Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism Research Articles

Screening of Obese Offspring of First-Cousin Consanguineous Subjects for the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene with a 287-bp Alu Sequence.

BackgroundConsanguinity, defined as a blood relation between couples, is associated with genetic diseases in their offspring. In Saudi Arabia, obesity is considered a major health problem associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with insertion (I) and deletion (D) polymorphisms of an Alu-287 bp sequence has been implicated in multiple metabolic disorders, including obesity. To date, no studies have been conducted in the Saudi population regarding the ACE gene in consanguineous offspring with obesity. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate genetic associations in offspring of first cousins, and specifically the relationship between obesity and ACE (Alu-287 bp) was evaluated in the Saudi population.MethodsIn total, 91 cases of obesity in the offspring of first-cousin couples and 100 control subjects without obesity but with a family history of consanguinity were included. Using genomic DNA, ACE ID polymorphisms between the cases and controls were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThere were strong differences in the height, weight, and body mass index between the cases and controls (P<0.001). A genotype analysis confirmed the strong association with allele frequencies (P<0.001; odds ratio, 4.902; 95% confidence interval, 2.867–8.379) when compared between the cases and controls. One-way analysis of variance showed a positive correlation with height and logistic regression (covariance) that could not be strongly correlated (P>0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, the ACE gene polymorphism was found, through allele frequencies, to be associated with obesity in the offspring of consanguineous first cousins in the Saudi population.

Association between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The current meta-analytic study explored the relation between ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D), and the risk of EH by reviewing relevant trials so as to determine the association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and essential hypertension (EH) susceptibility. Methods: Relevant studies published before May 2019 were collected from the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, CNKI, VANFUN, and VIP databases. Results: Fifty-seven studies involving a total of 32,862 patients were included. These studies found that ACE gene D allele was associated with higher EH susceptibility in allelic model, homozygote model, dominant model, and regressive model, and that Asian population with ACE gene D allele showed a higher EH susceptibility in all these models. Moreover, ACE gene D allele was found closely related to a higher EH susceptibility in the subgroups of HWE, NO HWE, Caucasian population, and Mixed population, with the majority being males in allelic model, homozygote model, and regressive model and the majority being females in allelic model. Conclusion: ACE gene D allele is associated with an overall higher EH susceptibility, which is confirmed in the subgroup analysis of Asian population, HWE, NO HWE, Caucasian population, and Mixed population.

Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and clinical characteristics in Egyptian patients with major depressive disorder

Objectives Depression is one of the leading causes of disability and suicide worldwide. It has strong genetic etiopathogenesis, especially that related to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism. Therefore, this research tackled the relation between genetic variants of ACE polymorphism and symptomatology profile of major depression.Patients and methods A total of 42 patients diagnosed with depression matched with 39 controls underwent Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis clinician version, Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis-nonpatient edition, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, real-time PCR for genotyping, and serum cortisol level assay.Results ACE I/D gene polymorphism was significantly higher in patients with major depression (45.2%) compared with the control group (25.6%). Patients with I/D polymorphism showed longer duration of illness; greater severity; higher number of episodes and rate of hospitalization; higher tendency to be prescribed serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and to receive electroconvulsive therapy; higher scores of core depressive symptoms, such as guilt feeling, inability to work, and suicidal ideation; and higher serum cortisol level than the other genotype groups.Conclusion Our findings support the notion that ACE I/D polymorphism affects major depression severity and symptomatology imprint.

Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and ACE activity in predicting outcome after acute myocardial infarction.

The Ace polymorphism had shown association with ACE activity, premature atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, LV dysfunction, LV remodelling, severity and extent of CAD and mortality after MI. Though ACE I/D polymorphism has been reported to be associated with various cardiovascular diseases it remained a controversial risk factor and studies have presented conflicting results. This study was designed to determine the association between ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, ACE activity and acute STEMI in Indian population and to determine its influence on outcome after acute MI. We investigated 934 patients diagnosed with acute STEMI who underwent thrombolysis. ACE I/D polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction and ACE activity was measured in 615 patients. The prevalence of DD, ID, and II genotypes in our study group were 41.97%, 34.36%, and 23.66% respectively. The ACE polymorphism was not significantly associated with the type of myocardial infarction, the LV ejection fraction, the number of vessels diseased and patency of the vessel after thrombolysis. The polymorphism had no influence on in hospital mortality (P=0.453). The ACE activity also showed no influence on in hospital mortality (P=0.482). The age>60years, Male gender, occluded artery and severe LV dysfunction (LVEF<35%) were predictors of in-hospital mortality on multivariate regression analysis. There was no differences among ACE (I/D) polymorphism observed in STEMI population. Neither ACE I/D polymorphism nor ACE activity predicted in-hospital mortality inpatients admitted with acute STEMI.

The Risk Stratification of Coronary Vascular Disease as Linked to Homocysteine, its Modulating Genes, Genetic Polymorphisms, Conventional Predictors, and with Antihypertensive Medicaments

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) have multifactorial nature, and owing to their disparate etiological roots, it is difficult to ascertain exact determinants of CVD. In the current study, primary objective was to determine association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in folate pathway genes, homocysteine, antihypertensive medication, and of known risk factors in relation to CVD outcomes. The participants numbered 477 (controls, n = 201, ischemic heart disease patients, n = 95, and myocardial infarction cases, n = 181, respectively). SNPs that were queried for homocysteine pathway genes included, "methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)" gene SNPs rs1801133 and rs1801131, "methyltransferase (MTR)" SNP rs1805087, "paraoxonase 1 (PON1)" SNP rs662, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms rs4646994. Medication data were collected through questionnaire, and serum-based parameters were analyzed through commercial kits. The analysis of variance and multiple comparison scrutiny revealed that age, gender, family history, cholesterol, creatinine, triglyceride, high density lipoproteins (HDL), homocysteine, beta-blocker, ACE inhibitors, MTHFR and PON1 SNPs related to coronary artery disease (CAD). On regression, rs662 SNPs and C-reactive protein had nonsignificant odds ratio, whereas age, gender, creatinine, and HDL were nonsignificant. Family history, cholesterol, homocysteine, beta blocker, and ACE inhibitors, homocysteine, rs1801133 and rs1801131 SNP maintained significance/significant odds for CAD. The current study indicates an intricate relationship between genetic variants, traditional factors, and drug usage in etiogenesis of arterial disease. Differences in SNPs, their modulated effects in consensus with medicinal usage may be related to ailment outcomes affecting coronary vasculature.

Arterial Hypertension as a Risk Comorbidity Associated with COVID-19 Pathology.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing global public health challenge. Current clinical data suggest that, in COVID-19 patients, arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the most common cardiovascular comorbidities; it can worsen outcomes and increase the risk of admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The exact mechanisms through which AH contributes to the poor prognosis in COVID-19 are not yet clear. The putative relationship between AH and COVID-19 may be linked to the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key element of the AH pathophysiology. Another mechanism connecting AH and COVID-19 is the dysregulation of the immune system resulting in a cytokine storm, mediated by an imbalanced response of T helper cells subtypes. Therefore, it is essential to optimize blood pressure control in hypertensive patients and monitor them carefully for cardiovascular and other complications for the duration of COVID-19 infection. The question whether AH-linked ACE2 gene polymorphisms increase the risk and/or worsen the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection should also receive further consideration.

Assessment of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism in preeclampsia mothers of Bangladesh

The study aimed to assess the association of ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms with the susceptibility for preeclampsia in Bangladesh. It was a case-control study involving 220 subjects (100 preeclamptic and 120 normal pregnant women). The ACE (I/D) genotyping was done using the conventional PCR method. Overall, the frequency of ACE II genotypes was significantly (p<.05) higher in normal pregnant women than the preeclamptic women. The pregnant mother with DD genotype was at 3.43-fold higher risk (OR = 3.43; p<.01) of developing preeclampsia while pregnant mother with ID genotype was at lower risk (OR = 1.32; p>.05). On the other hand, patients having either DD or ID genotypes showed 1.9 fold (OR = 1.90; p>.05) increased risk of developing preeclampsia compared to the control group but not statistically significant. This study suggested that ACE (DD) genotypes may have strong associations with the occurrence of preeclampsia. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? The study was conducted among 100 preeclamptic and 120 normal pregnant women. The preeclamptic patients were diagnosed by protein in urine and high blood pressure. The normal pregnant women were selected with no known complications. What the results of this study add? Overall, the pregnant mothers with DD genotype were at 3.43-fold higher risk of developing preeclampsia while pregnant mothers with ID or II genotypes were at a lower risk. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? ACE (I/D) gene would be a biomarker of early diagnosis of preeclampsia and also be helpful to intervene in personalised medicine and gene therapy as a novel treatment of preeclampsia.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism Influences Gastrointestinal Motility in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and impact negatively the quality of life. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism can have direct effect on circulating level of ACE which further modifies the degradation of substance P and thus may influence the gut motility. Hence, it could be hypothesised that ACE gene polymorphism would influence the gut motility. An observational analytical study was conducted at PGIMER, Chandigarh. 300 Type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 200 age and sex matched healthy individuals were enrolled. After taking written consent, 5ml blood sample was collected for measurement of substance P by ELISA method and for ACE gene polymorphism (insertion[I]/deletion[D]) by polymerase chain reaction. Orocecal transit time (OCTT) was measured using non-invasive lactulose breath test. Out of 300 diabetic patients, 32.7%, 44% and 23.3% belonged to II, ID and DD genotypes, respectively. The frequency of D allele (OR = 1.39) and DD genotype (OR = 2.17) was significantly higher in patients than in controls and was associated with increased risk. Moreover, more number of diabetes patients with constipation (90%) belonged to DD genotype and their OCTT was significantly delayed (166.7 ± 7.3min) as compared to ID (143.5 ± 4.2min) or II (121.8 ± 4.9min) genotype. From this study, it could be concluded that ACE gene polymorphism could be an important contributing factor to influence the gut motility and thus giving rise to the GI symptoms for T2DM patients.

Elite swimmers possess shorter telomeres than recreationally active controls.

Elite athletes are reported to possess longer telomeres than their less active counterparts. ACE gene (Insertion/Deletion) polymorphism has been previously associated with elite athletic performance, with the deletion (D) variant appearing more frequently in short distance swimmers. Additionally, the D allele has been reported to have a negative effect on telomere length. The aim of this study was to investigate the telomere length of elite swimmers and its potential association with ACE genotype. Telomere length was measured by real-time quantitative PCR and ACE I/D genotypes analysed by standard PCR and electrophoresis in 51 young elite swimmers and 56 controls. Elite swimmers displayed shorter telomeres than controls (1.043 ± 0.127 vs 1.128 ± 0.177, p = 0.006). When split by sex, only elite female swimmers showed significantly shorter telomeres than their recreationally active counterparts (p = 0.019). ACE genotype distribution and allelic frequency did not differ between elite swimmers and controls, or by event distance among elite swimmers only. No association was observed between telomere length and ACE genotype in the whole cohort. Elite swimmers possessed shorter telomeres than recreationally active controls. Our findings suggesting a negative effect of high-level swimming competition and/or training on telomere length and subsequent biological aging, particularly in females. However, this significant difference in telomere length does not appear to be attributed to the D allele as we report a lack of association between telomere length and ACE genotype frequency in elite swimmers and controls.

Relationship of angiotensin converting enzyme (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) and coronary heart disease among a male Iraqi population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Insertion deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has a substantial effect on coronary heart disease (CHD). The amplification of an Alu repetitive element in an intron of the ACE has shown three potential genotypes of I/I and D/D as homozygous, and I/D as heterozygous. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the ACE gene polymorphism and CHD among male Iraqi patients with and without type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A case-control study of total 217 male subjects participated in this study, divided into three groups; Group 1 including 86 CHD patients with T2DM, group 2 including 78 CHD patients without T2DM, and group 3 including 53 age and sex-matched healthy individuals (as a control group). Genotyping of ACE (I/D) gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The II allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients without T2DM compared to the control population, but not from those patients with T2DM (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, the ID allele was significantly more frequent in each of CHD with T2DM and control populations compared to the CHD without T2DM. The DD allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients with T2DM compared to each of CHD patients without T2DM and control populations (p < 0.05). We conclude that the D/D and I/D genotypes are implicated as risk factors for development of CHD with T2DM, but not CHD without T2DM among the male Iraqi population. However, larger sample sizes are needed to monitor the CHD patients and to validate this study.

A Pooled Study of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Gene Polymorphism in Relation to Risk, Pathology and Prognosis of Childhood Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis Nephritis.

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism has been inconsistently reported to be a risk factor for Childhood immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) nephritis. We comprehensively searched electronic databases as of Jan 2020. Nineteen studies with 1104 cases and 1589 controls were included. Sensitivity analyses based on different subgroups were performed. Further analyses were conducted for association of ACE polymorphism with disease severity and prognosis. Significant associations were found between ACE I/D polymorphism and childhood IgAV nephritis, with the strongest association in DD vs. II comparison (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.21-2.46). Subgroup analyses generally showed significant results. Besides, ACE polymorphism was significantly associated with proteinuria (DD + DI vs. II: OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.14-4.33; DI + II vs. DD: OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.81) and worse prognosis (the strongest effect in DD + DI vs. II: OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.84-10.71) among children with IgAV nephritis. The ACE polymorphism seemed not to be associated with hematuria, hypertension, and renal pathology. This study suggested significant association of ACE gene polymorphism with the risk of IgAV nephritis in children. D allele in the ACE genotype could be a useful genetic marker to predict proteinuria and worse prognosis for childhood IgAV nephritis.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Dyslipidemia and Hypertension

ABSTRACT Background: Hypertension and dyslipidemia have a multifactorial background based on genetic and environmental interactive factors. Increasing blood pressure (BP) and hypertension incidence have also been found to be linked with elevated blood lipids rates. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are said to be linked to pathogenesis of both hypertension and dyslipidemia. Objectives: to investigate the presence of the three genotypes of ACE gene (I/D) polymorphisms with hypertension and dyslipidemia. Subjects and methods: Participants included 30 Egyptian patients with hypertension and /or dyslipidaemia (Group I) and 20 apparently healthy controls (Group II). For all participants, DNA was isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the product was recognized by gel electrophoresis according to their size. Results: diferent ACE genotypes frequencies were detected according to the presence or absence of 287 bp fragment in intron 16; 30% for Deletion/Deletion (DD), 56.7% for Insertion/Deletion (ID) and 13.3% for Insertion/Insertion (II) in patients group, denoting that (I) allele has a significant association with hypertension and dyslipidemia (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There is increased frequency of ACE I/D and I/I, therefore, the I allele was common among Egyptian patients affected with hypertension and /or dyslipidaemia.

The Relations between ACE Gene Polymorphism and Aerobic, Anaerobic Performance as Well as BMD of Taekwondo Athletes in Different Competition Types

The Relations between ACE Gene Polymorphism and Aerobic, Anaerobic Performance as Well as BMD of Taekwondo Athletes in Different Competition Types

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism may be a risk factor for COVID-19 clinical outcome

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1(ACE1) and ACE2 play a major role in regulation of blood pressure and electrolytic balance. They are known to express in epithelial cells of various tissues. SARS-CoV2 uses ACE2 as one of the receptors to enter into the host cells. Coronavirus infection-associated decrease in the expression of ACE2 is known to associate with vasoconstriction, hypertension and other cardiovascular problems. Patients who are on ACE1 inhibitors show increased ACE2 expression, which is known to protect the lung from acute lung injury. ACE1 and ACE2 polymorphisms might be associated with the infectivity, severity and recovery from the COVID-19. Association studies of ACE gene polymorphisms in affected population may suggest the clinical outcome of the COVID-19.

Association of ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism with Suicidal Attempt in an Iranian Population.

Deregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in suicide. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is a key component in this system. The relationship between insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE gene with suicide attempt (SA) is controversial. According to previous studies, allele D in this polymorphism has been considered as a potential risk factor for suicide. However, no study has been conducted in Iran to investigate this matter. This case-control study has focused on investigating the association of ACE I/D polymorphism (rs1799752) with SA in an Iranian population. The frequency of genotypes was 14% for II, 55% for ID, and 31% for DD in the case group (100 persons), and 18% for II, 74% for ID, and 8% for DD in control group (100 persons). Results show there was a significant difference in the distribution of ACE I/D polymorphism genotypes in men with SA compared to controls, as well as in women with SA compared to controls. Also, there was a significant association between DD genotype and the risk of SA compared to II genotype as reference. The severity of depression was significantly different between DD and II genotypes in SA group. According to the results, we suggest that the presence of DD genotype is possibly associated with an increased risk of SA. Maybe part of that is related to severity of depression in DD genotypes carriers of ACE I/D polymorphism.

Angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and ischemic stroke.

Objectives:To assess the polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in ischemic stroke in an Egyptian sample.Methods:One hundred subjects (70 ischemic stroke patients, and 30 healthy controls) were included in case control cross sectional study during the period from January 2017 to January 2018, at Neurology Department, Menufia University Hospital, Shibin EL-Kom, Egypt. Patients underwent complete neurological assessment, national institute health stroke scale (NIHSS), and Toast classification. All subjects underwent genotyping of ACE gene polymorphism.Results:There are 42.9% from the patients versus 33.3% from controls showed geno typing of Insertion/Deletion (I/D) and Allele D is more frequent regarding I allele in ischemic stroke patients but this difference did not reach significant level to be risk factor. The I/D polymorphism was the predominant type in SVS and LVS while DD was the predominant type in cardio-embolic one. There were no significant differences between NIHSS in different ACE gene polymorphism.Conclusion:In spite of ACE genotyping differences among Egyptian ischemic stroke patients, we cannot consider it a predisposing factor to stroke occurrence or severity.

The Diversity Effect Of Exercise On Endothelialfunction In Postmenopausal Women With ACE D/I Polymorphism

PURPOSE: Increased incidences of cardiovascular disorder and metabolic syndrome particularly in postmenopausal women have raised curiosity for the underlying factors. One potential mechanism by which endothelial dysfunction may promote early arterial stiffness is by causing estrogen deficiency. It is reported that physical exercise counteracts the occurrence of above disorders, while a few others show no change. The training response differs among individuals partly due to genetic composition. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (D/I) polymorphism related to physical performance in athletes has been well-reported. The present study was to observe the effects of 12 weeks exercise (aerobic exercise and resistance training) on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with different D/I polymorphism of ACE gene. METHODS: 122 postmenopausal women aged 45-75 years were randomly divided into aerobic exercise group (DI/II=65, DD=6) and resistance training group (DI/II=42, DD=9). Body composition, TC, HDL, LDL, endothelial function, endothelium-derived relaxing factor and contracting factor were analyzed. RESULTS: TC, blood lipid abnormality rate, blood glucose and visceral fat in DI/II type were decreased more significantly after aerobic exercise compared with DD type. Aerobic exercise showed markedly positive effects in LDL, hyperglycemia, overweight/obesity, high body fat rate, abnormal waist-hip ratio and visceral fat in DI/II, while resistance training in LDL, blood glucose (5.34±0.73 vs 4.46±0.34mmol/l, P<0.01), waist-hip ratio and visceral fat (96.60±13.84 vs 61.33±8.65cm2, P<0.05) in DD type. Aerobic exercise showed more obviously increased FMD (9.65±1.85 vs 11.00±1.99%, P<0.05), NO (68.31±4.67 vs 76.38±4.01umol/l, P<0.05), NO/ET-1 (0.91±0.11 vs 1.04±0.11, P<0.05) and decreased SBP (123.84±15.98 vs 109.89±13.56mmHg, P<0.05), DBP in DI/II than in DD type. Resistance training increased FMD (7.12±0.70 vs 9.56±0.78%, P<0.05), NO/ET-1 and decreased SBP, DBP, baPWV, ET-1, AngII more significantly in DD type than in DI/II type. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise positively influences endothelial functions, independent of ACE D/I polymorphism; and DI/II carriers show a better response to aerobic exercise, while DD carriers to resistance exercise.

Association Between the ACE (I/D) Gene Polymorphism and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Egyptian HCV Patients

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide and is related to many risk factors. Chronic HCV is associated with a 20–30-fold increased risk for HCC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is overexpressed in many cancers and plays a major role in angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. Aim: We aimed to elucidate the effect of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism in patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis and HCC, and its relationship to clinical parameters. Patients and Methods: The study included 180 participants, cirrhotic (n=60), HCC (n=60) and control healthy subjects (n=60). Liver and renal function tests, alpha-fetoprotein, HCV antibodies and triphasic CT were assessed. ACE Gene polymorphism was assessed by Nested PCR. Results: We observed higher frequencies of DD (36.7%) and DI (51.7%) genotypes, along with the D allele (62.5%), in HCC patients compared to those of cirrhotic cases (10%, 40% and 30%, respectively) and control subjects (6.7%, 38.3%, and 25.8%, respectively). DD and DI genotypes increased the risk and predicted the occurrence of HCC by OR 25.932 and OR 6.354, respectively. The D allele conveys significant risk for HCC compared to control and cirrhotic groups with OR 4.785 and OR 3.889, respectively. Both DD genotype and D allele are significantly correlated with larger tumor size and metastasis. Conclusion: The ACE I/D polymorphism (DD genotype and D allele) is significantly associated with HCC risk in HCV patients and is correlated with increased tumor growth and advanced stage.

Insertion/deletion of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism as a marker of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) development in South Indian cohort women

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine/metabolic disease because of the elevated levels of androgen which could lead to anovulation. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metallopeptidase that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. ACE is bound to the plasma membrane and expressed in many tissues such as ovarian tissues. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS help the production of angiotensin, angiotensinogen, and ACE. Angiotensin II plays a major role in ovulation, steroidogenesis, follicular atresia and hyperandrogenic syndromes such as PCOS. This study aimed to determine the association of ACE polymorphism in PCOS to analyze the distribution allele frequency of insertion or deletion variation in PCOS patients of the South Indian cohort. A total of 430 women with PCOS confirmed based on the Rotterdam criteria and 300 age and sex-matched control samples were studied. PCR technique was used to determine the frequency of polymorphism in the ACE gene. The genotyping distribution of II, DD and ID in PCOS was 4.56%, 30.23%, and 65.11%, respectively, whereas the control group showed 30%, 20%, and 50% for II, DD and ID, respectively. The deletion (D) allele frequency was 62.79% and insertion (I) allele was 37.2 % in PCOS patients, whereas in the control group, it was 45% and 55% for D and I alleles, respectively. This study concludes that the distribution of deletion (D) allele frequency of ACE could be considered as a genetic marker for PCOS in the South Indian cohort.

ACE-gene polymorphism, particularly "D/I", may play a role in the occurrence of COVID-19 pneumonia in hypertensive elderly patients

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