Production Of Polyphenols Research Articles

Cyclodextrin-Elicited Bryophyllum Suspension Cultured Cells: Enhancement of the Production of Bioactive Compounds.

The rates of production of secondary metabolites obtained by employing conventional plant breeding may be low for practical purposes. Thus, innovative approaches for increasing their rates of production are being developed. Here, we propose the use of elicited plant suspension cultured cells (PSCC) with cyclodextrins (CDs) as an alternative method for the production of bioactive compounds from Bryophyllum species. For this purpose, we analyzed the effects of methyl–β–cyclodextrin and 2–hydroxypropyl–β–cyclodextrin on cell culture growth and on the intra- and extracellular production of phenols and flavonoids. Results clearly show that CDs enhance the biosynthesis of polyphenols by PSCC favoring their accumulation outside the cells. CDs shift the homeostatic equilibrium by complexing extracellular phenolics, causing stress in cells that respond by increasing the production of intracellular phenolics. We also analyzed the radical scavenging activity of the culture medium extracts against 2,2–diphenyl–1–pycrilhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, which increased with respect to the control samples (no added CDs). Our results suggest that both the increase in the production of polyphenols and their radical scavenging activity are a consequence of their inclusion in the CD cavities. Overall, based on our findings, CDs can be employed as hosts for increasing the production of polyphenols from Bryophyllum species.

Galewone, an Anti-Fibrotic Polyketide from Daldinia eschscholzii with an Undescribed Carbon Skeleton

A novel polyphenolic natural product, galewone, with undescribed carbon skeleton, was isolated as a racemate from the culture of Daldinia eschscholzii IFB-TL01, a fungus obtained from the mantis (Tenodera aridifolia) gut. The galewone structure was elucidated by a combination of MS and NMR spectra, and substantiated by X-ray crystallographic diffraction. The absolute stereochemistry of each galewone enantiomers was determined by the CD spectrum. In compliance of the structural similarities, galewone might be the shunt products of the dalesconol biosynthetic pathway. Both (−)- and ( + )-galewones were evaluated to be anti-fibrotic against activated hepatic stellate cell line, CFSC-8B, with the IC50 values being 3.73 ± 0.21 and 10.10 ± 0.41 μM, respectively. Thus, galewone may serve as a starting molecule for the discovery of new anti-fibrotic drug.

The effect of polyphenols and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of a polyphenol product (PP) (Proviox) and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA). One hundred and twenty ROSS 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into six groups (10 replications, 2 birds per replication). Group I received an uncontaminated and unsupplemented diet, diets of groups II to VI were contaminated with OTA at 172 µg and 200 µg/kg for the starter and grower period, respectively. Furthermore, diets of groups III, IV and V were supplemented with vitamin E at 100, 200 and 100 mg, respectively, and to diets of groups V and VI additionally 100 and 2200 mg PP was added, respectively. Supplementation with PP and vitamin E had no significant effects on the growth performance, dressing percentage or carcass trait parameters of broiler chickens. In chickens exposed to stress, dietary supplementation with vitamin E and/or PP improved the total antioxidant status (p ≤ 0.05), enhanced the blood activity of antioxidant enzymes (p ≤ 0.01) and increased the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (p ≤ 0.01) in the liver and breast muscles. Regardless of the administered antioxidants, chickens fed diets contaminated with OTA were characterised by lower dressing percentage (p ≤ 0.01), a higher proportion of the liver in the carcass (p ≤ 0.01), lower carcass fat content (p ≤ 0.01), and longer small intestines (p ≤ 0.01) and caeca (p ≤ 0.01). Dietary supplementation with PP improved the water-holding capacity of meat (p ≤ 0.01). The breast muscles of chickens fed diets supplemented with PP and vitamin E were characterised by higher (p ≤ 0.05) concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). It was concluded that PP can be an insufficient component of diets for broiler chickens to improve growth performance and mitigate the negative effects of high dose of OTA in diets.

Review about the multi-target profile of resveratrol and its implication in the SGK1 inhibition

Resveratrol (trans-3,4’,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic natural product with a well-known polypharmacological profile that places it among the multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs). Given its protective action against a wide number of chronic diseases, in this review, we introduce a general overview about the cardioprotective and antioxidant effects, the antidiabetic, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of this polyphenol. In the second part of the manuscript, we focused our attention on the anticancer activity of Resveratrol, given the alteration of many different signaling pathways, leading to suppression of tumor cell proliferation in numerous cancer types. Among the several anticancer targets involved in the mechanism of action of Resveratrol, here we introduce experimental and molecular modeling studies performed against the SGK1 protein as a novel anticancer target of Resveratrol. SGK1 inhibitors have been demonstrated to inhibit cell growth of different cancer cells.We demonstrated that resveratrol inhibits SGK1 in vitro and in intact cells, affecting proliferation and survival of HUH7 human hepatoma cells. Our findings demonstrate that resveratrol may function as a SGK1 inhibitor, suggesting possible applications in sodium retention and cancer.

Optimization of the process parameters for reduction of gossypol levels in cottonseed meal by functional recombinant NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450 CYP9A12 of Helicoverpa armigera

Gossypol is a toxic polyphenolic product that is derived from cotton plants. The toxicity of gossypol has limited the utilization of cottonseed meal (CSM) in the feed industry. The gene, Helicoverpa armigera CYP9A12, is a gossypol-inducible cytochrome P450 gene. The objective of our study was to obtain the functional recombinant H. armigera CYP9A12 enzyme in Pichia pastoris and to verify whether this candidate enzyme could decrease gossypol in vitro. Free and total gossypol contents were detected in the enzyme solution and in CSM. The H. armigera CYP9A12 enzyme degraded free concentration of gossypol. After optimization of the single-test and response surface method, free gossypol content could be decreased to 40.91 mg/kg in CSM by the H. armigera CYP9A12 enzyme when the initial temperature was 35 °C, the enzymatic hydrolysis time lasted 2.5 h, the enzyme addition was 2.5 mL, and the substrate moisture was 39%.

Involvement of lytic enzymes and secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. in the biological control of Pythium myriotylum.

This investigation was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities and involvement of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by four strains of Trichoderma in the inhibition of Pythium myriotylum. Antagonistic effects were tested by dual culture. Activities of lytic enzymes were evaluated from the filtrate of each strain after cultivation in selected media. Organic extracts were obtained from liquid media subsequent to the cultivation of Trichoderma in potato dextrose broth (PDB). Non-volatile organic compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids were evaluated spectrophotometrically while volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the organic extracts was determined using the poisoning method. Results have shown that all the strains were antagonists against P. myriotylum. T. erinaceum (IT-58), T. gamsii (IT-62), T. afroharzianum (P8), and T. harzianum (P11) that were found to produce cellulase, protease, and xylanase. Over 20 compounds were identified in each extract, including esters, lactones, and organic acids. The organic extracts also contained high amounts of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids and significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. myriotylum. The minimal inhibition concentrations were 80μg/μL, 40μg/μL, 20μg/μL, and 10μg/μL, for extracts obtained from T. erinaceum (IT-58), T. gamsii (IT-62), T. afroharzianum (P8), and T. harzianum (P11), respectively. There was significant correlation between the production of total polyphenol and flavonoid content and the antagonistic effects of the tested strains.

A multidisciplinary approach reveals new aspects of superficial scald aetiology and cold resistance mechanism in ‘Granny Smith’ apples

Chilling injuries represent a major issue in postharvest management of apple fruit. The usage of low temperature to extend the storage capacity can lead to the development of many physiological disorders, such as superficial scald, which seriously affect the entire marketability. The main symptom of superficial scald is represented by a diffuse browning coloration, generally limited to the skin and the underlying six-cell layer, generally occurring after the re-establishment of room temperature conditions. In this work, RNA-seq technology was employed to characterize the transcription dynamics of ‘Granny Smith’ apples affected by superficial scald and treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene competitor known to control this physiopathy. In addition, a metabolomic profiling was also performed to determinate correspondences between gene expressions and phenotypic traits (polyphenol accumulations and production of volatiles mainly). With the aim to step forward in our understanding about the aetiological cause of superficial scald, particular effort was dedicated to decipher the effect of 1-MCP on the fruit transcriptomic pattern.

Effect of Microwave-Assisted Extraction on Polyphenols Recovery from Tomato Peel Waste

This study describes the application of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) as an innovative technique for isolation of polyphenols from tomato peel waste. Effects of solvents, temperatures (25, 55 and 90 °C) and times (5 and 10 min) were evaluated with regard to total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and phenolic compound contents. Tomato peel extracts contain high amounts of kaemferol-3-O-rutinoside (8.5 to 142.5 mg kg-1), p-coumaric acid (3 to 111.5 mg kg-1) and chlorogenic acid derivative (10.5 to 109 mg kg-1). Results revealed that extraction time has no significant (p > 0.05) influence on TP, TF and phenolic compounds recovery (exception is cis-p-coumaric acid hexoside). On the other hand, the influence of temperature and chosen solvent on polyphenols yield is significant. Considering interest of consumers to intake natural compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties, this work suggests that tomato peel waste can be used as one of sustainable resources for polyphenols production by MAE.

Production of Stilbenes in Callus Cultures of the Maltese Indigenous Grapevine Variety, Ġellewża.

The production of secondary metabolites in tissue culture has been considered as an alternative to the cultivation and harvesting of crops intended for this purpose. The present study was aimed at the growth of callus and production of polyphenolic compound of callus derived from a Maltese indigenous grapevine variety, Ġellewża. Callus was inoculated onto plant growth regulators-enriched Murashige Skoog media (MSm) to determine whether polyphenols are produced in vitro as well as to determine the best combination of plant growth regulators needed for the production of these metabolites. From results obtained, it was observed that the best callus production was obtained by auxin-enriched MSm. In fact, indole acetic acid and indole acetic acid /6-benzyl aminopurine enhanced biomass accumulation (3.04 g and 3.39 g) as opposed to the others (<1.97 g). On the other hand, parameters showing the presence of flavonoids (tonality, 3.80), particularly anthocyanins (24.09 mg/kg) and total polyphenols (1.42 mg/g), were optimum in the presence of cytokinins, particularly 6-benzyl aminopurine. Analysis for single polyphenols revealed a high amount a particular stilbene: polydatin (glucoside of resveratrol). Resveratrol and other typical polyphenols, found in mature berries, were also found in significant quantities, while the other polyphenolic compounds were found in minimal quantities. This is the first study to describe the production and composition of polyphenols in Ġellewża callus cultures. From the results obtained, it can be seen that this grape tissue is an excellent alternative for the production of polyphenols from the stilbene group, which can be upscaled and exploited commercially.

The cost is not enough - An alternative eco-efficiency approach applied to cranberry de-acidification

Food production and transformation have an increasing impact on the environment. Tools to help the agri-food industry improving its environmental performance whilst increasing the value of the products are highly needed. The present study proposes a new approach to calculate eco-efficiency that goes beyond the production costs, but accounts for the functional value of the foodstuff. Instead of using the monetary unit as the product value, we propose value-based metrics closer to consumer interests, such as content of functional nutrients, taste and abatement of harmful substances. The approach was applied to evaluate the eco-efficiency of de-acidified cranberry juice by two alternative technologies in Quebec: ion-exchange resin process and de-acidification by electrodialysis with a bipolar membrane. Both are compared to non-de-acidified cranberry juice. The parameters chosen to quantify cranberry juice are polyphenol content, product taste, and percentage of harmful acid removed. Results show ion-exchange resin de-acidified juice is less eco-efficient than non-de-acidified cranberry juice for polyphenol content and product taste indicator but shows better results for the removed harmful acid parameter. The electrodialysis with a bipolar membrane technology allows the extraction of organic acids in a usable form. We evaluated their re-utilization in four different contexts showing that this context choice might have a key impact on the eco-efficiency conclusion. The most eco-efficient scenario is the utilization of the removed acid in dried cranberry production with the addition of sugar beet. By using an approach closer to consumers' interests, eco-efficiency results can be more relevant for decision making in the context of cleaner production, particularly when the monetary value is not reliable.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of isochroman-4-one hybrids bearing piperazine moiety as antihypertensive agent candidates.

7,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-isochromanone-4 (XJP), is a polyphenolic natural product with moderate antihypertensive activity. To obtain new agents with stronger potency and safer profile, we employed XJP and naftopidil as the lead compounds to design and synthesize a novel class of hybrids as antihypertensive agent candidates. In the present study, a series of hybrids (6a-r) of XJP bearing arylpiperazine moiety, which is identified as the pharmacophore of naftopidil, were designed and synthesized as novel α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. The biological evaluation showed that target compounds 6c, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h, 6m and 6q possessed potent in vitro vasodilation potency and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonistic activity. Furthermore, the most potent compound 6e significantly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), which was comparable to that of naftopidil, and it had no observable effects on the basal heart rate, suggesting that 6e deserves to be further investigated as a potential clinical candidate for the treatment of hypertension.

Tailoring Corynebacterium glutamicum towards increased malonyl-CoA availability for efficient synthesis of the plant pentaketide noreugenin

BackgroundIn the last years, different biotechnologically relevant microorganisms have been engineered for the synthesis of plant polyphenols such as flavonoids and stilbenes. However, low intracellular availability of malonyl-CoA as essential precursor for most plant polyphenols of interest is regarded as the decisive bottleneck preventing high product titers.ResultsIn this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum, which emerged as promising cell factory for plant polyphenol production, was tailored by rational metabolic engineering towards providing significantly more malonyl-CoA for product synthesis. This was achieved by improving carbon source uptake, transcriptional deregulation of accBC and accD1 encoding the two subunits of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), reduced flux into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and elimination of anaplerotic carboxylation of pyruvate. The constructed strains were used for the synthesis of the pharmacologically interesting plant pentaketide noreugenin, which is produced by plants such as Aloe arborescens from five molecules of malonyl-CoA. In this context, accumulation of the C1/C6 cyclized intermediate 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)butane-1,3-dione (TPBD) was observed, which could be fully cyclized to the bicyclic product noreugenin by acidification.ConclusionThe best strain C. glutamicum Nor2 C5 mufasOBCD1 PO6-iolT1 ∆pyc allowed for synthesis of 53.32 mg/L (0.278 mM) noreugenin in CGXII medium supplemented with casamino acids within 24 h.

Potential Natural Food Preservatives and Their Sustainable Production in Yeast: Terpenoids and Polyphenols.

Terpenoids and polyphenols are high-valued plant secondary metabolites. Their high antimicrobial activities demonstrate their huge potential as natural preservatives in the food industry. With the rapid development of metabolic engineering, it has become possible to realize large-scale production of non-native terpenoids and polyphenols by using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a cell factory. This review will summarize the major terpenoid and polyphenol compounds with high antimicrobial properties, describe their native metabolic pathways as well as antimicrobial mechanisms, and highlight current progress on their heterologous biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. Current challenges and perspectives for the sustainable production of terpenoid and polyphenol as natural food preservatives via S. cerevisiae will also be discussed.

Modulation of the central carbon metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum improves malonyl-CoA availability and increases plant polyphenol synthesis.

In recent years microorganisms have been engineered towards synthesizing interesting plant polyphenols such as flavonoids and stilbenes from glucose. Currently, the low endogenous supply of malonyl-CoA, indispensable for plant polyphenol synthesis, impedes high product titers. Usually, limited malonyl-CoA availability during plant polyphenol production is avoided by supplementing fatty acid synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics such as cerulenin, which are known to increase the intracellular malonyl-CoA pool as a side effect. Motivated by the goal of microbial polyphenol synthesis being independent of such expensive additives, we used rational metabolic engineering approaches to modulate regulation of fatty acid synthesis and flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in Corynebacterium glutamicum strains capable of flavonoid and stilbene synthesis. Initial experiments showed that sole overexpression of genes coding for the native malonyl-CoA-forming acetyl-CoA carboxylase is not sufficient for increasing polyphenol production in C. glutamicum. Hence, the intracellular acetyl-CoA availability was also increased by reducing the flux into the TCA cycle through reduction of citrate synthase activity. In defined cultivation medium, the constructed C. glutamicum strains accumulated 24 mg·L -1 (0.088 mM) naringenin or 112 mg·L -1 (0.49 mM) resveratrol from glucose without supplementation of phenylpropanoid precursor molecules or any inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis.

The effect of polyphenols and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens exposed to high temperature

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of a polyphenol product (PP) (Proviox) and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens exposed to high temperature. The experimental materials comprised 120 ROSS 308 broilers (6 treatments, 10 replications, 2 birds per replication). Dietary supplementation with vitamin E and PP was applied in the following experimental design: group I (negative control) – without supplementation; group II (positive control) – without supplementation; group III – supplementation with 100 mg vitamin E/kg; group IV – 200 mg vitamin E/kg; group V – 100 mg vitamin E/kg and 100 mg PP/kg; group VI – 200 mg PP/kg. In groups II–VI, broiler chickens aged 21–35 d were exposed to increased temperature (34°C for 10 h daily). In chickens exposed to high temperature, dietary supplementation with antioxidants, mostly PP, improved growth performance parameters, including body weight, body weight gain and feed intake until 28 d of age. Vitamin E added to broiler chicken diets at 200 mg/kg and vitamin E combined with PP was most effective in improving the total antioxidant status of birds, enhancing blood antioxidant enzyme activities and increasing vitamin E concentrations in the liver and breast muscles. Broilers fed diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg of vitamin E alone and vitamin E in combination with PP were characterised by a higher percentage content of breast muscles in the carcass. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants improved the water-holding capacity of meat, reduced natural drip loss and increased the crude ash content of meat. The breast muscles of chickens fed diets supplemented with PP had a lower contribution of yellowness. The breast muscles of chickens receiving diets with 100 mg vitamin E/kg(group III) and diets supplemented with PP (groups V and VI) were characterised by the highest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The PP can be a valuable component of diets for broiler chickens exposed to high temperature.

Supercritical fluid extraction for enhancing polyphenolic compounds production from olive waste extracts

AbstractBACKGROUNDA number of residues are produced during the olive oil extraction process, such as crushed pits, olive leaves, pomace and exhaust olive pomace. In addition, pruning of olive trees results in a huge amount of biomass. All of these lignocellulosic materials constitute a source of energy and chemicals that can be used as raw materials in biorefineries. Among them, antioxidants are of particular interest due to their potential applications in pharmaceutical and food industry.RESULTSSupercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied on three different olive residues – pruning biomass, leaves and exhaust pomace. In this, 60% ethanol was used as cosolvent at three different pressure levels, 200, 250 and 300 bar. The best conditions for each residue were determined and compared with conventional extraction. Results show that 300 bar was the best pressure for SFE in terms of antioxidant activity of the extracts. The main polyphenolic compounds also were identified, among which hydroxytyrosol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid were present.CONCLUSIONSFE at 300 bar proved to be the best option for obtaining a high‐activity antioxidant extract from olive leaves, exhaust pomace and pruning biomass, with hydroxytyrosol the prominent compound detected. This procedure could be integrated in a biorefinery based on olive‐derived biomass. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Rapid Data Analytics to Relate Sugarcane Aphid [(Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)] Population and Damage on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Sugarcane aphid [(Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)] emerged in the United States in 2013 as a new pest infesting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Aphid population and plant damage are assessed by field scouting with mean comparison tests or repeated regression analysis. Because of inherently large replication errors from the field and interactions between treatments, new data analytics are needed to rapidly visualize the pest emergence trend and its impact on plant damage. This study utilized variable importance in the projection (VIP) and regression vector statistics of partial least squares (PLS) modeling to deduce directional relationships between aphid population and leaf damage from biweekly field monitoring (independent variable) and chemical composition (dependent variable) of 24 sweet sorghum cultivars. Regardless of environment, aphid population increase preceded the maximum damage rating. Greater damage rating at earlier growth stage in 2015 than 2016 led to an overall higher damage rating in 2015 than 2016. This trend in damage coincided with higher concentrations of trans-aconitic acid and polyphenolic secondary products in stem juice in 2016 than 2015, at the expense of primary sugar production. Developed rapid data analytics could be extended to link phenotypes to perturbation parameters (e.g., cultivar and growth stage), enabling integrated pest management.

Can agronomic practices and cold-pressing extraction parameters affect phenols and polyphenols content in hempseed oils?

Hemp seed oil is an extraordinary dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), to huge health benefits are related. PUFAs abundance could indeed contribute the oil turning rancid and deteriorating through oxidation. Thus, antioxidant compounds, characteristic of hemp seed matrix, should be more favorably extract to hopefully safeguard the oil stability. Moreover, antioxidants ability to counteract the onset of oxidative stress-related diseases could be employed to further enhance hemp seed oil functional value. In this context, phenols and polyphenols, which are poorly explored in hempseed oil so far, are thoroughly investigated by untargeted UHPLC-HRMS and MS/MS techniques in seed oils from Cannabis sativa L. cv USO31. Data recorded highlighted that hemp seed oil could contain, as minor constituents, saccharides, phenol compounds (some of them never described before - e.g. tyrosol hexoside, caffeoyl tartaric acid isomers), as well as flavonoids, of which glycosides of flavonols quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were the most representative. Glucuronide derivatives were also present. Multivariate principal-component analysis (PCA) highlighted that agronomic practices (e.g. plant density/m2, use of fertilizers) and cold-pressing extraction parameters (e.g. temperature, nozzle size) massively affected the relative content of each compounds’ class. Hemp seeds from soils, which did not undergo pre-seeding fertilization, and with 60 plant/m2crop density, ensured the highest production of phenols and polyphenols, whereas their abundance could be compromised when the plant density was halved.

Inhibitory effects of cranberry polyphenol and volatile extracts on nitric oxide production in LPS activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Cranberry volatiles have received little attention for health-promoting properties. In this study, we compared the inhibitory effects of cranberry polyphenol and volatile extracts and volatile standards on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Polyphenols were analyzed by HPLC/HPLC-MS and volatiles were analyzed by GC/GC-MS. The inhibition of NO production of the fresh cranberry polyphenol and volatile extracts and α-terpineol, linalool, linalool oxide, and eucalyptol standards at 2, 4, and 8-fold dilutions of their original concentrations in fresh cranberries was evaluated by treating these extracts/standards for 1 h before or after LPS application for 24 h. After inducing inflammation with LPS, the polyphenol treatments (317.8 and 635.7 μg g-1) and 1.8 μg g-1 volatile treatment lowered NO levels 46-62% compared to the positive control (P < 0.05). When the cells were treated with polyphenol and volatile extracts before inducing inflammation, the 635.7 μg g-1 and 317.8 μg g-1 polyphenol treatments and 1.8 μg g-1 and 0.9 μg g-1 volatile treatments lowered NO levels (13-52%) compared to the positive control (P < 0.05). Polyphenol and volatile extracts from cranberry were effective in reducing NO production whether applied before or after the application of LPS. α-Terpineol at a concentration found in fresh cranberries (1.16 μg mL-1) was also found to be effective in reducing NO production whether cells were treated before or after application of LPS. Future studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms by which volatile compounds, especially α-terpineol act to mitigate inflammation and to determine the bioavailability of terpenes.

Effects of feeding tyrosine or phenylalanine on the accumulation of polyphenols in Coleus Blumei in Vivo and in Vitro .

Background: Polyphenols are considered an important compound with a wide range of medical activities. Several plant families are rich with phenolics. Attempts have been carried out to increase them at the intact and cellular levels.&#x0D; Objective: The current study aimed to increase the production of polyphenols in Coleus blumei plant using two precursors at the whole and tissue culture levels. &#x0D; Materials and methods: Two precursors namely Tyrosine and phenylalanine at the concentrations 0.20 , 0.25 or 0.30 g.l-1 were added either by spraying on the vegetative parts or supplemented to the tissue culture medium. Total phenols were estimated in the whole plant and compared with the total phenolic content in callus tissues. They were estimated by Folin-ciocalteu and spectrophotometric methods. Induction and maintenance of Coleus callus cultures were carried out on Gamborg medium (B5) for 21 days supplemented with the growth regulators 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2-4-D) at 0.8 mg.l-1 , 2 mg.l-1 Benzyl adenine (BA) and 0.5 mg.l-1 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Stem explants were used as a source for callus induction. &#x0D; Results: Results showed a significant increase in both fresh and dry weights of the fresh compared with control of intact plants in vivo after treatment with the two precursors. The fresh weight of shoots increased up to 15.9 g at 0.30 g.l-1 of Tyrosine treatment compared with the control which recorded 11.05 g. while the fresh weight of the shoots recorded 13.470 g at 0.30 g.l-1 after treatment with phenylalanine compared with the control which recorded 11.05 g. The dry weight of the shoots increased as well up to 3.127 g at 0.30 g.l-1 of Tyrosine treatment compared with control 1.837 g while the dry weight of shoot recorded 2.880 g at 0.30 g.l-1 phenylalanine treatment compared with the control 1.837g. Despite the slight increase in both root fresh and dry weights at 0.30 g.l-1 due to the treatment with Tyrosine or phenylalanine ,such increments were not significantly different with control. Total poly phenols in callus cultures accumulated more compared with mother plants after treatment with precursors. Phenols were also measured in both callus tissue and liquid medium then compared with the whole plant and control treatment. The highest value was recorded in callus cultures supplied with Tyrosine recording 348.36 µg.l-1 at 0.20 g.l-1 of Tyrosine while phenylalanine treatment recorded the highest weight 293.98 µg.l-1 when applied at 0.30 g.l-1 in both liquid medium and callus tissues. The intact plants however recorded the highest mean in total phenols in plants grown in vivo with mean values 68.58, 66.53 µg.l-1 for Tyrosine and phenylalanine respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is concluded that both precursors are good candidates for increasing total phenols in Coleus blumei. Plant tissue culture techniques can be utilized commercially for this purpose.&#x0D;