Polymerization Of Butyl Acrylate Research Articles

Toughening epoxy resins by modification with in situ polymerized acrylate copolymer composed of butyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate

Poly(butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate) (PBG) was prepared by in situ polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and further used as a modifier to improve the comprehensive properties of the epoxy resin curing system. The modified resin system was based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol, methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol. The influence of copolymer composition on the mechanical properties, thermal performance, and phase behavior of the system was carefully examined. Results showed that the addition of PBG greatly improved the impact strength of the modified epoxy resin. When 15 wt% of the BA/GMA with a weight ratio composition of 7.5/7.5 was added to the epoxy, high-performance-modified epoxy resin was obtained.

Molecular weight properties of poly(butyl acrylate): Computational experiment based on a kinetic model of “living” radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer

Based on a kinetic model of “living” radical polymerization of butyl acrylate with reversible chain-transfer, the characteristics of altering the molecular weight properties of the polymer by varying the initial concentrations of the reactants and temperature are established.

Characterisation and Properties of Fluorinated Acrylic Latex Prepared with Mixed Surfactants of Sds and Apg

The nonionic emulsifier of OP-10 is often used in preparing the latex. OP-10 belongs to a type of NPEOs. However, NPEOs are bioaccumulative and persistent in the environment while nonylphenol, the breakdown product of NPEs, is an endocrine disruptor. Therefore, the EU Commission has recommended implementing a risk reduction strategy, which foresees the ban of all applications leading to direct emissions to waste water and strict emission controls for all other technical processes using NPEOs as surfactants. The aim of the research is to study the possibility that OP-10 is replaced by APG to prepare the fluorinated acrylic latex. The fluorinated acrylic latex was prepared successfully via semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and hexafluorobutyl methacrylate(HFMA) in water phase initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS) and emulsified with the aid of mixed surfactants of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) and alkyl polyglucosides (APG). The structure of the resultant latex is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum. The influences of the amount of APG on the properties of the resultant latex and its film were investigated in detail. Results show that the particle size is decreased with the increase amount of APG. However, the calcium ion stability of the latex is increased with the increase of amount of APG.

Simplified TERP to achieve living free radical polymerization with crude ethyl 2-phenyltellanyl-2-methylpropionate as mediator

Organotellurium compounds-mediated living radical polymerization (TERP) is one of the most robust tools of living free radical polymerizations (LRP). However, synthesis and purification of organotellurium compounds are time-consuming and to be operated in an inert atmosphere due to their extreme sensitivity to trace oxygen. In this article, a simple process of TERP, operating in open air, has been reported. It has demonstrated that the crude organotellurium compound, ethyl 2-phenyltellanyl-2-methylpropionate, could mediate 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) initiated styrene (St) and butyl acrylate (BA) polymerization as an LRP system. For the bulk and solution polymerization of St and the solution polymerization of BA, the molecular weights of produced polymers increased linearly with the monomer conversions. During the same time, the molecular weight distributions kept under 1.3. The UV–vis spectrum showed that the PS polymer chain bearing C-TePh end group. With the sequential monomer addition technique, a clean diblock polymer of PS-b-PBA was also obtained.

Well‐Defined Iron Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for “Green” Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene, Methyl Methacrylate, and Butyl Acrylate with Low Catalyst Loadings and Catalyst Recycling

Environmentally friendly iron(II) catalysts for atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were synthesized by careful selection of the nitrogen substituents of N,N,N-trialkylated-1,4,9-triazacyclononane (R3 TACN) ligands. Two types of structures were confirmed by crystallography: "[(R3 TACN)FeX2 ]" complexes with relatively small R groups have ionic and dinuclear structures including a [(R3 TACN)Fe(μ-X)3 Fe(R3 TACN)](+) moiety, whereas those with more bulky R groups are neutral and mononuclear. The twelve [(R3 TACN)FeX2 ]n complexes that were synthesized were subjected to bulk ATRP of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and butyl acrylate (BA). Among the iron complexes examined, [{(cyclopentyl)3 TACN}FeBr2 ] (4 b) was the best catalyst for the well-controlled ATRP of all three monomers. This species allowed easy catalyst separation and recycling, a lowering of the catalyst concentration needed for the reaction, and the absence of additional reducing reagents. The lowest catalyst loading was accomplished in the ATRP of MMA with 4 b (59 ppm of Fe based on the charged monomer). Catalyst recycling in ATRP with low catalyst loadings was also successful. The ATRP of styrene with 4 b (117 ppm Fe atom) was followed by precipitation from methanol to give polystyrene that contained residual iron below the calculated detection limit (0.28 ppm). Mechanisms that involve equilibria between the multinuclear and mononuclear species were also examined.

Modification of poly (butylene terephthalate) with core-shell nanoparticles containing UV-absorber

A type of core-shell polymer nanoparticles capable of UV-stabilizing and toughening, was synthesized via the two-step emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), in the presence of 2-hydroxy-4-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxyl-proroxy) benzophenone (BPMA) as UV-stabilizing agent. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that BPMA was successfully incorporated into the nanoparticles. The microstructures and microphases were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the results showed that the particles with an average diameter about 80 nm exhibited a core-shell structure and had a low glass transition temperature around −42 °C and a high glass transition temperature around 107 °C. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy analysis revealed that poly (BA-MMA-BPMA-GMA) nanoparticles maintained almost the same UV-absorbing ability as 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (UV-0). Moreover, poly (BA-MMA-BPMA-GMA) was well dispersed in the poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) matrix as studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties before and after UV-irradiation illustrated that both of the UV-stability and toughness of PBT were remarkably improved by the core-shell nanoparticles simultaneously. In addition, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) showed that PBT/poly (BA-MMA-BPMA-GMA) had better thermal stability than PBT/poly (BA-MMA-GMA)/UV-0 system and the UV-degradation degree of PBT was greatly retarded by poly (BA-MMA-BPMA-GMA).

Polymeric coatings based on acrylic resin latexes from miniemulsion polymerization using hydrocarbon resins as osmotic agents

ABSTRACTWaterborne acrylic resins with a solid content higher than 40 wt % were obtained by miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylic acid using a hydrocarbon coumarone–indene resin (HCR) as osmotic agent. HCR is a cheap polymer widely used for coatings and pressure‐sensitive adhesives. The resin leads to a higher hydrophobicity for the acrylic latex film and acts as osmotic agent in miniemulsion polymerization preventing Ostwald ripening, leading to latexes with particle sizes, size distributions, and stability comparable to those obtained using n‐hexadecane as osmotic agent. However, the monomer conversion and molecular weight were lower, indicating the occurrence of a chain‐transfer reaction. Atomic force microscopy analysis demonstrated that a smooth film surface with phase‐separated morphology was formed when using HCR. Faster film hardness development was achieved with HCR comparing with hexadecane. Compared with market standard in a paint formulation, a similar performance was achieved. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40569.

Poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(butyl acrylate) Block Copolymers Synthesized via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization

A new trithiocarbonate with carboxyl group was synthesized and used as chain transfer agent (CTA) in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA). A series of well-controlled PMMA-b-PBA diblock copolymers with different monomer compositions were prepared by RAFT polymerization in emulsion within several hours. The thermal properties of block copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Experimental results showed that the monomer compositions of block copolymers had important influence on their thermal properties. The morphologies of polymer particles with different monomer compositions obtained during polymerization were observed by TEM.

Preparation of highly concentrated carboxyl-containing butyl acrylate based polymer dispersions by emulsion polymerization

A study of the influence exerted by the structure of oxyethylated and sulfooxyethylated alkylphenols on the features of emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate with methacrylic acid showed that the use of mixtures of an ionic emulsifier with nonionic emulsifiers allows preparation of stable low-viscosity dispersions of butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers with no less than 65 wt % content of the main substance.

Modeling Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization of Butyl Acrylate

The kinetics of butyl acrylate (BA) atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) up to 2 000 bar has been modeled via PREDICI. A novel software package has been used in conjunction with PREDICI to perform automatic simulation and data processing within an extended range of polymerization conditions. The polymerization rate is enhanced with pressure, although to a weaker extent than in the ATRP of styrene and methyl methacrylate. Modeling suggests that intramolecular chain‐transfer in BA polymerization is significantly accelerated at high pressure.

Theoretical Study of Chain Transfer to Agent Kinetics in Butyl Acrylate Polymerization

Reactions of chain transfer to agent (CTA) are conventionally used to regulate the polymer molecular weight during radical polymerization processes, due to the interaction between CTAs and chain-end growing radicals. In acrylate polymerization, the presence of a relatively large amount of midchain radicals (MCRs) opens the way for alternative kinetic pathways involving CTAs, which can result in a modification of the overall kinetics as well as the final polymer properties. In this work, chain transfer reactions from butyl acrylate (BA) radicals of various size and nature to a set of selected CTAs are investigated using quantum chemistry. The different reactivity of chain-end and midchain radicals is emphasized, with particular focus on the kinetic effect of the radical chain length. Eventually, the mechanism of MCR patching and its relevance in decreasing the branching density are critically examined, with reference to the estimated kinetic parameters and experimental evidence about BA polymerization.

Novel polymer/hybrid coatings for concrete protection using poly methyl methacrylate (scrap) as seeded particles

This work exhibits the synthesis and characterization of novel polymer/hybrid coatings for concrete protection. The coatings have been prepared by polymerization of vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, or glycidyl methacrylate with hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate and toluidine as multiple shells in presence of poly methyl methacrylate (scrap) as seed particles and silica (natural sand) as inner core forming the corresponding C1, C2, and C3 coatings, respectively. The prepared polymer coatings have been characterized via Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscope, and SEM. The prepared coats have been tested on ready-made concrete slates. The polymer coatings have been applied with ease on dry concrete slates. Test results showed that the polymer coatings have good bonding strength with dry concrete surfaces ranging between 0.78 and 0.99 MPa. No failure was observed for more than 1 year with the coated concrete slates. The acid and base resistance as well as abrasion resistance of the coated concrete slates have been also evaluated and investigated. The performance of the prepared polymer coatings in 3% sulfuric acid and 20% sodium hydroxide solutions has proved the effectiveness of the prepared coatings in protecting the concrete slates.

Semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate in presence of AMPS

The emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was carried out by a semi-continuous process. AMPS was a reactive surfactant in the aqueous emulsion, due to its amphiphilic structure and the unsaturated double bonds. Potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as initiator. The following factors were mainly examined: quantity of AMPS, BA and KPS concentrations, which could significantly affect the particle size and its distribution, conversion, gel content, minimum film-forming temperature, etc. The particle size and its distribution were characterized by dynamic laser particle size analyzer, and morphology of the latex particles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize chemical structure of copolymers. The results indicated that AMPS was successfully reacted onto the resulted copolymer of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate. A hydrophilic sulfonic acid group in the molecular structure of AMPS tended to be distributed in particles surface after polymerization. As a result, an electrostatic repulsion between the particles was produced in order to maintain stability of the system. Thermogravimetric analysis curves suggested that as BA content increased, thermal stability of the polymer increased accordingly. The conversion-time plots with varying AMPS and initiator contents were obtained, which illustrated that the initiator concentration could greatly influence the polymerization rate and the final conversion. The TEM micrographs of the final emulsifier-free latex particles for P(VAc/BA/AMPS) system revealed small particle size in monodisperse polymer latex. The particles of the latex were measured as about 150 nm.

Emulsion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Butyl Acrylate Using Non-Ionic Polyurethane as Emulsifier

In this paper, non-ionic polyurethane surfactant which has real good surface activity and better emulsifying capability was totally substitute low molecular weight surfactant for preparing polyacrylate emulsion without any other stabilizer. Kinetics of polymerization was studied and the results showed polymerization with a high rate in initial period and nucleation period was is inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration. The morphology of particles was sphere with core-shell structure. Mechanical testing results shows latex film composed with PUS IGM2000 is better than the one with PUS IGM1000.

Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene and Butyl Acrylate Catalyzed by Iron Complexes

ABSTRACTReverse atom transfer radical copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate was successfully carried out in an emulsion system using ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O)/ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid as a catalytic system. The effects of surfactant types and initiators, the concentration of initiator, and the catalytic system were investigated, respectively. Emulsion was obtained at 80°C under the condition of [monomers]0/[initiator]0/[catalyst]0/[ligand]0= 200/1/4/2, monomers/water = 15:100 (w/w), and the emulsifier was 2 wt% versus water. Finally, copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography. Controlled copolymerization was confirmed by the linear correlations between molecular weights and monomer conversion, and the relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.5). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21364; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21364

Synthesis of Concentrated Polymer Brushes via Surface-Initiated Organotellurium-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization

An organotellurium chain transfer agent (CTA) bearing a triethoxysilyl group at one end and a 2-methyltellanyl-2-methylpropionate group at the other was prepared and immobilized on the surface of a silicon wafer and silica nanoparticle (SiP). Surface-initiated organotellurium-mediated living radical polymerization (SI-TERP) from the immobilized CTA in the presence of nonimmobilized (free) organotellurium CTA was examined. Concentrated polymer brushes (CPBs) having surface occupancies above 0.1 were prepared by polymerization of various monomers, including styrene, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, N-isopropyl acrylamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), and N-vinyl carbazole (NVC). All CPBs were formed in a controlled manner, with number-average molecular weights close to the theoretical values and low polydispersity indices (<1.41). Structurally well-controlled CPBs comprising unconjugated monomers, NVP and NVC, were prepared for the first time. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses of the CPBs revealed the highly stretched and anisotropic structure of the grafted polymer chain in a good solvent.

Continuous ARGET ATRP of Methyl Methacrylate and Butyl Acrylate in a Stirred Tank Reactor

Activator regenerated by electron transfer atom-transfer radical polymerization of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate was successfully adapted from a batch process to a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with 50 ppm copper. A series of batch polymerizations were first performed to identify a solvent mixture to enhance the polymerization rate, maintain chain livingness, and eliminate unsteady-state behavior caused by the precipitation of copper(II) complexes. The batch formulations were run in a CSTR with mean residence times of 60, 90, and 120 min, with steady-state behavior reached after four residence times. The apparent rate coefficient in the CSTR experiments was higher than that in batch polymerizations, likely because of a higher steady-state reducing agent concentration in the CSTR, which shifted the copper(I)/copper(II) ratio in favor of the activating species. Polymer chain extensions showed good living characteristics, demonstrating CSTRs as a viable platform for industrial-scale control...

Preparation and Properties of Fluorinated Acrylic Latex Modified with Rosin

The fluorinated acrylic latex modified by rosin was prepared successfully via semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and rosin in water phase initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS) and emulsified with the aid of mixed surfactants of SDBS and OP-10. The structure of the resultant latex is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum. The influences of the amount of rosin on the properties of the resultant latex and its film were investigated in detail. Results show that the conversion and gel percentage is decreased with an increase amount of rosin. However, the particle size and glass transition temperature are increased with the increase amount of rosin.

Synthesis of thermally stable high gloss water dispersible polyurethane/polyacrylate resins

Design and synthesis of some new thermally stable polyurethane/polyacrylate blend resins with high gloss and excellent chemical resistivity has been accomplished. Thus, polyurethane was synthesized from polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) using the conventional prepolymer method. The double bond functionality is introduced by blocking the prepolymer isocyanate groups with acrylamide so as to utilize acrylic acid as a chain extender to make the resin water dispersible. Polyacrylates are prepared by free radical (emulsion seed) polymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA), 2-ethylhexylacrylate (2EHA), butylacrylate (BA) and acrylic acid using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. The morphology of polyurethane and polyacrylate is investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and the thermal stability by TGA. The luster of resin is checked by novo gloss meter. Chemical resistivity of the resin films is determined by immersing the films in different solvents. The rationale of current work was to synthesize some high gloss blend resins from some commonly available monomers, having excellent properties suitable for commercial applications.

Emulsion Polymerization of Butyl Acrylate: Safe Optimization Using Topological Criteria

Fast and strongly exothermic emulsion polymerization processes are particularly difficult to optimize from both safety and productivity points of view because of the occurrence of a number of undesired side reactions (e.g., propagation of tertiary radicals, chain transfer to monomer, backbiting, termination by disproportionation, etc.) and the triggering of boiling phenomena with consequent stable foam formation under atmospheric pressure. Therefore, it would be useful to develop a suitable combined theoretical and experimental procedure able to detect both the optimum process dosing time and initial reactor temperature. In this work, it is discussed how an extended version of the topological criterion theory, originally developed for isoperibolic semibatch reactors, can be used to safely optimize an indirectly cooled isothermal semibatch reactor. Moreover, such a methodology is applied to a case study represented by the synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate) through the radical emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate.