Polymerization Of Acrylic Monomers Research Articles

Free radical formation in three-component photoinitiating systems

N,N′-diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide (Cy) with two different compounds acting as co-initiators were used in the three-component photoinitiating systems for free radical polymerization of acrylate monomer. The steady state and time-resolved techniques were used to study the fluorescence quenching by co-initiators, as well as laser flash photolysis to investigate an electron transfer process, that occurs in these photoinitiating system (PIS). To investigate the key factors involved with visible-light activated radical polymerizations involving three-component photoinitiators, we used thermodynamic feasibility and kinetic considerations to study photopolymerizations initiated with thiacarbocyanine dye as a photosensitizer. The Rehm–Weller equation was used to verify the thermodynamic feasibility for electron transfer reaction. Experiments show, that the main interaction between the dye and both co-initiators occurs through its excited singlet state. It was concluded, that the key kinetic factors for efficient visible-light activated initiation process are summarized in two ways: (1) to retard back electron transfer and recombination reaction steps and (2) to use a secondary reaction step to consuming dye-based radical and regenerating the original photosensitizer.Basing on the study, it is known that, there are two possible mechanisms of generation of free radicals, which can start polymerization involving photoreducible series mechanism and parallel series mechanism (photoreducible–photooxidizable series mechanism).

Preparation of a Cross-linkable Emulsion and its Effectiveness as the Binder Resin of Water-based Printing inks Curable at Ambient Temperature

The proposed resin system mainly comprises two components: a nano-sized emulsion and a crosslinking agent, adipic dihydrazide. The nano-emulsion was prepared through soapless emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers in the presence of a reactive amphiphillic block copolymer, which was synthesized through living polymerization of diacetone acrylamide and acrylic acid. The nano-emulsion was narrowly distributed in size and the average diameter is around 50 nm. The nano-emulsion was very stable even at 45 wt.%. DSC analysis showed that the polymer of the emulsion had a low glass transition temperature (Tg) (about 15 °C), but the emulsion still remained stable at a wide temperature range (4-50 °C) despite the addition of the cross-linker. Emulsion films were coated with the mixture of the nano-emulsion, the cross-linker and a small amount of leveling agent by spin-coating method, and this was followed by drying at ambient temperature. SEM analysis indicated that the border of particles had disappeared and a uniform film was obtained. Investigation on dissolution behaviors of the emulsion films showed that cross-linking reaction occurred with the evaporation of water. With the drying of the film at ambient temperature, a tough and transparent cross-linked film was prepared, which had good water/solvent resistance. This self-crosslinking resin system might be used as the binder resin for water-based printing inks which can be effectively cured at ambient temperature.

Preparation and characterization of polyacrylate/polymerized rosin composite emulsions by seeded semicontinuous emulsion polymerization

AbstractPolyacrylate/polymerized rosin composite emulsions were prepared by seeded semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of acrylate monomers in which polymerized rosin was dissolved. The effects of polymerized rosin content on the polymerization stability, monomer conversion, polymer structure, and adhesive properties were studied. Polyacrylate/polymerized rosin composites were characterized by gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogracvimetry (TG). The results showed that with an increase of polymerized rosin content from 0 to 6 wt %, gel fraction and sol molecular weight decreased obviously but monomer conversion was basically unchanged. In contrast, with a further increase of polymerized rosin content, the decreasing rates of gel fraction, and sol molecular weight were slowed down. Meanwhile, monomer conversion decreased remarkably. Moreover, interface failure changed into cohesive failure after the addition of polymerized rosin, and the peel adhesion and shear resistance of composite latex films declined with the increase of polymerized rosin content. Thermal analysis showed that polymerized rosin and polyacrylate were compatible and the composite latex films had good thermal stability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Influence of diisocyanate structure on the morphology and properties of waterborne polyurethane-acrylates

Polyurethane (PU)-acrylic hybrid composites were prepared by emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers in the presence of preformed PU chains containing polymerizable terminal vinyl groups. To study the effect of the nature of diisocyanate on the film's morphology and properties, composites were prepared from two different diisocyanates: tetramethylxylene diisocyanate and 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate. The samples were then characterized using size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and the gel fraction content and mechanical properties of the films were also determined. The hybrid composites were found to be cross-linked systems that underwent changes in their particle and film morphologies with increasing acrylic content. The FTIR results revealed a good interaction between the PU and acrylic moieties, and SAXS experiments showed that systems with up to a 50 wt% acrylic component were homogeneous. An attempt to incorporate a higher amount of acrylic component resulted in phase-separated materials. The composition at which phase separation was observed was found to be strongly dependent on the diisocyanate structure. Although the properties of hybrid samples with lower acrylic contents were dependent on the diisocyanate used, samples with higher acrylic contents behaved similarly to those of pure acrylic regardless of the diisocyanate used for preparation. The diisocyanate structure has an important role in the phase separation behavior of hybrid materials. SAXS curves for both PUs show the typical broad band at q=0.1 Å−1. Incorporation of the acrylic component reduced the intensity of this maximum. Hybrid based on H12MDI has a high degree of phase mixing for 50 wt% acrylic content but a separated phase at 70 wt% is observed. TMXDI-based hybrids that form homogeneous systems with higher acrylic content and phase separation are observed only at 90 wt%.

N ‐methylpicolinium esters as co‐initiators in dye photosensitiser systems for the polymerisation of acrylate monomers

The photoinitiation ability of several dyeing photoinitiating systems composed of positively charged N,N’-diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide and 3-ethyl-2-(p-N,N-dimethylaminostyryl)benzothiazolium iodide acting as light absorbers, n-butyltriphenylborate anion being the electron donor, and diphenylacetic acid (N-methylpyridinium)methyl ester cation acting as a ground state electron acceptor are compared. Both co-initiators in the polymerising formulations were present, either as tetrabutylammonium salt and diphenylacetic acid (N-methylpyridinium)methyl ester perchlorate, respectively, or as an ion pair. The best photoinitiating ability was observed when the borate anion and diphenylacetic acid (N-methylpyridinium)methyl ester cation formed an ion pair. Modification of the ability of the photoinitiating system was concerned with the possibility of elimination of a diffusion process. This was achieved by synthesis of a properly designed dye-possessing diphenylacetic acid (N-methylpyridinium)methyl ester group. This dye, after electron transfer, forms an N-methylpicolinium derivative radical that fragments, forming an (N-methylpyridinium)methyl radical, organic acid anion and reduced dye. Finally, from a combination of either an N-methylpicolinium derivative or alkyltriphenylborate salts with a suitable sensitiser or a properly designed dye and alkyltriphenylborate salt, two radicals can be generated per one absorbed photon, thus enhancing the overall efficiency of the polymerisation.

Water Fast of Inkjet Print by Using Acrylic /Nano-Silver Ink

A colour ink jet printing with improved water fastness property was produced by using of special component in the ink’s formulation. In this study, the water fastness of ink jet prints which used acrylic/nano-silver resin nano-composite ink instead of conventional resin in ink’s formulation was examined. The nano composite resin was prepared via miniemulsion polymerization of acrylate monomers in the presence of silver nanoparticles. The water fastness properties of the prints were assessed by using the ASTM /F2292-03 water fastness test. The results indicated that acrylic/nano-silver resin increased impermeability of the printed paper and provided the water insoluble printed image on the paper. Also by adding acrylic/nano-silver resin, the hue of printed image was darker than conventional resin.

Waterborne polyurethane/acrylate: Comparison of hybrid and blend systems

Polyurethane/acrylate hybrid composites in a broad range of composition (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 wt.% of acrylic content), were obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers (methyl methacrylate/ n-butyl acrylate/acrylic acid mixture) in the presence of preformed polyurethane chains with polymerizable terminal vinyl groups. Blends with the same acrylic content were also prepared by mixing polyurethane and acrylic dispersions. Samples were characterized by SEC, DLS, FTIR, UV, TEM, AFM, SAXS/WAXS and gel fraction content. Mechanical properties, Buccholz and pencil hardness, surface roughness and water contact angle of films were also determined. The effect of the acrylic content on morphology and film properties was also evaluated. Hybrids are crosslinked systems showing changes in the particle and film morphologies with increasing acrylic content. The properties of hybrid films show a non-linear behavior with the increase of the acrylic component, while physical blends exhibit a gradual behavior from PU to AC. FTIR results indicate better acrylic–polyurethane compatibility in hybrid systems than in physical blends. Hybrid composites with up to 70 wt.% of acrylic component are homogeneous by SAXS. On the other hand, AFM results show that blends are phase segregated systems at all composition levels.

Branching at High Frequency Pulsed Laser Polymerizations of Acrylate Monomers

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteBranching at High Frequency Pulsed Laser Polymerizations of Acrylate MonomersYuri Reyes†, Gurutze Arzamendi‡, José M. Asua†, and Jose R. Leiza*†View Author Information† Institute for Polymer Materials, POLYMAT, and Kimika Aplikatuko Departamentua, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain‡ Departamento de Química Aplicada, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Iruña-Pamplona, Spain*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Macromolecules 2011, 44, 9, 3674–3679Publication Date (Web):April 14, 2011Publication History Received19 February 2011Revised5 April 2011Published online14 April 2011Published inissue 10 May 2011https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200389hCopyright © 2011 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views369Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Kinetic parameters,Lasers,Monomers,Organic compounds,Polymerization Get e-Alerts

Route to co-acrylic modified alkyd resins via a controlled polymerization technique

Acrylic modified alkyds were achieved from sequential polymerization of acrylic monomers in the presence of alkyd macro-RAFT agents. Macro-RAFT agents were reached by end-capping a soya-based alkyd with a carboxy-functional trithiocarbonate. The resulting material was then utilized as the RAFT chain transfer agent to affix acrylic blocks onto the alkyd backbone. Butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate were the acrylic monomers used to achieve the acrylic blocks both individually and in combination. The resulting materials were characterized by various analytical techniques including size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Size exclusion chromatography confirms the controlled nature of this approach to acrylated-alkyds and corroborates the NMR spectra that distinctly show the presence of acrylic blocks. Side reactions with the pendant fatty acids and the formation of homopolyacrylate are also distinguished from the analytical results, however, they are suppressed. Pseudo-first-order kinetics behavior and conversion versus molecular weight plots show that the RAFT-mediated reaction afforded a more controlled free radical process for the synthesis of acrylated-alkyd materials. Use of the alkyd macro-RAFT agent provided a new path to acrylated-alkyds that affords a more controlled way to tailor specific material properties.

Phenyltrialkylborates as co-initiators with cyanine dyes in visible light polymerization of acrylates

Photoredox pairs consisting of selenocarbocyanine dye cations and phenyltrialkylborate anions were employed as the novel, effective visible-wavelength initiators of the radical polymerization of acrylic monomer. The influence of the sensitizers and electron donor structure on the photopolymerization kinetics of multiacrylate monomer was investigated by photo-DSC. It was found that the polymerization rate and the final conversion degree were dependent on both dye and borate structure. The kinetic studies of the free radical polymerization revealed an increase in the polymerization rate with a decrease of the borate oxidation potentials which was additionally reflected by the linear relationship between the Hammett constant and rate of polymerization. The efficiency of these initiators was discussed on the basis of the free energy change for electron transfer from an excited cyanine dye cation to a borate anion. The Δ G el values were estimated for photoredox pairs containing a series of phenyltrialkylborate anions and one selenocarbocyanine dye cation. The relationship between the rate of polymerization and the free energy of activation for electron transfer reaction gives the dependence predicted by the classical theory of electron transfer. The photoreduction of cyanine phenyltrialkylborate complex was studied using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The dye triplet was found to be quenched by the electron donors via an electron transfer process. Rate constants ( k q ) for the quenching of the excited states were high and approached diffusion-controlled limits and were found to depend on the borate structure.

Ultraviolet photopolymerization induced by a triazine derivative

Abstract2‐(3,4‐Methdioxyphenyl)‐4,6‐bis(trichloromethyl)‐ 1,3,5‐triazine (MBTTR) was used as a photoinitiator for the polymerization of acrylate monomer. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the photochemical behavior during the photophysical process. The photopolymerization kinetics were monitored by real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The polymerization rates of the acrylates were significantly higher than those of the methacrylates. When MBTTR induced the polymerization of trimethylolpropane triacrylate, there was an optimum polymerization rate and the final conversion was obtained at 0.1 wt % MBTTR. MBTTR was an inefficient photoinitiator for ethyl vinyl. The final conversions of tripropylene glycol diacrylate induced by MBTTR and triazine/1,3‐benzodioxole were similar. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Synthesis of latex based antibacterial acrylate polymer/nanosilver via in situ miniemulsion polymerization

Silver nanoparticles were incorporated into poly-{methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid} using two different approaches. The first approach was based on dispersing the nanosilver particles in acrylic latex (previously synthesized by the emulsion polymerization) and the second is the in situ polymerization of acrylate monomers in the presence of silver nanoparticles by miniemulsion polymerization. Miniemulsion polymerization can yield a better dispersion of nanosilver in the polymeric particles because organic particles can be dispersed directly in the monomer droplets becoming encapsulated upon polymerization. Morphological investigations were performed using SEM and TEM. FTIR and thermal analyses revealed the silver nanoparticles to be located in the polymeric structure of latex. The nanocomposite latex was compared with the neat latex of the same monomer structure. A comparison of these results showed an increase in the degradation temperature and glass transition temperature (Tg) compared to the blank latex. The antibacterial properties were determined using the disc diffusion method against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli). The nanocomposite synthesized via in situ miniemulsion polymerization showed highly potent antibacterial activity toward both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria comparing the neat latex and the blended nanocomposite, which makes it useful for a wide range of biomedical and general applications. Open image in new window

Ordered Mesoporous Polymer−Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles as Vehicles for the Intracellular Controlled Release of Macromolecules

A two-dimensional hexagonal ordered mesoporous polymer-silica hybrid nanoparticle (PSN) material was synthesized by polymerization of acrylate monomers on the surface of SBA-15 mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The structure of the PSN material was analyzed using a series of different techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and N(2) sorption analysis. These structurally ordered mesoporous polymer-silica hybrid nanoparticles were used for the controlled release of membrane-impermeable macromolecules inside eukaryotic cells. The cellular uptake efficiency and biocompatibility of PSN with human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were investigated. Our results show that the inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of PSN is very high (>100 μg/mL per million cells), while the median effective concentration for the uptake (EC(50)) of PSN is low (EC(50) = 4.4 μg/mL), indicating that PSNs are fairly biocompatible and easily up-taken in vitro. A membrane-impermeable macromolecule, 40 kDa FITC-Dextran, was loaded into the mesopores of PSNs at low pH. We demonstrated that the PSN material could indeed serve as a transmembrane carrier for the controlled release of FITC-Dextran at the pH level inside live HeLa cells. We believe that further developments of this PSN material will lead to a new generation of nanodevices for intracellular controlled delivery applications.

Synthesis and characterization of poly(methylmethacrylate)/silica nanocomposites: Study of the interphase by solid‐state NMR and structure/properties relationships

AbstractOrganic/inorganic nanocomposites were synthesized from poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and properly modified silica nanoparticles by in situ polymerization. Methacryloylpropyltrimethoxysilane was selected as nanoparticle surface modifier because it is characterized by unsaturated end groups available to radical reactions, making possible to suppose their participation in the acrylic monomer polymerization. As a result of the above hypothesized reactions, a phase constituted by polyacrylic chains grafted onto modified silica surface was isolated. 29Si and 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments permitted to analyze this phase in terms of composition and chain mobility as well as to highlight interaction mechanisms occurring between growing PMMA oligoradicals and functional groups onto silica surface. It was demonstrated that this PMMA grafted onto silica surface acts as an effective coupling agent and assures a good dispersion of nanoparticles as well as a strong nanoparticle/matrix interfacial adhesion. As a result of strong interactions occurring between phases, a significant increase of the glass transition temperature was recorded. Finally, the abrasion resistance of PMMA in the hybrids was significantly improved as a result of a different abrasion propagation mechanism induced by silica particles thus overcoming one of the most serious PMMA drawback. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010

Homopolymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate using bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II)/ methylaluminoxane catalysts

AbstractPolymerization catalysts based on copper precursors appear particularly interesting due to the low metal cost, limited toxicity and modest sensitivity to deactivation by polar species. To date, α‐olefin and polar monomer coordination polymerization catalysed using copper catalysts has been scarcely investigated, and a good part of the literature is represented by patents. Here this research has been expanded to the study of the performances of bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II)/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalysts in the polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate. The study of the catalytic activity of bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II)/MAO systems in n‐butyl methacrylate polymerization was focused on the relationship between the catalytic behaviour and the main reaction conditions and ligand structures. The electronic and steric characteristics of the chelate ligands play an important role in the catalytic performances. The presence of electron‐withdrawing nitro groups on the chelate ligands increased the catalytic activity which reached 36 kgpolymer mol−1 h−1, the highest value up to now reported for copper systems in methacrylic or acrylic monomer polymerization. These performances were ascribed to copper catalysts activated by MAO: without copper precursor, working in the presence of MAO and free salicylaldimine ligand, complete inactivity was ascertained. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Multicationic monomethine dyes as sensitizers in two- and three-component photoinitiating systems for multiacrylate monomers

This paper is focused on the description of the synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, and the free radical photoinitiation abilities of new multi-cationic monomethine dyes. The new monomethine dyes were employed both as the visible light photoinitiators of acrylate monomer polymerization and as fluorescence probes for monitoring the progress of polymerization. A degree of polymer cure from the measurement of the changes in the probe emission intensity and position shift during the thermally initiated polymerization of monoacrylate was obtained. A distinct increase in the intensity of the dyes fluorescence was observed during polymerization when the degree of monomer conversion was gradually increasing. The second part of this work is the possibility of an application of the dyes synthesized in combination with borate anions, as photoinitiating systems. Novel multi-cationic monomethine dyes paired with n-butyltriphenylborate anions are very efficient visible light photoinitiators of free radical polymerization of acrylate monomers. Their photoinitiating abilities were compared with the photoinitiation ability of Rose Bengal derivative, e.g. typical triplet state photoinitiator. The addition of a second co-initiator to the two-component photoinitiating system (monomethine borate salts) enhances their photoinitiating abilities.

Mechanical reinforcement of cotton fabrics by grafting polymerization of acrylics

Grafting polymerization of acrylic monomers onto cellulose chains possesses a great potential for tailoring the properties of cellulose-based materials. In this article, some results concerning the grafting polymerization of ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate (EA/MMA) 75/25 wt % on cotton fabrics are reported. The effectiveness of the grafting process as a method for the mechanical reinforcement of cotton without any modification of its handle is discussed. In addition, SEM observations were carried out to check the morphological modification occurring on cotton after the grafting reaction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Organic/Organic Core-shell 아크릴 접착바인더의 플라즈마 처리영향 (2)

Adhesive binders with core-shell structure of organic/organic pair were prepared by emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers, such as methyl methacrylate(MMA), ethyl acrylate(EA), n-butyl acrylate(BA), and styrene(St). Ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as an water soluble initiator in the presence of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). Non-woven fabric and leather were impregnated with the adhesive binder. The surface of the impregnated fabric and leather were treated with plasma technique and then kinetics analysis and mechanical properties were measured. The conversions of the polymerization of core-shell binder (MMA/EA, MMA/BA) were greater than 90%. When the core-shell binder was prepared at equimolar conditions, the increasing effect of the core-shell binder on the state peel strength of the impregnated and plasma-treated non-woven/non-woven fabric has the order of MMA/St, EA/BA, BA/MMA, EA/St, and EA/MMA. When the core-shell binder was prepared at non-equimolar conditions, the increasing effect of the core-shell binder on the state peel strength of the non-woven fabric/leather has the order of MMA/BA, BA/EA, MMA/EA, St/MMA, and EA/St.

Synthesis of polymerization film formation materials by method of emulsion or direct radical polymerization of acrylic monomer

Production methods and the properties of polymerization film formation materials are described. One of these methods is emulsion (latex) polymerization that takes place at a high rate at a rather low temperature. A second method is new and involves the production of polymer coatings by the immediate polymerization of monomers on the substrate without organic solvents, which simplifies the process and significantly extends the possibilities of its application for the modification of surface properties of products made from polymer materials.

Polyurethane/acrylate hybrids: Effects of the acrylic content and thermal treatment on the polymer properties

AbstractPolyurethane (PU)/acrylate hybrids with different acrylic contents (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 wt %) were prepared by the polymerization of acrylic monomers in the presence of preformed PU chains with polymerizable terminal vinyl groups. Films obtained by the casting of polymer dispersions before and after thermal annealing were characterized by dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TEM electron energy‐loss spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel fraction determination. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, mechanical properties testing, atomic force microscopy, water contact angle testing, Buchholz hardness testing, and roughness testing of the films were also performed. The effects of the acrylic content and thermal treatment on the structure and properties were determined. TEM showed that a core–shell morphology was formed during polymerization. When the acrylic content increased, smaller particles without core–shell morphologies were observed. TEM energy‐loss spectroscopy studies confirmed this observation. Systems with up to 50 wt % acrylic component were homogeneous, as determined by SAXS, before and after thermal annealing. An attempt to incorporate a higher amount of acrylic component led to phase‐separated materials with a different morphology and, therefore, different properties. The relationship between the acrylic content and properties did not follow linear behavior. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010