Leptin Gene Polymorphism Research Articles

Lep gene and leptin concentration in serum of schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome

IntroductionSchizophrenia is associated with lower life expectancy due to cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) occupies an important place among the main problems. Indicators of hormones regulating metabolism may be appealing candidates as biomarkers of metabolic side-effects. Certain role belongs to genetic factors that might be the basis of sensitivity to development of MetS.ObjectivesThe aim is to study polymorphisms of leptin gene (LEP) and serum leptin concentration in schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome.MethodsAfter obtaining informed consent, patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10: F20) were included: 91 patients for biochemical research and 463 patients for genotyping. Patients were divided into two groups: 46 (119) with MetS; 45 (344) without it. Concentration of leptin was measured on an analyzer MAGPIX (Luminex, USA). Determination of 4 polymorphisms (rs2167270, rs3828942, rs10954173, rs4731426) of LEP was performed by PCR. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05.ResultsThe leptin concentration is significantly (p<0.001) higher in MetS (13511.5 [7392.5; 28278.75] pg/ml) compared to patients without MetS (6662 [2131.5; 11380] pg/ml). Significant differences were found in the distribution of rs3828942 (GG:GA:AA): 25.9%:44%:30.2% in MetS and 31.2%:52.6%:16.2% without MetS (χ2=10.545, p=0.005). The genotype AA and the allele A have a predisposing effect on the development of MetS (OR1=2.247, C.I:1.248-4.046; OR2=1.475, C.I:1.093-1.991, χ2=6.49, p=0.01).ConclusionsA number of features are observed in patients with MetS, which impair the functioning of patients. These investigations should aim to optimize the approach to assess the risk of MetS. The study was supported by grants from the RSF 19-75-10012 (genetic research) and 18-15-00011 (determination of leptin concentration)DisclosureThe study was supported by grants from the Russian Science Foundation №19-75-10012 (genetic research) and №18-15-00011 (determination of leptin concentration)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of leptin gene in five Ethiopian indigenous cattle breeds and the Korean Hanwoo breed.

Considering the escalating number of scientific reports on the association between the leptin gene and diverse physiological traits and performance of cattle populations, this study was directed towards identifying SNPs in the leptin gene among five indigenous cattle breeds of Ethiopia. DNA samples were extracted from the nasal swabs of the Ethiopian indigenous cattle breeds: Arsi (n = 18), Horro (n = 20), Begait (n = 21), Boran (n = 19), and Fogera (n = 17) and the Korean Hanwoo (a representative taurine breed) (n = 20), followed by PCR amplification of exon 2 and exon 3 regions of the leptin gene and sequence analysis of the PCR products. Five SNPs, two (generating missense mutations) on exon 2 and three (generating silent mutations) on exon 3 regions, were explicated in this study. Allele frequency and genotype frequency distribution pertaining to the SNPs were recorded for the studied cattle breeds besides the minor allele frequency and deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Positive FIS index values were recorded for all the markers except SNP2, illustrative of heterozygote deficiency. MEGA X software-based evolutionary divergence analysis of the phylogenetic tree based on the SNP data revealed that the large-sized breeds, Hanwoo, Begait, Boran, and Fogera, were more closely clustered compared to the small-sized Arsi breed. Among the seven haplotypes documented from the various breeds, sequence analysis was suggestive of haplotypes 1 and 2 to be ancestral haplotypes for the leptin gene. This study is envisaged to accelerate molecular breeding programs for the genetic improvement of the Ethiopian cattle breeds.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПОЛИМОРФИЗМА ГЕНА ЛЕПТИНА (LEP) НА МОЛОЧНУЮ И МЯСНУЮ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ КОРОВ-ПЕРВОТЕЛОК ГОЛШТИНСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ

The aim of this study was to research the association between leptin gene polymorphism in Holstein cows with their dairy and meat traits of productivity. To conduct DNA testing on the LEP gene blood samples were selected from 228 Holstein heifers. Animal genotyping according to the leptin gene was performed by AC-PCR. All possible genotypes of the LEP gene were identified in the course of DNA testing. Frequency of occurrence of genotypes and alleles was ranked as fol-lows: CC – 32.5 %, TC – 49.1 %, TT – 18.4 % and C – 0.57, T – 0.43. The results of this study show that animals with genotype TT of LEP gene can be useful in breeding for the improvement of population of Holstein cattle by economic traits associated to the dairy and meat productivity. This research was supported by the FASO Russia project АААА-А18-118031390148-1.

SNP Association in the Leptin Gene and Beef Quality Traits in Indigenous Sudanese Baggara Cattle

The present study was conducted on 112 Sudanese Baggara bulls (Nyalawi and Mesairi strains) from two separate locations in Darfur and Kordofan, Sudan, raised under dryland farming conditions. A single nucleotide polymorphism (C/T) Arg25Cys in exon 2 of the bovine leptin gene (NC_032653.1) was studied and the association of leptin genotypes with meat quality attributes was evaluated for these two Sudanese Baggara cattle strains which comprise the mainstay of Sudan export and local beef trade. The accuracy of genotyping was checked through PCR-RFLP technique followed by DNA sequencing and analyzed using BioEdit, MEGA6 and project Hope softwares. The genotype frequencies for CC, CT and TT genotypes in Nyalawi strain were 37.5, 39.3 and 23.2%, respectively, whereas the respective genotypic frequencies for Mesairi strain were 46.4, 28.6 and 25%. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, Myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, moisture and fat between the two Baggara cattle strains. Association between the C>T SNP at the leptin gene and carcass weight, dressing and fat percentages was significant (P<0.05). It was concluded that Leptin gene polymorphisms contributed to the observed meat quality differences among these Sudanese cattle strains. This will allow for the use of molecular information in future selection of beef cattle in Sudan. The possible value of the leptin gene and its polymorphisms have been elucidated for the first time in Baggara cattle.

Polymorphism of LEP and TNF-α Genes in the Dairy Cattle Populations of Ukrainian Selection

Study was conducted by investigating the genetic structure of cattle populations of Ukrainian Black-and-White and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds by polymorphism of leptin gene (LEP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-α). The studies were carried out using the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis for LEP and using classic PCR with subsequent SSCP analysis in case of TNF-α. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the LEP gene was polymorphic in both experimental populations by HphI-polymorphism in the third exon of the gene (A59V mutation). In the population of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cattle breed, the frequency of allele C (HphI-) was 0.77; allele T (HphI+) – 0.23. Wright's fixation index was 0.23; which indicates a significant excess in the number of homozygous individuals. This population had a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. In the population of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, the frequency of allele C was 0.72; allele T – 0.28; Wright's fixation index was -0.18. According to the SSCP-polymorphism of the TNF-α gene, 6 alleles with a size of 450-1200 bp were detected (alleles A, B, and F for Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed; A, B, C, D, Е, F – for Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed). The frequency of allele A prevailed in the populations of both breeds (0.58 and 0.54, respectively). Alleles C, D, and E had a low frequency of occurrence (0.04-0.16) and they were found only in the population of Red-and-White dairy breed.

Association of genetic polymorphism in leptin gene with growth, reproduction and production traits in Sahiwal cows

The present study explored the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in leptin gene with various economic traits (body weight at different age, first lactation reproduction and production traits) in Sahiwal cows. PCR-RFLP of 522 bp fragment comprising partial intron 2 and exon 3 of leptin gene, carried out using BsaAI restriction endonuclease, revealed three genotypes (GG, AG and AA) at position G93263736A in chromosome 4 with genotypic frequencies of 0.39, 0.52 and 0.09 respectively. The allele frequencies were 0.65 for the G allele and 0.35 for the A allele. General Linear Model (GLM) analysis revealed significant association of SNP G93263736A with growth and first lactation production traits. The present study supports that SNP in leptin gene could be used as an aid to selection for improving different economic traits in Sahiwal cows.

Relationship of leptin gene polymorphism (LEP) with economically useful traits of cattle

Relationship of leptin gene polymorphism (LEP) with economically useful traits of cattle

The single nucleotide polymorphisms rs11761556 and rs12706832 of the leptin gene are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Iraqi population

This study was conducted to assess the potential association between leptin (LEP) gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Iraqi patients. Genomic DNA was extracted from 120 diabetic subjects and 100 controls. Three specific PCR fragments were designed to flank three highly frequent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s within LEP, rs11761556, rs12706832 and rs2167270. The amplified loci were genotyped by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) followed by Sanger sequencing for representative genotypes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to detect the association between the targeted genetic variants and T2DM. PCR-SSCP genotyping showed three banding patterns for all three targeted SNPs. Individuals with the AA genotype in both rs11761556 and rs12706832 SNPs showed significantly higher (P<0.05) body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) values than those with other genotypes. Association analysis revealed that individuals with the A allele exhibited a greater risk of T2DM. Data of the present investigation indicated that both rs11761556 and rs12706832 SNPs exerted a noticeable association with T2DM. The study suggests implementing both rs11761556 and rs12706832 SNPs in the early detection of T2DM.

Effects of Leptin and Thyroglobulin gene polymorphisms on beef quality in Holstein breed bulls in Turkey

Effects of Leptin and Thyroglobulin gene polymorphisms on beef quality in Holstein breed bulls in Turkey

Association of leptin gene polymorphisms with predisposition of cattle to ketosis

Leptin is a hormone produced by adipocytes — cells of adipose tissue, involved in the regulation of eating behavior, affecting the reproductive function, as well as the growth and Constitution of animals. In certain physiological conditions in cows, intensive use of their own fat reserves leads to excessive appearance of volatile fatty acids in the blood, which, in turn, become «satiety signals» and lead to a reduction in feed consumption. At this point, the genetic characteristics of the animal associated with the regulation of metabolism, eating behavior, contributing to or preventing the possible development of ketosis become particularly important. The aim of the research is to determine the possible influence of the leptin locus genotype (y7f, a80v, R25C polymorphisms) on the frequency of ketosis in cattle. We have genotyped Holstein breeding bulls (PCR/RFLP) belonging to WWS (USA) based on the A80V, R25C, and Y7F loci of the leptin gene, which were evaluated by their daughters and «ketosis resistance coefficients» (Wellness trait index (WT$) ketosis) were determined with a high level of confidence. It was found that the group of breeding bulls with the AARRYY genotype is distinguished by a significantly higher average index of «daughters' resistance to ketosis» compared to the AARCYY and AVCCYY groups, which may indicate that the AARRYY genotype in breeding bulls is one of the genetic factors protecting their daughters from the development of ketosis. In addition, 150 Holstein cows were genotyped using the same loci, of which 50 had ketosis and 100 were healthy. In the group of healthy Holstein cows, compared with the group of animals with ketosis and hepatopathology, the AARCYY genotype was three times more common.

Effects of Leptin Gene Polymorphism on Beef Cattle Performance

Livestock specialized cattle breeds combining high energy for both growth and fattening performance are successfully used for high-quality beef production. The use of DNA markers as the additional criteria for sampling and mating the animals allows us to increase the efficiency of selection processes along with improving the meat characteristics of cattle. The objective of the survey was to estimate the effects of leptin gene polymorphism on the growth rates of youngstock and the product quality of beef cattle. The practical science experiment was carried out in 2014–2017. The fattening Hereford and Limousin bull calves (114 and 111 animals, respectively) were genotyped with the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis (SNP LEP-A422B). A similar genotype distribution among the animals was revealed. Homozygous genotype LEPAA (47.34% and 52.25%, respectively) and allele LEP4 (frequencies of occurrence are 0.68 and 0.71, respectively) are more frequent. The liveweight in both cattle breeds with genotype LEPAA tended to increase at the ages of 8, 12, 16, and 20 months. In addition, an insignificant predominance in body measurements used to assess the proportions of their body parts was ascertained. The analysis of the body conformation indices could indicate harmonious animal development and prove the well-expressed beef forms in the youngstock of all the genotypes for the leptin gene. The postslaughter assessment allowed us to reveal the tendency to increasing the values for the preslaughter liveweight, the hot carcass weight, and the slaughter weight. In addition, the increased carcass yield was recorded in the Hereford bull calves with genotype LEPAA. The surveys ascertained a significant relationship between the analyzed polymorphism and the increases in the internal crude fat weight and the fat yield in the carcasses of bull calves with genotypes LEPAB and LEPBB. The analysis of the morphological composition of Hereford bull calf carcasses revealed a significant relationship between genotype LEPBB and fat contents. Therefore, SNP LEP-A422B genotyping may be used in Hereford and Limousin cattle breeding to improve the meat quality parameters.

Single nucleiotide polymorphisms on exon 3 of leptin gene and their association with growth in Padjadjaran sheep

The diversity of leptin genes in cattle has an impact to the physiological function of the leptin hormone as anti-obesity. This study was aimed to determine polymorphisms of the Leptin gene based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on exon 3rd and their effect to body weight, of Padjadjaran sheep. DNA samples were obtained from the blood of 26 Padjadjaran rams 1 years. Data of leptin gene diversity were analyzed from the results of PCR product sequencing by Sanger Methode of 696 bp leptin exon 3. Point mutations (SNPs) on nucleotide sequence were analyzed using Bioedit and MEGA 7 Program. Growth parameters which were measured i.e. monthly body weight gain until one year of age. The association of leptin gene polymorphism with body weight was find out by unpaired T test. The results showed there were SNPs in Leptin gene in exon 3 of Padjadjaran sheep, namely g.170 G> A and g. 332.A> G. Both of these mutations are non-synonymous mutations because there were altered amino acids from Arginine to Glutamine. Genotyping was done based on the two mutations above and got two alleles G and A, each of which has an allele frequency of 0.75 and 0.25, with the frequency of each genotype, AG and GG was 0.5. There was not association between SNPs on leptin gene with body weight from birth to 12 months of age.

Association of Leptin Gene Polymorphisms with Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Chinese Population

Background Recently, increasing studies have revealed that leptin is involved in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study is aimed at exploring the association of leptin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with susceptibility to RA in a Chinese population. Methods We recruited 600 RA patients and 600 healthy controls from a Chinese population and analyzed their three leptin SNPs (rs10244329, rs2071045, and rs2167270) using the improved Multiplex Ligase Detection Reaction (iMLDR) assays. The associations of these SNPs with clinical manifestations of RA were also analyzed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for plasma leptin determination. Results No significant difference in either allele or genotype frequencies of these three SNPs between RA patients and healthy controls was observed (all P > 0.05). Association between the genotype effects of dominant, recessive models was also not found (all P > 0.05). No significant difference in plasma leptin levels was detected between RA patients and controls (P > 0.05). Conclusion Leptin gene (rs10244329, rs2071045, and rs2167270) polymorphisms are not associated with RA genetic susceptibility and its clinical features in the Chinese population.

Leptin gene polymorphism (rs 7799039;G2548A) is associated with changes in lipid profile during a partial meal-replacement hypocaloric diet.

Some studies have demonstrated a positive association of the rs7799039 genetic variant of the LEP gene with energy intake and metabolic parameters. The present study aimed to analyse the effects of the rs7799039 genetic variant of the LEP gene on metabolic parameters after weight loss secondary to a partial meal-replacement (pMR) hypocaloric diet. We conducted a non-randomised, single-treatment study in 122 obese subjects with body mass index (BMI)>35kgm-2 . The subjects were treated with two intakes of a normocaloric hyperproteic formula during 12weeks. Anthropometric parameters and biochemical profile were measured at basal time and after 12weeks. The variant genetic variant (rs7799039) of the LEP gene was assessed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. We recruited 122 subjects [26 GG (21.3%), 59 GA (29.5%) and 37 AA (30.3%)]. The mean (SD) age of the all group was 59.4(6.3)years (range 45-63years) and the mean (SD) BMI was 39.3(2.8)kgm-2 (range 36.2-45.1kgm-2 ). After the pMR hypocaloric diet, body weight, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and blood pressure decreased in both genotypes. All of these improvements were similar in both genotypes. Moreover, after dietary intervention, only subjects without an A allele showed a significant improvement in triglycerides (GG versus GA+AA) [mean (SD) -15.3(6.4)mgdL-1 versus -3.7(4.3)mgdL-1 : P=0.02], total cholesterol [-25.0(5.3)mgdL-1 versus -8.1(3.5)mgdL-1 : P=0.02] and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [-20.7(4.2)mgdL-1 versus -5.4(2.3)mgdL-1 : P=0.01]. Subjects with an A allele of the rs7799039 variant in the LEPR gene showed a significant improvement in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides levels after weight loss secondary to a pMR hypocaloric diet.

A Variant of Leptin Gene Decreases the Risk of Gastric Cancer in Chinese Individuals: Evidence from a Case-Control Study.

BackgroundA host of studies have explored the potential connection between leptin (LEP) G19A polymorphism and the risk of cancers, but the relationship between gastric cancer (GC) susceptibility and LEP G19A polymorphism was not revealed before. The aim of this study was to investigate this relationship in Chinese Han population.MethodsThus, this case–control study with 380 GC cases and 465 controls was designed to unearth the link between LEP G19A polymorphism and GC susceptibility. Genotyping was accomplished by a custom-made 48-Plex SNP scanTM kit. Relative LEP gene expression was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.ResultsLEP G19A polymorphism was shown to relate with a decreased risk of GC. Subgroup analyses uncovered significant connections in the males, nondrinkers, and those at age <60 years. G19A polymorphism was also linked with tumor size and location and pathological type of GC. Last, LEP gene expression in gastric tissues was considerably less than in control tissues.ConclusionThis study shows that G19A polymorphism of LEP gene is linked with a lower risk of GC in the tested Chinese Han individuals.

Associations between UASMS2 polymorphism in leptin gene and growth, carcass and meat quality traits of cattle: a meta-analysis

Although numerous studies investigated the effect of UASMS2 polymorphism in leptin gene on cattle production, a consensus has not yet been reached. Therefore, we reviewed and meta-analyzed the effects of UASMS2 on cattle. We searched potentially relevant studies from seven databases (to December 25, 2019). Standard mean difference along with 95% confidence intervals was calculated to assess the strength of association through the random-effects model. Six published articles containing 1378 cattle samples were included in our meta-analysis. We found UASMS2 was not related to carcass weight, dressing percentage and loin muscle area in the recessive genetic model, but there was a significant association between UASMS2 and average daily weight gain, dry matter intake, body weight, marbling score, and backfat thickness. This meta-analysis indicated that UASMS2 was associated with growth and meat quality traits of cattle, implying that this SNP can be used reliably in beef cattle breeding. This study may provide valuable information on improving beef yield and quality in cattle production.

PCR-SSCP and Sequencing Analysis For Studying Leptin Gene Polymorphism and Its Association with Reproductive Status of Egyptian Buffalo

Leptin gene is one of the potential genes involves intricately in metabolism and growth of animals. Leptin has myriad effect on tissues and endocrine system that ultimately lead to the whole body energy metabolism and has major impact on performance and wellbeing of livestock species. Owing to have key biological features, leptin is one of themost significant candidate gene markers for Marker assisted selection (MAS) studies. This study was performed to identify leptin gene polymorphism and its relation to reproductive status in Egyptian buffaloes. Total of 150 buffaloes were subjected to ultrasound examination for evaluation of reproductive status. Blood samples were collected from all animals and were stored at -20°C till DNA isolation. Amplification of specific fragment 422bp (intron 2) of leptin gene was performed by polymorphism chain reaction (PCR). Single strand confirmation polymorphism (SSCP) was performed on PCR amplicons. Purified PCR amplicons of different electrophoresis patterns were sequenced in both directions using two primers. Sequences results were analyzed using NCBI BLASTn and BioEdit Sequence Alignment software.Two variants(AA and BB) of leptin gene were detected.Genotype AA represented by 64% in fertile buffalo, while its distribution among infertile one was 36%.Genotype BB, was equally distributed by 50% in both fertile and infertile animals. Sequence analysis of both normal and polymorphic one showed different singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in leptin gene, but statistically these SNPs had no correlation with reproductive status (fertile or infertile) of examined buffalo.

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LEPTIN GENE INTRON 2 IN WILD AND NATIVE AND EXOTIC GOAT BREEDS IN IRAN

The aim of this study was to investigate the intron 2 of leptin gene polymorphism in wild, native and exotic goat breeds in Iran using PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected from 14 wild and domestic goat breeds including (Cashmere Abadeh, Torki-Ghashghaei, Naeini, Robati, Nadoushani, Adani, Shahrbabaki, Birjandi, China goat, Sannen, Pakistani, Raeini cashmere, Najdi and Wild goat) and then the genomic DNA was extracted. A 422bp fragment from intron 2 of the leptin gene was amplified. PCR products were digested by Sau3AI restriction enzyme and were separated and visualized on the agarose gel. Three genotypes including MM, Mm and mm with genotype frequency of 94%, 1% and 5%, respectively, were observed in the studied populations. The number of observed alleles, number of the effective alleles, Nei’s Index and Shanon’s Index were 2, 1.10, 0.09 and 0.19, respectively. The studied populations were not found to be in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Our investigation demonstrated that MM genotype and M allele had a very high frequency (0.94 and 0.95, respectively) in Iranian goats. Hence, it can be concluded that this finding can provide basis for selection when considering evolution and differentiation among breeds, however further studies should be carried out on a larger population of different domestic and wild breeds to verify the final conclusions.

MON-675 Ziprasidone Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Introduction: Atypical antipsychotics are known to cause increased risk of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2), dyslipidemia, and weight gain (metabolic syndrome). Clozapine, a commonly used anti-psychotic, is known to cause Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), but literature has rarely shown an association of DKA with Ziprasidone. Case: A 42-year-old African American female presented with two weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, 23-pound weight loss, blurriness of vision, and dry mouth. Before the presentation, she had been drinking several drinks with high sugar content. Her medications included Ziprasidone (Geodon), Trileptal, and Cogentin for her bipolar disorder. She was started on Ziprasidone in 2007, changed to Brand name Geodon in 2014. Except for dry mouth, her exam was unremarkable. Labs were significant for blood glucose of 1114 mg/dL, bicarbonate of 18mmol/L, beta-hydroxybutyrate of 3.33 mmol/L, serum osmolality of 334 mOsm/kg. She was diagnosed with new-onset diabetes mellitus presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis. Her mother was diagnosed with DM2 in her 40s. She ha difficult to control blood sugars despite aggressive hydration and required regular insulin drip for 3 days for her anion gap to close. Managing her BGs was challenging. Discussion: Clozapine and olanzapine are the common atypical antipsychotics that can cause DKA1, 2. To our knowledge, Ziprasidone is associated with hyperglycemia within days of starting the drug and HHS but not with DKA. For atypical antipsychotic associated DKA, risk factors include the duration of antipsychotic therapy, polypharmacy with multiple antipsychotic agents, non-Caucasians, obesity and pre-diabetes2, 3. Proposed mechanisms include peripheral insulin resistance, alteration of pancreatic beta-cell function by inhibiting 5-HT1A/2A/2C and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors1-3. However, there is no explanation of why few people develop complications while others do not. There is hypothesis regarding leptin gene polymorphisms of receptors that may play a role4. While starting patients on Ziprasidone, close monitoring of blood glucose is necessary before initiation and regular follow up thereafter3.1. Henderson DC. Atypical antipsychotic-induced diabetes mellitus: How strong is the evidence? CNS Drugs. 2002.2. Vuk A. Diabetic ketoacidosis associated with antipsychotic drugs: Case reports and a review of literature. Psychiatr Danub. 2017.3. Schwenkreis P. Atypical antipsychotics and diabetes mellitus. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2004.4. 1. Reynolds GP. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drug treatment - pharmacological mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2010.

Role of serum leptin levels and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Serum leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of SLE. This study was undertaken to explore the relationship between serum leptin levels and leptin receptor (LEPR) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to SLE in Egyptian population and to study their relationships with clinical, laboratory, radiographic findings, and disease activity of SLE (SLEDAI). A total of 50 unrelated female patients, who met the SLICC classification criteria for SLE and fifty healthy blood donors, matched for age, sex, and BMI with SLE patients, serving as a control group, were included in this study. All participants had completed preliminary questionnaires and clinical, laboratory, and radiographic examinations. Serum leptin levels were measured by ELISA assays. LEPR genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. We compared serum leptin levels and LEPR gene polymorphisms in SLE patients and controls, and we tested their relationships with clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings and SLEDAI in SLE patients. The present study showed significant differences of serum leptin levels between SLE patients and controls (p < 0.001). Moreover, higher frequencies of variant genotype (AA) and (A) allele were found in SLE patients compared to controls (p = 0.008 and 0.001, respectively). No associations were observed between the serum leptin, various LEPR genotypes, and gene alleles and the development of clinical, laboratory, and radiological manifestations. Furthermore, no associations were observed between the various LEPR genotypes or gene alleles and leptin levels (p = 0.633 and 0.337 respectively) in SLE patients. Additionally, no correlations were observed between leptin levels, various genotypes, and alleles with SLEDAI (p = 0.244, 0.741, and 0.838 respectively) in SLE patients. Serum leptin and LEPR gene polymorphism increase risk of SLE in Egyptian population; however, they are not associated with the development of clinical, lab, and radiological findings. Disease activity is neither correlated with serum leptin level nor associated with LEPR gene polymorphism. Serum levels of leptin are not associated with LEPR gene polymorphism. Key Points • Serum leptin and LEPR gene polymorphism increase risk of SLE in Egyptian patients. • Serum leptin is not associated with SLE disease activity.