon different feeding ratio of SPEEK or PSS due to the availability of sulfonating groups. After comparative study, high specific capacitance 330F/g of SP4 (PPy:SPEEK (w/w) 60:40) at scan rate of 2mV/s, that also correlates well with the GCD findings. High energy density obtained as 23.8Wh/kg of SP4 composite at power density of 1000W/kg demonstrates as new promising electrode material for supercapacitors.

A first adrenalone electrochemical sensor using a gold-nanoparticle/poly(pyrrole) composite-modified graphite electrode

In this study, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with a composite of polypyrrole and Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs/PP/PGE) was developed and evaluated as a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of adrenalone for the first time.

Structural and Electronic Properties of PPy-DBSA/Zirconium Oxide Composites

The composites of doped polypyrrole (PPy) with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles have been prepared by in-situ polymerization method. The structural properties of synthesized polypyrrole and PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD pattern show that PPy-DBSA is intercalated into the layers of ZrO2 successfully and thus the degree of crystallinity increases due to crystalline nature of ZrO2. FTIR analysis indicated that there is a strong interaction between PPy-DBSA and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Electronic properties (dielectric and conductivity) of PPy and PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 composite have been investigated between frequency ranges from 20 Hz to 1M Hz. Higher dielectric constants and dielectric losses of PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 composites than those of synthesized PPy and PPy-DBSA were found. As the content of ZrO2 increased, the dielectric constant and loss also increased. The value of dielectric constant for all samples is very high at low frequency but decreases with increase in frequency. Synthesis of PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 composite materials with a large dielectric constant is essential for the improvement of a novel generation dynamic RAM and in charge storage devices.

On-Chip Electrochemical Sensing of Propylparaben as an Endocrine Disruptor Model Using a Disposable Gold Platform Modified with Phosphomolybdate Doped Polypyrrole and Nanodiamond

Herein, an electrochemical sensor based on a bilayer composite of phosphomolybdate doped polypyrrole (PPy-PMo12) and nanodiamond (ND) at a disposable gold chip (GCHIP) has been introduced for detection of propylparaben (PP). Electropolymerization was employed for deposition of PPy-PMo12 layer on a pre-casted ND layer at the GCHIP. The morphology and microstructure were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrochemical behavior of PP at the modified electrode was studied and all the influential parameters were optimized. The calibration curve showed to be linear in the range of 5 to 200 μM of PP. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method were obtained to be 2.1 and 7.1 μM, respectively. Also, reproducibility of the sensor (RSD%) was 4%. The proposed sensor was employed for detection of PP in unspiked and spiked shampoo samples which yielded recoveries in the range of 93.6–104.4%.

An electrochemical aptasensor for detection of lead ions using a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with Au/polypyrrole composites and toluidine blue

An aptasensor based on the aptamer of lead(ii) ions and the composites of Au nanoparticles and polypyrrole (Au@Py) was successfully fabricated.

Electro-capacitive performance of haemoglobin/polypyrrole composites for high power density electrode

BackgroundHaemoglobin (Hb)-doped polypyrrole (PPy) composites serving as energy storage material have rarely been premeditated.MethodsIn this perspective, a novel class of haemoglobin/polypyrrole composites (HPyCs) by doping metal derivative Hb into PPy matrix with concentrations (PPy, 1%, 2% and 3% Hb in w/w) has been synthesized by cationic surfactant assisted dilute polymerization method. The obtained samples were exemplified by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis-differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTA-DTG). Electrochemical capacitance (Cs, F/g) of electrodes fabricated from PPy and HPyCs over stainless steel in the presence of sulphonated polysulphone as binder has been investigated in KOH solution (1.0 M) with reference to Ag/AgCl at scan rate (V/s) ranging 0.001–0.2. HPyC3% has shown Cs of 445.75F/g along with energy and power densities of 14.37 Wh/kg and 596.54 Wh/kg respectively, which is greater as compared to 200.56F/g for PPy.ConclusionThe composites show good charge-discharge with improved electrochemical cyclic stability of the HPyCs over PPy. This behaviour points out that fabricated HPyCs may dole out as prospective electrode materials for development of electrochemical supercapacitors.

Polypyrrole Nanoparticles Doped with Fullerene Uniformly Distributed in the Polymeric Phase: Synthesis, Morphology, and Electrochemical Properties

Composites of polypyrrole and fullerene C60 were prepared by the introduction of fullerene during polymerization of pyrrole initiated by the oxidation of pyrrole oligomers with C60. Composites were precipitated in the form of spherical particles, and their sizes ranged from 20 to 400 nm depending on the time of polymerization. Fullerene C60 nanocrystals with approximate size of 1 nm were uniformly distributed within the polymeric material. The amount of fullerene incorporated into polypyrrole depended on the C60 concentration in the solution used for the composite formation. An investigation of the composite using infrared spectroscopy indicated partial charge transfer between polypyrrole chains and fullerene nanocrystals. Such process was also confirmed by the theoretical investigation of electronic properties of composite. The composites were electrochemically active over a large potential window. At negative potentials, fullerene nanocrystals were reduced. In the positive potential range, polypyrrole c...

(Invited) Interaction of Anions with Partially Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes and the Influence on the Performance of Polypyrrole-Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrodes

Partial oxidation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in mixed HNO3 and H2SO4 is commonly used for the preparation of polymer-CNT composites. This procedure, however, emits toxic NOx fumes, making it difficult for commercial scale-up. Herein we report an environment-friendly new method which utilizes mixed H2O2 and H2SO4 to partially oxidize CNTs to produce composite electrodes with polypyrrole (PPy). With the aid of Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic techniques, the physiochemical properties of the CNTs prepared from H2O2 aided oxidation were compared with those CNTs treated in HNO3 aided oxidation. Furthermore, through cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance, the interaction of the doping anions (Cl-, SO4 2-, etc.) with partially oxidized CNTs were studied and used to explain the performance of different PPy-CNT composites. Results showed that the capacitance of the composite with CNTs treated by H2O2 aided oxidation (ca. 156.0 F/g) was comparable to that with CNTs treated by HNO3 aided oxidation (ca. 163.0 F/g). Furthermore, the need for critically appraising the charge storage mechanism on the carbons used in making the PPy-CNT composites is emphasized, and general observations that various oxygen containing functional groups could contribute in different ways to the observed charge storage mechanism of both the oxidized CNTs and their corresponding polymer composites were also explained. It can thus be predicted that the H2O2 aided partial oxidation of CNTs is suitable for producing high performance polymer composite electrodes, and the new process is promising for commercial scale-up with low environmental impact. REFERENCES Zhou X, Peng C, Chen GZ. 20 V stack of aqueous supercapacitors with carbon (−), titanium bipolar plates and CNT‐polypyrrole composite (+). AIChE journal. 2012;58(3):974-83.Chen GZ, Shaffer MS, Coleby D, Dixon G, Zhou W, Fray DJ, et al. Carbon nanotube and polypyrrole composites: coating and doping. Advanced Materials. 2000;12(7):522-6.Peng C, Zhang S, Jewell D, Chen GZ. Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors. Progress in Natural Science. 2008;18(7):777-88.Frackowiak E, Khomenko V, Jurewicz K, Lota K, Béguin F. Supercapacitors based on conducting polymers/nanotubes composites. Journal of Power Sources. 2006;153(2):413-8.Khomenko V, Frackowiak E, Beguin F. Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composite electrodes using different cell configurations. Electrochimica Acta. 2005;50(12):2499-506. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work received funding from the International Doctoral Innovation Centre, Ningbo Education Bureau, Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau, and the University of Nottingham, and Ningbo Municipal Government (3315 Plan and 2014A35001-1). Figure 1

Dielectric characteristics and nonlinear properties of ZnO–polypyrrole composites

Abstract The nonlinear properties and frequency characteristics of ZnO–polypyrrole composites were investigated at 200 Hz–5 MHz frequency interval with different zinc oxide contents. Samples were prepared using hot press method at 130 °C. Results show an optimum point for breakdown voltage at ZnO content of 70%. Breakdown voltage decreases from 590 to 380 V and after that tends to increase from 450 to 740 V due to the absence of polypyrrole at grain boundaries. No matter how breakdown voltage behaves, nonlinear coefficient increases from 4.2 to 9 by increasing ZnO content because of the increase in acceptor-like states at grain boundaries by increasing ZnO content. The electrical parameters such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss and series resistance of samples show a strong dependence on frequency especially below 1 kHz. These parameters fall off by increasing frequency up to 1 kHz, which is related to charge transportation through the Schottky barrier at grain boundaries. The high dielectric constant of samples below 1kHz is related to the Maxwell–Wagner polarization at grain boundaries. The presence of different anomalies at different frequency intervals is related to interfacial polarization because of different structures of grains and intergranular layer with a huge difference in conductivity.