Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism Research Articles

Association of growth hormone gene polymorphism with bodyweight Kampung chicken

<p> <strong>Objective</strong>: The study's goal was to obtain growth hormone gene polymorphism and association growth hormone gene polymorphism with bodyweight Kampung chicken.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: The research material is 50 samples of blood from Kampung chickens aged three months. The method used was included: DNA ektraksi, amplification PCR, characterization and identification using PCR-RFLP with the enzyme MspI. The data collected is of a frequencies genotype and allele. The locus was polymorphic, equilibrium population on the diversity of the gene GH MspI association with body weight at three months of age was an analysis using the mean difference test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Gene GH MspI of Kampung chicken polymorphic, the gene GH of Kampung chicken is in a population imbalance, gene GH MspI of Kampung chicken has a diversity very informative and has an association polymorphic on the genotype A2A2 significant (P<0.05) with bodyweight Kampung chickens aged three months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gene GH MspI of Indonesian chicken has an association with body weight aged three months, polymorphic, and can be used as a reference in making selections to improve genetic quality.</p>

Growth hormone gene polymorphism in Jaisalmeri and Sindhi camels

The present study was aimed to assess the genetic polymorphism of growth hormone (GH) gene in Jaisalmeri and Sindhi camels using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Genomic DNA were isolated from venous blood samples collected from 93 Indian camels (Jaisalmeri- 38 and Sindhi-55 camels) and 613-base pair fragment of GH gene was amplified from each genomic DNA sample by polymerase chain reaction. The PCR-RFLP was done using restriction enzyme MspI which revealed three genotypes, viz. CC, CT and TT in both the breeds. Our result indicated that both the breeds were polymorphic in nature. The corresponding genotype frequency in Jaisalmeri and Sindhi breeds were 0.474 and 0.345 for the CC, 0.395 and 0.564 for CT, 0.131 and 0.091 for TT genotypes and the corresponding C allele frequency was 0.671 and 0.627 and T allele frequency was 0.329 and 0.373. The CT genotype was found predominant in the Sindhi breed, whereas CC genotype was predominant in Jaisalmeri breed. The frequency of C allele was higher than the T allele in both of the breeds. These camel populations were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium indicating that the populations meet the HWE assumptions and genetic variations were conserved. It could be concluded that Jaisalmeri and Sindhi camels having different genetic variants of GH gene might be investigated for production a DNA marker for growth and production traits in Indian camels.

Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism and its Relation to Quail Growth and Carcass

In this study, it was aimed to determine the polymorphism of GH (growth hormone) gene in Japanese quails and the relationships between these genes and body weight and carcass traits. 3 genotypes (AA, AB and BB), 2 (A and B) alleles were detected by cutting the GH intron 1 region with restriction enzyme MspI. As a result of variance analysis, it was determined that the hatching weights of the animals with B allele and liver weights were higher. Thus, it is seen that GH gene and PCR-RFLP technique can be used in breeding studies.

Preferred and undesirable genotypes of bGH and bIGF-1 genes for the milk yield and quality of black-and-white breed.

Background and Aim:The market demand for the quality of milk and dairy products, in particular in terms of such indicators as fat content, the amount and composition of milk protein, etc., is growing. Thus, the need for the selection of dairy herds using genetic markers associated with qualitative traits of milk productivity is becoming urgent. This study aimed to determine the preferred and undesirable genotypes of the AluI polymorphism of the growth hormone gene and SnaBI polymorphism of the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene associated with milk productivity and quality indicators of the black-and-white breed. The genotypes of animals were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Materials and Methods:Samples of the black-and-white breed from Kazakhstan served as the research subjects. The polymorphism of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 genes was determined by PCR-RFLP. The relationship of bGH-AluI and bIGF-1-SnaBI polymorphisms with productivity was assessed (fat, protein, and milk yield for 305 days of lactation, live weight, somatic cells, and milk production coefficient) by analysis of variance using Statistica 6.0 software.Results:The black-and-white cows with the bGH-AluILV genotype had significantly higher milk yield in 305 days (3174.5±157.2 kg) than those with the bGH-AluILL (2940.0±152.6 kg) and bGH-AluIVV genotypes (2964.0±36.0; p<0.05). The milk fat content of cows with genotypes bGH-AluILV and bGH-AluILL (121.8±6.5 and 120.6±10.2, respectively) was significantly higher than those with bGH-AluIVV genotype (109.8±10.8; p<0.05). The black-and-white cows with the bGH-AluILV genotype (96.7±5.3) had significantly more milk protein than those with the bGH-AluILL (90.3±5.6) and bGH-AluIVV (86.9±4.6) genotypes (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the indicators of milk productivity of cows with different genotypes of bIGF-1-SnaBI polymorphism.Conclusion:The results showed that the bGH-AluILV genotype was preferred for the black-and-white breed. The study demonstrated that genotype determined the relevant qualities, while the conditions of feeding, maintenance, and industrial technology provided the manifestation of this genotype. Thus, cows of the same (Wis Burke Ideal) line, having common ancestors in close (IV–V) ranks but living in different farming conditions, had large differences in milk productivity level. The variation was 2046 kg or 67.6% of milk per lactation.

Technology for detecting highly productive animals based on elemental status assessment

The studies were conducted on bull-calves of the Kalmyk breed (n = 100), age 12 months, live weight 326.4 ± 6.4 kg. In the course of the research, we performed a sampling of animal biosubstrates. The article studies a single nucleotide polymorphism of the growth hormone gene (rs135322669). The elemental composition of biosubstrates was determined by 25 indicators, by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP). It was found that the frequency of occurrence of CC alleles in the sample was 62.0 %, CG – 26.0 and GG – 12.0 %, χ2Эмп=39.924,2 test – 5.99. Evaluation of the elemental status of calf bull revealed significant differences depending on the polymorphism in the bovine growth hormone gene. In bulls with the CC genotype, the exchange pool Ca, K, Na, Co, Cr, Cu, J, Se, B, Si, Li, V was significantly higher compared to the CG genotype; and Ca, K, Na, J, Se, B, Li in comparison with the GG genotype. CC genotypes to GG were characterized by the accumulation of toxic elements: Al, Pb, Hg, Cd. Consequently, under the same ecological conditions of breeding in calf bull with the CC genotype, the detoxification mechanisms are higher, which is reflected in the reduced concentration of toxic elements in the wool. A technology for identifying highly productive animals is proposed based on the selection of bulls by the level of toxic elements in wool, calculated on the basis of the sum of moles: Al, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sn, Sr at 8 months of age, which allows increasing productivity by 9.4-15.6%. It was concluded that there is a need to continue the research with the obligatory safety assessment of the toxic elements of the resulting meat products.

Influence of growth hormone gene polymorphism on the productive qualities and the level of toxic elements in the hair of Kalmyk breed calves

The studies were performed on a model of calves of the Kalmyk breed (n = 100) from birth to 14 months of age. The effect of growth hormone polymorphism (rs135322669) on productive qualities, body parameters, and toxic load level is estimated. Blood samples were taken to detect gene polymorphism. DNA samples were isolated from whole blood using a DNA-Extran-1 reagent kit. Primers were developed based on published bGH sequences (Gen Bank Accession NOS. M57764) using Primer3 software. Real-time PCR was performed on an ANK-32 programmable amplifier. The frequency of occurrence of polymorphism in the calves was revealed: 62 % with the CC genotype, 26 % with CG and 12 % with GG. The study of the growth rate of the studied animals from birth to 14 months of age was carried out on the basis of individual monthly weighing. The development was studied on the basis of taking measurements: height at the withers, height at the sacrum, width of the chest, depth of the chest, length of the body, width at the sacrum at 14 months of age. The superiority of calves with CC genotype in live weight starting from 6 months of age over peers with genotypes CG and GG was established. At the age of 6 months it was 5.0–7.0 %, and at 14 months of age 5.0–9.0 %. Calves with the GG genotype were inferior to peers with the CC genotype in height at the withers by 2.3 %, by 2.0 % in the sacrum, by 4.7 % in the chest width, by 5.3 % in the width at the sacrum, by 3.1 % in the chest depth and were inferior to the calves with genotype CG by the width of the chest by 2.3 %. The determination of toxic elements: Al, Cd, Pb, Sn, Hg, Sr, was carried out by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP). Calves with the SS genotype accumulated less toxic substances in the hair from the withers, so their ∑tox was 52.4-63.1 % lower as compared to their peers with the CG and GG genotypes. This is also confirmed by the correlation analysis, which revealed a reliable relationship between gene polymorphism and ∑tox in wool at the level of r = 0.92.

Identification of growth hormone gene polymorphism and its association with body weight in PO Kebumen cattle

PO-Kebumen cattle was one of local genetic resources that famous with good body performance and high growth rate. The aim of this research was to detect growth hormone (GHR, GH and Pit-1) polymorphism and its association with body weight performance of PO-Kebumen cattle. The sample used in this research was 69 heads PO-Kebumen cattle belongs to the farmers of PO-Kebumen Cattle Farmer Association (ASPOKEB). This research observed the growth of PO Kebumen cattle, birth weight, weaning weight and the weight at one year. The parameters observed were birth weight, weaning weight and the weight at one year. The DNA extraction was carried out using blood samples. After DNA extraction, PCR-RFLP method was used to observe the genotype of three growth gene (GH, GHR and Pit1). The results showed that the GH and GHR genes were polymorphic, meanwhile Pit1 gene was monomorphic. The analysis showed that the three growth genes were not significantly associated to body weight (birth weight, weaning weight and the weight at one year) on PO-Kebumen cattle.

Polymorphism of Growth Hormone (GH) Gene in Lakor Goat from Lakor Island of Southwest Maluku Regency

Lakor goat survive in Lakor island in Southwest Maluku with high temperature and limited water. Growth trait in goat is interest to explore cause related with economic trait that encoded by growth hormone (GH) gene. The aim of this study was identify of polymorphism GH gene of Lakor goat in Lakor island. A total of 63 samples were collected from three locations (village) i.e Ketti Letpey (18), Werwawan-Yamluli (26), and Letoda (19). DNA was extracted from hair follicles. A 422 bp specific DNA fragment was successfully amplified and genotyped by PCR-RFLP method using HaeIII enzyme. Results showed that polymorphism was found with two variant of genotypes (AA and AB) and two alleles (A and B). AB genotype was dominant in all of populations (93.7%) with A and B alleles were 0.53 and 0.47, respectively. Heterozygosity observed and expected value reached 0.502 and 0.498, respectively while Polymorphic Information Content was in moderate values (0.374). All of populations were in disequilibrium genetic. It maybe caused limited buck and nonrandom mating in population that effect of low genetic variation. Inbreeding study are needed to explore it. The introgression of bucks from other families in several locations within Lakor island can be an alternative solution to increase the genetic diversity of the lakor goat population.

Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone ( GH ) gene in Anatolian water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) populations in Turkey

This study was conducted to investigate the growth hormone ( GH; somatotropin-like) gene polymorphisms in 150 water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) from different regions of Turkey. 404 bp long partial intron 4, exon 5, 3’ UTR regions of the GH gene (also called GH/Alu I locus) and 347 bp long exon-intron 3 and partial exon 4 regions of the GH gene (also called GH/Msp I locus) were amplified, and their PCR products analyzed via DNA sequencing method. Seven [...]

PCR-RFLP Polymorphism of Growth Hormone Gene and Its Association with Growth and Morphometric Traits in Ganjam and Baigani Goats of Odisha

Background: Growth Hormone (GH) gene codes for the growth hormone, an anabolic hormone synthesized and secreted by the somatotroph cells of pituitary. Growth hormone influences many processes such as growth, lactation, reproduction and metabolism. Genetic variation in the gene are utilized as markers for selecting animals that are superior in terms growth, production and reproduction traits. Information available on the polymorphism of growth hormone gene of Ganjam and Baigani goats of Odisha is scanty. The current investigation was done to explore the genetic variation of this gene and its association with morphometric traits. Methods: Genetic polymorphism in exon 2 and 3 of Growth hormone gene in Ganjam goat and Baigani goat was explored with sample size of 100 goats for each. The goats belonged to three locations: Khallikote, Rambha, Chattrapur of Ganjam district. The goats were recorded for their body weights, morphometric traits and morphological traits. Genomic DNA was isolated, the target segment comprising exons 2 and 3 was amplified and PCR-RFLP was carried out using Hae III restriction enzyme. Genotypes were scored. Result: PCR of the locus resulted in 422 bp PCR product. PCR-RFLP using Hae III restriction enzyme yielded only two variants in both the populations. The variant A had only one restriction recognition site on the target gene segment yielding two bands with size of 366bp and 56bp whereas the variant B did not have any restriction site with single band of 422bp. Three genotypes AA, AB and BB were found in both the population. In both the population, the gene and genotype frequency were significantly deviated from the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium frequency. There was a significant difference in the genotype frequencies of growth hormone gene between Ganjam and Baigani goats. The AB genotype had higher mean value for all morphometric traits than AA and BB genotype though the differences were not found to be significant.

Polymorphism of genes of Growth Hormone (GH) and Calpastatin (CAST) in wool-and-meat producing sheep

At present, modern technologies involving the use of DNA markers, which are widely used in national breeding programs in a number of countries with developed animal husbandry are of considerable interest and have a signifi cant infl uence on improving productivity traits. A signifi cant number of genes associated with meat productivity and meat quality have been identifi ed. In sheep breeding such research has been developed only recently. Due to the growing interest in the production of young mutton and lamb, priority is given to the study of genes that control meat productivity. However, the most popular are genetic markers that are interconnected with candidate genes, whose protein products play a signifi cant role in the formation or regulation of physiological and biochemical processes. Alleles of the Growth Hormone (GH) gene and Calpastatin (CAST) gene are considered as potential markers of sheep meat productivity. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to study the polymorphism of GH and CAST genes in crossbred wool-and-meat producing sheep (1/2 Poll Dorset × 1/2 North Caucasian wool-and-meat producing breed) bred in the Stavropol Territory. The analysis of Somatotropin and Calpastatin gene polymorphism was performed by PCR-PDRF. When studying GH gene polymorphism, the genotypes AA, AB and BB have been found, the frequency of occurrence of which was 29,7; 42,8 and 27,5 %, respectively. Allele A prevailed in the studied animals – 0,786, allele B was – 0,214. The CAST gene was represented by two genotypes MM and MN (the NN genotype was absent in the animals of this group) with a frequency of 87,9 and 12,1 %, respectively. The frequency of the M allele was high at 0,94, while the n allele was low at 0,06. The results obtained during the researches indicate the establishment of a variety of allelic variants of Somatotropin and Calpastatin genes in wool-and-meat producing sheep. Further research will be aimed at studying the association of identifi ed polymorphisms with economically useful traits.

Single nucleotide polymorphism of growth hormone gene in Assam hill goats and their association with growth

Single nucleotide polymorphism of growth hormone gene in Assam hill goats and their association with growth

Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism in Relation to Beef Cattle Carcass Quality

Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism in Relation to Beef Cattle Carcass Quality

Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphisms in Mature Healthy Male Muscovy Ducks in Egypt

Blood samples were obtained from 28 mature healthy male Muscovy ducks for screening of a partial sequence of Growth hormone gene (GH gene) for single nucleotide polymorphisms using PCR amplification of the extracted DNA. The results of our research revealed one locus of exon 2 of growth hormone gene and its partial flanking intron. Polymorphisms in this locus were investigated by using direct sequencing and single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) technique. One unique pattern of SSCP was detected. Nucleotide sequencing was performed to endorse the current result which proved the absence of single nucleotides' polymorphisms (SNPs) or any other type of polymorphisms in the studied locus. The DNA sequencing and PCR-SSCP patterns confirmed that there was no polymorphism in all studied birds. In turn, it is spelled that PCR-SSCP failed to produce electrophoresis patterns capable of discriminating between the GH gene loci in Muscovy duck breed revealing no polymorphism in all studied individuals. Also, we compared our sequences with the published sequence on the gene bank of GH gene in Mallard ducks under the following accession number AB158762.1. Three SNPs were detected between Muscovy and Mallard breeds which are (94 A-G, 271 C-T and 298 G-A) these SNPs led to change of two amino acids proline and valine amino acids in GH protein in mallard ducks into serine and isoleucine in Muscovy ducks. In conclusion, these changes in the nucleotide sequence, amino acid and protein chain may be the main cause of differences of the phenotypic features, productive and reproductive traits between Muscovy and mallard duck breeds.

Effect of growth hormone gene polymorphism on growth traits in migratory Gaddi goats of Western Himalayas, India.

Goat production under migratory system is foremost meat resource in Western Himalayan region of India. Thus, selection of goats for superior growth rate is rewarding. Growth hormone (GH) gene is identified as main regulator of post-natal growth and development. The objective of this study was to identify GH gene variants in Gaddi goats reared under migratory system via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Blood samples from 63 animals from different migratory flocks registered under All India Coordinated Research Project, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University (HPAU), Palampur, were subjected to DNA isolation. A total of 422, 116, 389 and 181-bp amplicons were generated on amplification of four targeted regions of GH gene. GH1 and GH2 fragments were analysed using PCR-RFLP (HaeIII RE) that revealed three variants (AA, AB and BB) for GH1 having frequency as 0.27, 0.52 and 0.31, respectively whereas, two variants (AB and BB) were revealed for GH2 fragment having frequency of 0.24 and 076, respectively. GH3 and GH4 fragments were subjected to PCR-SSCP that detected three genotypes (AB, BB and AA) for GH3 with respective genotype frequency as 0.57, 0.21 and 0.22 respectively; however, GH4 was found to be monomorphic. The polymorphism information content values for GH1, GH2 and GH3 were 0.37, 0.36 and 0.34, respectively, which suggested the median level of polymorphism at studied loci and also indicated the effectiveness of the studied marker for population genetic studies. Significant associations (P ≤ 0.05) were detected for GH1 with 9-month body weight, GH2 with 9 and 12-month heart girth and GH3 with 6-month body weight, body height and body length, respectively. From the present study, it was concluded that SNPs and their association with some body measurements may be employed as useful markers for ongoing phenotypic selection programme.

ПОЛИМОРФИЗМ ГЕНА СОМАТОТРОПНОГО ГОРМОНА В СВЯЗИ С КАЧЕСТВОМ ТУШ МЯСНОГО СКОТА

Abstract—Meat productivity and meat quality are determined by both paratypical and genetic factors. In this regard, investigating the genetic material for the presence of desirable allele combinations of genes associated with growth and development traits, as well as meat qualities of animals, has scientific and practical significance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between growth hormone gene polymorphism and beef cattle carcass quality. A scientific-economic experiment was carried out in the period from 2014 to 2017. Fattening bull-calves of the Hereford (115 animals) and Limousin (114 animals) breeds were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction followed by subsequent analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (SNP GH-L127V). It was revealed that the studied bull-calves have a similar distribution of genotypes; the homozygous genotype GHLL (47.83 and 52.63%) and allele GHL (0.69 and 0.71%) were the most common. It was found that, compared to GHVV bull-calves, GHLL bull-calves had statistically significantly higher indicators of preslaughter live weight, carcass meat weight, slaughter weight, and loin-eye area; in Hereford cattle, slaughter yield was also higher. The results of examining the morphological composition of half-carcasses proved the high impact of SNP GH-L127V on the chilled carcass weight and the meat content. These figures were statistically significantly higher for half-carcasses of GHLL and GHLV bull-calves compared to GHVV animals. Analysis of the weight and yield of natural anatomical parts of half-carcasses obtained from Hereford and Limousin bull-calves with different genotypes did not reveal a significant difference between the indicators. However, for both breeds, animals with genotype GHLL had higher chilled half-carcass weight and weight of their natural anatomical parts than animals with genotype GHVV. Thus, SNP GH-L127V genotyping can be used as an additional criterion in breeding and selection of animals to improve meat qualities of cattle.

Identification of GH Gene Polymorphisms and Their Association with Body Weight in Bayang Duck, Local Duck from West Sumatra, Indonesia

Polymorphisms in the growth hormone (GH) gene that is associated with the growth rate of duck have been the target of many breeding programmes. Molecular market selection has been an acceptable tool in the acceleration of the genetic response of desired to improve production performance in livestock. Growth hormone (GH) has been considered as a candidate gene for growth traits. In this study, polymorphisms of the GH gene were evaluated for associations with body weight in 210 Bayang duck. The objective of this study was to assess the association of polymorphisms in Growth Hormone (GH) genes with growth in Bayang ducks. The polymorphism of the ducks GH gene from promoter region into exon 3 was researched by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing methods. Fifty duck were genotyped by sequencing twenty mutations were detected in the Bayang duck GH gene. Mutation G→A were detected at position -142, 1155, 1117, 1423, and 1786. Mutation C→T were detected at position -62, 506, and 308. Mutation A→G were detected at position 160, 264, 293, 1245, and 2542. Mutation T→G detected at position 250 and mutation TT→AA detected at position 350. Mutation G→T detected at position 775 and mutation T→C were detected at position 1353, 1424, and 2973. All polymorphism were polymorphics except polymorphism T→G at position 250 was monomorphics. Mutation G→A in position 1117 and 1786 were restriction with enzyme Eco721 and TscaI. In the case GH-Eco721 three genotypes were observed, GG, GA, and AA with frequency 0.041, 0.59 and 0.369 respectively. For GH-TscaI locus the frequency were 0.034, 0.782, and 0.184 respectively. The effect of GH-TscaI polymorphism were observed on body weight in 4 to 8 week of Bayang duck.

Identification of Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) Gene Polymorphism Using PCR-RFLP Method in Buffalo Bulls

Growth Hormone (GH) is a single polypeptide chain synthesised and secreted from anterior pituitary gland by somatroph cells. The product of GH gene hastens metabolism and promotes the growth of many organs and tissues especially bone, muscle and visceral organs. It also regulates growth, mammary gland development and lactation. Polymorphism in this gene is associated with increase in growth and development of many tissues in the body.&#x0D; Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene in buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) using the PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique.&#x0D; Design: Genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 10 bulls, consisting of Murrah – Swamp crossbred and pure Swamp buffalo bulls. A The 446 segment of the bGH gene was amplified. The DNA amplicons were detected in 2% agarose gel following 45 minutes of electrophoresis. They were thereafter digesting with AluI endonuclease restriction enzyme, and the digested DNA were detected in 2% agarose gel following electrophoresis for about 45minutes in all samples&#x0D; Results: Similar bands of approximately 300 and 146-bp each, with no variation, were detected in 2% agarose gel following electrophoresis in all the animals tested.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the Alu1 digestion result, all samples produced the same allele of the gene, with no polymorphism detected.

Correlation analysis of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) growth hormone gene polymorphisms and growth traits

Screening of trait-associated molecular markers can be used to enhance the efficiency of selective breeding. Previously, we produced the first high-density genetic linkage map for the mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and identified 11 quantitative-trait loci significantly associated with growth, of which one is located within the growth hormone (GH) gene. To investigate the GH gene polymorphisms and their correlation with growth, the complete sequence was cloned and 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one simple-sequence repeat (SSR) were identified. Of which, eight SNPs (G1-G8) and the SSR (GH-AG)were selected for genotyping and correlation analysis with growth traits in a random population. The results showed that the four novel polymorphicloci (G1, G2, G3 and GH-AG) were significantly correlated with growth traits of mandarin fish (P < 0.05). Of these, G1, G3 and GH-AG showed highly significant correlations with multiple growth traits (P < 0.01) and the combined SNP analysis showed that G1-G3 formed four effective diplotypes (D1-D4), among which D1 was highly significantly greater than D4 (P < 0.01) for some important growth traits. In conclusion, our results show that the four polymorphic loci G1-G3 and GH-AG within the mandarin fish GH gene are significantly correlated with growth traits and could be used as candidate molecular markers for selective breedingof superior varieties of mandarin fish.

Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism in Indigenous Cattle of North East India vis-a-vis Crossbred Cattle

Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism in Indigenous Cattle of North East India vis-a-vis Crossbred Cattle