Polyolefin Elastomer Research Articles

Heterogeneous Nickel Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene-Based Polyolefin Elastomers

Heterogeneous Nickel Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene-Based Polyolefin Elastomers

Designing easily accessible tridentate hafnium catalysts for ethylene/1-octene copolymerization

Polyolefin elastomers (POEs) have attracted widespread interest in both academia and industry as an important class of polyolefin material. Catalyst plays a critical role in the production of high-performance POEs. In this study, we design and synthesize a series of easily accessible tridentate pyridine amino hafnium catalysts with flexible ligands and study their properties in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with 1-octene. These tridentate pyridine amino hafnium catalysts exhibited activity of up to 3.1 × 106 g mol−1 h−1, producing polyethylene with high molecular weight of up to 64.8 × 104 g mol−1 in ethylene polymerization at 150 °C. More importantly, these hafnium catalysts produced ethylene/1-octene copolymers with high comonomer incorporation of up to 12.9 mol% and molecular weight of up to 111.9 × 104 g mol−1(Mw), along with great mechanical properties (stress up to 17 MPa and strain up to 1000 %).

A Polyolefin Elastomer Encapsulant Modified by an Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymer for Photovoltaic Applications.

In this study, a newly designed adhesion promoter, a modified ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (m-EPDM), was constructed via a simple thiol-ene click reaction between the ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) to employ polyolefin elastomer (POE) encapsulants in photovoltaic modules. The grafting reaction of MPTS on an EPDM backbone (thiol-ene click reaction) was verified using 1H NMR, 29Si NMR, and SEM/EDX. The thermal and mechanical characteristics of the POE compounds did not significantly change with an increasing m-EPDM content irrespective of the cross-linking state. Interestingly, the adhesion strength to the glass substrate increased linearly with an increasing m-EPDM content until 9 phr. Also, the POE compounds containing more than 12 phr m-EPDM showed cohesion failure of the encapsulant layer, remaining as a residue of the encapsulant layer on the glass surface after peel testing. The damp-heat test was conducted to evaluate the long-term durability of the photovoltaic module encapsulated with m-EPDM, and no significant power loss was found even after 1000 h under the test conditions.

Effect of silver particles on the crystal structure and the mechanical, optical and antibacterial properties of various polypropylene based plastomers and elastomers

In composite materials consisting of silver particles and a polypropylene matrix, the silver must migrate to the surface of the materials in order to exert on antibacterial effect. Substrates with various crystal structures may have different interactions with the silver particles, which can significantly impact the antibacterial performance. The research described in this paper investigates the influence of silver particles on the crystallization behavior of materials with varying crystallinity capabilities by selecting various polypropylene-based plastics and elastomers (Homopolymer polypropylene (PPH-T03), random poly(propylene/ethylene) copolymers (PPR-YPR503 and PPR-P340R), polyolefin elastomers (VERSIFY3000 (POE-1) and VERSIFY3401 (POE-2)), and ethylene propylene diene monomer for polymers (EPDM4725 and EPDM4770)). The research results indicated that the silver only entered the amorphous regions of the PP rather than entering the crystal regions, where they can more easily migrate to the material surface, resulting in a higher antibacterial effect. Therefore, the antibacterial degree of PP-Ag was as high as 99.9%. Silver can enter the micro-crystals of both the random copolymer polypropylene, (PPR-YPR503, PPR-1) and the random copolymer polypropylene, (PPR-P340R, PPR-2,) with a stronger effect on PPR-2. More silver entered the micro-crystals of PPR-2, and it was difficult for the silver ions to migrate out of the crystalline regions to exhibit antibacterial properties. The antibacterial degree of PPR-1-Ag was higher than that of PPR-2-Ag (77.8% vs. 66.7%). Similarly, silver had a greater impact on the lamellar structure of the polyolefin elastomer (VERSIFY3401, POE-2) compared to the polyolefin elastomer (VERSIFY3000, POE-1). In comparison with POE-2-Ag, POE-1-Ag exhibited a higher antibacterial degree (79.6% vs. 57.4%). Research on the two types of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composite materials indicated that EPDM-1 exhibited a lower Mooney viscosity and poorer flowability. The EPDM-1 tended to encapsulate the silver within its molecular chains, thereby impeding the migration of silver to the surface. The optical performance analysis indicated that silver antibacterial agents had little impact on the optical properties of PP-Ag, PPR-1, PPR-2, POE-1, POE-2 and the EPDMs. We suggest that this research provides theoretical guidance for selecting highly antibacterial polypropylene materials.

Update of quality control tests for new PV encapsulation materials

Although ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) is still the dominant PV encapsulant, polyolefins (PO) have gained market share in recent years. Like EVA, PO can be mixed with a cross-linking agent and chemically reacted during the lamination process to form polyolefin elastomers (POE). The cross-linked and therefore insoluble fraction of the encapsulation can be determined by extracting the soluble part of the material with a solvent. The degree of cross-linking, or gel content (GC), is determined from the mass ratio before and after extraction of the samples. The analytical methods for determining the GC value are described for example in IEC 62788-1-6 and the Chinese national standard GB/T29848-2018. We observe a significant difference between the test results of these two standards, with the GC values resulting from the GB standard test being significantly higher. This is particularly true in the low GC range. The main reason for this difference is the extraction time of 5 h specified in the GB standard, which is insufficient to ensure complete extraction of the non-crosslinked polymers at lower GC values. However, for certain POE materials the required minimum GC (50%-65%) is exactly in this range.

Synergistic influence of methoxy and benzhydryl groups in α-diimine nickel precatalysts for facile synthesizing UHMW PE elastomers

Concerted effect of steric and electronic substituents is a powerful strategy to enhance the catalytic performance of α-diiminonickel precatalysts for ethylene polymerization, but less investigated so far. In this study, the synthesis of a series of unsymmetrical α-diiminonickel complexes, featuring the sterically crowded 2,6-dibenzhydryl-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylimine and 2,4,6-(alkyl)phenylimine units, is described. Some of these complexes, including ligand and abnormal organic compound are presented in X-ray structures. All the nickel complexes, extensively studied with two alkylating reagents (Me2AlCl and MMAO), demonstrated excellent catalytic performance, with activity level in the range of 106–107 g mol−1 h−1 across a broad temperature range (30 °C–90 °C). Of significant note, concerted effect of three OMe substituents and two benzhydryl groups present at the same imine unit, significantly improved chain propagation and thereby facilitated the synthesis of ultra-high molecular weight (up to 1.2 × 106 g mol−1) polyethylene with high branching degree (up to 205/1000C) and narrow polymer molecular weight distributions (Ð = < 1.80). Moreover, the obtained polyethylene, especially the ultra-high MW samples, exhibited excellent material properties (up to σb = 7.58 MPa with εb = 1025 % and E = 5.32 MPa), along with elastic recovery rates of 59–65 %. These properties of obtained polyethylene highlight characteristics of typical thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers.

Predicting encapsulant delamination in photovoltaic modules bridging photochemical reaction kinetics and fracture mechanics

AbstractPhotovoltaic (PV) modules are subjected to environmental stressors (UV exposure, temperature, and humidity) that cause degradation within the encapsulant and its interfaces with adjacent glass and cell substrates. To save experimental time and to enable long‐term assessment with intensive degradation only taking place after many years, the development of predictive models is indispensable. Previous works have modeled the delamination of the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant/glass and encapsulant/cell interfaces under field aging conditions with fundamental photochemical degradation reactions that lead to molecular scission and loss of interfacial adhesion, characterized by the fracture resistance, Gc. However, these models were fundamentally limited in that the following aspects were not incorporated: (i) molecular crosslinking in the field, (ii) synergistic autocatalytic interactions of degradation mechanisms, (iii) connection between degraded encapsulant structure and its mechanical properties, and (iv) rigorous treatment of the plasticity contribution to Gc with finite element models. Here, we present a time‐dependent multiscale model that addresses these limitations and is applicable to a wide range of encapsulants and interfaces. For the reference EVA encapsulant and its interfaces with the glass and cell, the presented model predicts an initial rise in Gc in the first 3 years of field aging from crosslinking, then a subsequent sharp decline from degradation mechanisms. We used nanoindentation to measure the changes in EVA mechanical properties over exposure time to tune the model parameters. The model predictions of Gc and mechanical properties match with experimental data and show an improvement compared to previous models. The model can even predict switches in failure interfaces, such as the observed EVA/cell to EVA/glass transition. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis study by varying the degradation and crosslinking kinetic parameters to demonstrate their effects on Gc. Model extensions to polyolefin elastomer‐ and silicone‐encapsulants and their interfaces are also demonstrated.

New PV encapsulants: assessment of change in optical and thermal properties and chemical degradation after UV aging

This work aims to investigate the change in chemical and physical properties of different polymeric materials, potentially usable for photovoltaic modules encapsulation, caused by UV aging. Three classes of polymeric materials have been examined: ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyolefins (TPO) and polyolefin elastomers (POE). EVA is currently the most used encapsulant in the photovoltaic field; TPO and POE are new materials, alternative to EVA, which can allow to overcome some of the reliability problems of photovoltaic modules linked to the degradation of EVA properties. Of each of these three material classes, different commercially available encapsulating polymer films, with different chemical formulations, have been examined. Stressful environmental conditions have been simulated in a climatic chamber and the associated changes in optical, thermal and chemical properties of the different encapsulants have been analysed and compared before and after UV aging. The link between the chemical structure, formulation and degradation of the encapsulants with their lifetime under simulated conditions of UV stress has been investigated by the assessment of the changes in thermal stability, optical transmittance, crystallinity, yellowness index and chemical degradation. This study helps to better understand the causes of the module performance reduction due to the degradation of the encapsulant material and is a guide for the selection of encapsulant films with improved characteristics, for the manufacture of more durable PV modules.

Enhancement in the mechanical properties of in situ microfibrillar PLA/POE composites

AbstractIn situ microfibrillar poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polyolefin elastomer (POE) composites (MFCs) with and without compatibilizer POE‐g‐GMA were prepared using a multistage stretching equipment. The results showed that the distribution of PLA inside the POE matrix for the MFCs without compatibilizer was in the form of microfibrils, and most of the PLA microfibrils were well‐oriented and arranged in the matrix. Further, the high PLA content was more likely to form longer PLA microfibrils in MFCs. With the increase in the amount of POE‐g‐GMA for (PLA/POE, 20/80) system, the length of PLA microfibrils significantly decreased, whereas the average diameter increased. The addition of 2 wt% POE‐g‐GMA increased the tensile strength and elongation at the break of POE‐20‐2 by 52.7% and 53.5%, respectively, and the crystallization temperature increased by about 4°C.

Preparation of Open-Cell Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene Foams for Oil Absorption.

This study aimed to prepare open-cell foams using a blend of long-chain branched polypropylene and polyolefin elastomer (LCBPP/POE) for the production of reusable oil absorbents. The supercritical CO2 foaming process was conducted using a two-step batch rapid depressurization method. This unique two-step foaming approach significantly expanded the temperature and pressure windows, resulting in more uniform cells with smaller sizes, ultimately leading to higher expansion ratios and an increased open cell content. The foaming process was optimized by adjusting parameters, such as the LCBPP/POE ratio, foaming temperature, and foaming pressure, reaching a maximum open cell content of 97.6% and a maximum expansion ratio of 48. The influence of polypropylene (PP) crystallization was investigated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, the hydrophobic and lipophilic characteristics of the LCBPP/POE open-cell foam were determined via contact angle measurements and oil/water separation tests. Oil absorption tests revealed that the blended LCBPP/POE foam has a higher oil absorption capacity than that of the pure LCBPP foam. The cyclic oil absorption tests demonstrated the outstanding ductility and recoverability of the LCBPP/POE open-cell foam in comparison to those of the pure LCBPP foam. Over 10 cycles, the LCBPP/POE foam maintained a substantial adsorption capacity, retaining 99.3% of its initial oil absorption capacity. With its notable features, including a high open cell content, excellent hydrophobic and lipophilic characteristics, superior oil absorption capacity, impressive cyclic oil absorption performance, and robust reusability, LCBPP/POE open-cell foams exhibit significant promise as potential oil adsorbents for use in oil spill cleanup applications.

Analysis of adhesion characteristics of steel back plates and encapsulants for fire-proof BIPV modules

Recently, researchers are actively exploring the use of steel plates as replacements for the backs of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules to achieve improved workability, reduced weight, and enhanced maintainability. It is crucial to note that the adhesion between steel plates and encapsulants must match the high level observed between conventional backsheets and glass surfaces. In this study, we assessed the adhesion between steel plates and encapsulants and proposed a method to enhance adhesion to the level of existing materials, such as backsheets and glass, by improving the surface of the steel plates and the lamination process. When steel plates were laminated with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant at 150 °C (as per the preset process), the peel force measured by the 180° peel test was significantly low at 0.045 N/mm. However, it increased nearly 40 times to 1.70 N/mm due to the formation of a structure capable of physical interlocking through surface treatment and an increase in the lamination temperature by 20 °C. Furthermore, we evaluated the adhesion performance of polyolefin elastomer (POE) encapsulant, which demonstrated high adhesion of over 6.0 N/mm, comparable to that between the currently used encapsulants and backsheets. When we examined the surface-treated sample using a confocal microscope and a secondary electron microscope (SEM), the surface-treated sample exhibited a considerably rough surface with a high Rku value of 5 compared to the untreated sample. These modules can maintain high outputs even when exposed to the external environment for extended periods with fire-resistant properties.

Effect of electron beam radiation on the mechanical, electrical, heat shrinkable and morphological properties of linear low-density polyethylene/polyolefin elastomer blends

The blending of polymers is an efficient means for developing new materials in a less hazardous and more economical way compared to the synthetic route. Polymers with different properties are blended to obtain a new material with combined properties. In this study, a thermoplastic elastomer blend is prepared by melt mixing a metallocene-based polyolefin elastomer (Engage 8003, abbreviated as EN) with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE, abbreviated as LL) using a twin-screw extruder in various compositions. To investigate the effect of the electron beam on the properties, LL, EN and their blends are irradiated in the 50–250 kGy dose range. The samples are subjected to gel fraction, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, hardness, heat shrinkability, volume resistivity and morphological studies. The % gel fraction, hardness and heat shrinkability of a sample increase with an increase in the irradiation dose. With increasing LL content, Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the blends are increased, maintaining the % elongation at break in an attractive region. LE64 (60 wt% LL and 40 wt% EN) and LE46 (40 wt% LL and 60 wt% EN) blends show optimized mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Irradiation further increases the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of LE64 up to 150 kGy and LE46 up to 200 kGy. The volume resistivity of the LE64 blend increases tenfold and quadruples for LE46 compared to non-irradiated blends when irradiated at 200 kGy. The morphological structures of the non-irradiated and crosslinked blends support the outcome of the obtained properties nicely.

Synthesis of polyolefin elastomers from amine-imine nickel-catalyzed ethylene polymerization

The catalytic synthesis of polyolefin elastomers by using ethylene as a sole feedstock is fascinating, while currently reported chain walking catalysts are only limited to α-diimine type. In this contribution, we developed alternative amine-imine nickel catalysts for ethylene polymerization to prepare polyolefin elastomers. The cooperative effect of steric hindrance between the less bulky amine moiety and the bulky imine moiety significantly enhanced the performance of amine-imine nickel-catalyzed ethylene polymerization. The amine-imine nickel catalysts also showed excellent controlled behavior for ethylene polymerization, and living ethylene polymerization was also realized to generate narrowly distributed polyethylenes. The microstructure of the resultant polyethylenes could be tuned by catalyst structure, reaction temperature, and ethylene pressure. The polyethylenes produced by Ni2 with the cyclic amine have higher long-chain branching contents, therefore showing better elastic properties. The strain-at-break value of 888.0 % and the strain recovery value of > 79.0 % are super to most values of polyolefin elastomers generated from α-diimine nickel catalysts.

Study on rheological properties of POE/VO compound recycled asphalt.

In order to improve the high temperature performance of Vegetable oil recycled asphalt, this study used Polyolefin elastomer (POE) and vegetable oil (VO) to compound recycled aging asphalt. The properties of recycled asphalt were compared and analyzed by conventional physical properties and high & low temperature rheological tests. The results show that 8% VO content can achieve the best regeneration effect. Based on this VO dosage, a variety of POE/VO combination mixture schemes were designed and tested to obtain excellent deformation resistance of recycled aging asphalt under high temperature environments. The POE/VO combination with an appropriate dosage can restore the high temperature deformation resistance and elastic recovery performance even beyond the pre-aging level, and increase the critical temperature by 4~10°C. Considering the physical properties and rheological properties of asphalt, the recommended ratio of POE/VO composite recycled asphalt is 8% VO+4% POE and 8% VO+6% POE.

Improvement of solder interconnections applied on back contact solar cells with low-temperature copper paste busbars

This work addresses the solderability and the reliability of n-type IBC ZEBRA cells with screen printed copper paste busbars. Improvement of the solderability by Sn60Pb40 solder alloy coated PV ribbon using an industrial automated IR stringer is reported. For qualification of the module reliability, climate chamber thermal cycling (TC) and damp heat tests (DH) were performed on mini modules with variations in material combinations: low temperature silver and copper pastes, each of them demanding dedicated soldering process parameters and two different encapsulation materials: polyolefin elastomers (POE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). All tested modules passed 3 x IEC TC and 2 x IEC DH, while the modules with EVA encapsulant passed DH 3000 as well. The copper paste metallized modules with EVA encapsulant showed no degradation in pseudo fill factor (pFF) and open circuit voltage (VOC), proving the statement that no copper diffuses into the silicon bulk.

Effect of global damp heat ageing on debonding of crosslinked EVA- and POE-glass laminates

Polyolefin elastomers (POE) have been established as a promising alternative to commonly used peroxide crosslinked ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) photovoltaic encapsulation materials. The main objective of this work was to assess the long-term ageing behavior of double-glass laminates based on UV-transparent EVA and POE under damp heat (85 °C, 85 %rh) conditions for up to 10,000h. Ageing induced changes were characterized by microscopy, UV–visible–near infrared (UVVISNIR) spectroscopy, compressive shear testing (CST), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), macro- and microscopic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Within the laminates, the formation of birefringent spheric microdomains (maltese-crosses) was confirmed after an exposure time of more than 2,000h. The compressive shear behavior of EVA laminates was not significantly affected by damp heat ageing. Interestingly, the POE laminates revealed an even improved compressive shear performance. Whereas the tested EVA laminates failed in an interfacial manner independent on damp heat ageing time, POE laminates exhibited a failure mode transition from interfacial (unaged) to combined interfacial and cohesive (10,000h). On the interfacially fractured surfaces of EVA and POE laminates, carboxylic acid groups were ascertained. Deprotonated silanol and water bands were discernible on the opposite glass sides. Damp heat exposure of POE laminates for 10,000h resulted in pronounced glass ageing close to the interface associated with a partly cohesive failure within glass. This phenomenon was quite different to EVA and was attributed to the alkaline characteristics of the hindered amine light (HALS) stabilized, less-polar, UV-transparent POE encapsulant.

Thermally stable unsymmetrical 2,3-diiminobutane-nickel pre-catalysts for synthesis of high molecular weight polyethylene elastomers

Steric effects significantly impact catalytic performance of α-diimine nickel pre-catalyst toward ethylene polymerization. In this contribution, a family of five new unsymmetrical 2,3-diiminobutane nickel complexes bearing sterically encumbered ortho- and para-benzhydryl groups was prepared and employed as pre-catalysts for the catalysis of ethylene polymerization. When used with an excess of an alkyl aluminium compound as a co-catalyst, specifically with optimal co-catalysts like Et2AlCl or MMAO, these complexes achieved remarkable activities (typically 106–107 g mol−1 h−1) and produced highly branched polyethylene with high molecular weights (in the level of 105 g/mol) and narrow molecular weight distributions (about 1.6) across all reaction temperatures. Of notable significance, the Ni3 complex exhibited high thermal stability within a broad temperature range, spanning from 30 to 100 °C, and even performed efficiently at 100 °C with an activity of 1.7 × 106 g mol−1 h−1. Moreover, polyethylene branching content increased from 141 to 220 per 1000C with rising temperature. The mechanical tests revealed ultimate tensile strength of 4.69 MPa, high strain at break (773 %), high Young modulus (5.45 MPa), high toughness (2455.28 MJ/m3) and strain recovery up to 76 % after 10 cycles, highlighting characteristics of typically thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers.

Effect of Different Compatibilizers on the Mechanical, Flame Retardant, and Rheological Properties of Highly Filled Linear Low-Density Polyethylene/Magnesium Hydroxide Composites.

Maleic anhydride-modified homopolymerized polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) and maleic anhydride-modified polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-MAH) were used as bulking agents to improve the poor processing and mechanical properties of highly filled composites due to high filler content. In this study, a series of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites were prepared by the melt blending method, and the effects of the compatibilizer on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and rheological behavior of the composites were investigated. The addition of the compatibilizer decreased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of the composites, but they were all greater than 30.00%, which belonged to the flame retardant grade. Mechanical property tests showed that the addition of the compatibilizer significantly increased the tensile and impact strengths of the LLDPE/60MH (MH addition of 60 wt%) composites. Specifically, the addition of 5 wt% POE-g-MAH increased 154.07% and 415.47% compared to the LLDPE/60MH composites, respectively. The rotational rheology test showed that the addition of the compatibilizer could effectively improve the processing flow properties of the composites. However, due to the hydrocarbon structure of the compatibilizer, its flame retardant properties were adversely affected. This study provides a strategy that can improve the processing and mechanical properties of highly filled composites.

Development of energy-efficient synthesis/separation process for polyolefin elastomers using improved meta-heuristic techniques

The objective of this research is to develop an energy-efficient and sustainable synthesis/separation process for the production of polyolefin elastomers, as well as identify the optimal operating conditions for this process. The proposed approach involves integrating additional reactors into the existing reactor network and implementing energy-saving strategies into the distillation process. To optimize the operating conditions, we employed three different meta-heuristic optimization techniques: non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ), multi-objective particle swarm optimization, and multi-objective grey wolf optimizer. These techniques are utilized to simultaneously minimize total annualized cost (TAC), CO2 emissions, and condition number. To enhance the efficiency of these algorithms, we introduced the population distribution factor as a metric to enhance computational efficiency without compromising problem-solving aptitude. The results demonstrate that the improved algorithms offer enhanced computational efficiency and remarkable problem-solving ability and that NSGA-II outperforms the other algorithms in practical engineering problems. The proposed synthesis/separation sequences can reduce TAC and CO2 emissions simultaneously, while maintaining good controllability.

Flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity and large monitoring range prepared by biaxially stretching conductive polymer composites with a bilayer structure

AbstractIn order to prepare a flexible strain sensor with a large monitoring range, high sensitivity and excellent stability, a polyolefin elastomer (POE)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conductive polymer composite with a bilayer structure was prepared by biaxially stretching in this work. The results showed that the bilayer structured nanocomposites had better processability and better stability than monolayer CNT/POE nanocomposites during biaxial stretching. The biaxial stretching process could promote the dispersion and planar orientation of CNTs within the polymer, improving the crystallinity of nanocomposites and the sensing performance of strain sensors. The optimal stretching ratios (SRs) of bilayer structured nanocomposites were studied. The 8 wt% CNT/POE‐POE strain sensor with an SR of 2.5 exhibited a high sensitivity (gauge factor/GF = 72604.7 at 900% strain), wide strain range (0%–900%), and stable cycling performance (1000 cycles at 30% strain), showing a broad application prospect in wearable electronic devices. This study provides a valuable method for efficiently manufacturing high performance and low‐cost flexible strain sensors.