Polymer Capsules Research Articles

Adsorption of Fragrance Capsules onto Cellulose Nano- and Micro-Cellulose Fibers in Presence of Guar Biopolymers

Fabric softeners are formulated to enhance textile softness and impart a pleasant scent. One of the most efficient technologies for controlled fragrance delivery onto fabrics involves encapsulating scent molecules in polymer capsules. Here, we investigate the adsorption of anionic fragrance capsules on cotton fabrics with the goal of reducing the reliance on palm-oil-derived surfactants. First, we employ 200 nm cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reliable model for cotton fibers. CNC enables us to explore interactions among various softener components, including surfactants, guar biopolymers, and fragrances, using physical chemistry techniques applied to bulk dispersions. The primary objective is to elucidate the role of surfactant vesicles, the primary ingredient in textile conditioners, in the association between fragrance capsules and cotton. Secondly, we examine the influence of biopolymers present in a newly developed environmentally friendly softener on this association. Our findings demonstrate that anionic fragrance capsules are deposited onto cotton microfibers in the presence of either cationic surfactants or guar biopolymers, driven by electrostatic interactions. Scanning electron microscopy confirms capsule adsorption on textile fibers when these cationic ingredients are present. Understanding the interaction mechanisms between fragrance capsules and cotton fabrics, as well as the roles played by other softener components, can facilitate the design of more efficient and sustainable formulations.

Microencapsulation of moringa oil in bio-polymer by simple solvent evaporation technique

Moringa oil (MO) contains various bioactive components and pharmacology. It is attractive to use as a raw ingredient in various products. However, there are limitations on its direct utilization, especially MO's instability and hastening the active ingredient's degradation from external environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, oxidation, light, and heat. To solve these problems, in this work, microencapsulation of MO using different biopolymers as cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), ethyl cellulose (EC), and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were carried out by a simple solvent evaporation technique. The prepared polymer microcapsule suspensions were highly colloidal stable for all types of biopolymers and ratios. The spherical biopolymer capsules were formed to a micrometer size after solvent evaporation under all conditions. However, when the microcapsules were dried, aggregation was found with the polymer microcapsules at a ratio of PLLA to MO of 50:50 for all three types of polymers, possibly due to the low amount of polymer to completely encapsulate all of MO. When polymer contents increased to 70%, the dried spherical polymer microcapsules were smoothly produced. Using 70% polymers, the PLLA microcapsule surface was smoother than the polymer microcapsules prepared by CAB and EC which exhibited the dent or hole on the outer surface. Micrometer size, spherical polymer capsules with a core-shell morphology were fabricated. Due to the higher hydrophilicity of the polymer than the MO, the polymer moves outward, forming a strong shell around the MO. Then, all three biopolymers can be used for the microencapsulation of MO at a suitable polymer to MO ratio. However, using PLLA at a ratio of PLLA to MO of 70:30 presented the highest encapsulation efficiency (74.08%), which may be due to its high molecular weight. Because of the non-toxicity and biodegradability of biopolymers, the fabricated microcapsules would be well applied in cosmetic products.

Modification of duel functioning PDA-PAADA capsules on interface and resin towards CFRPs with high strength and toughness

The interfacial bonding performance of the optimized CF/epoxy composites exhibits a high bonding strength which is comparable to the epoxy matrix. Considering the development of the CFRPs, how to break the limitation of the improvement of fiber/matrix adhesion by the matrix strength is a new meaningful focus for interfacial modification in the future. This paper takes a novel approach to break this established constraint by applying polydopamine and dopamine-modified poly (acrylic acid) (PDA-PAADA) capsules on CFs to produce variable behaviors. This is inspired by the polymeric capsules that possess the designability, controlled load-release, and deformability properties. Such PDA-PAADA capsules could serve as an effective strengthening component for the matrix in CFRP while optimizing fiber/matrix adhesion. Compared with existing interface modification methods of CF/epoxy composites, the realization of capsule inter-phase with variable behavior results in a breakthrough improvement in the interfacial strength. The ILSS of the prepared CFRP is up to 117 MPa, much higher than the matrix strength by 25.76%. Meanwhile, the CFRPs also acquire excellent impact toughness (110 kJ/m2). This brings a new vision to interface modification technology for CFRPs.

Poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline)/tannic acid nanocapsules with in-situ synthesized gold nanorods for cancer theranostics

The concept of hollow polymeric capsules fabricated with thermoresponsive polymers has revealed immense possibilities in the field of nanomedicine due to their tunable temperature and pH responsiveness caused by lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. Herein, we report a new methodology to in-situ synthesize gold nanorods (AuNRs) within the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NPs) by trapping gold seed crystals and growing them into NRs in the presence of a weak reducing agent. The mesoporous silica NPs with incorporated NRs, i.e., modified silica NPs (SiO2-NRs) were used as sacrificial template for the fabrication of hollow polymeric multilayer capsules via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly using poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PnPrOx) and tannic acid (TA) as layer components. The NRs of 25 ± 5 nm in size were uniformly distributed in the interior structure of PnPrOx/TA nanocapsules. The photo-thermal conversion efficiency of the PnPrOx/TA nanocapsules was found to be 47.5%. The release of encapsulated doxorubicin was found to be 55%, which increased to 68% when the incubation time was increased from 1 to 2 h. An on-demand burst release of 56% of the drug occurred within 2 min of NIR light exposure, and it reached 72% within 30 min, which inflicted major damage to cancer cells. Notably, the capsule suspension temperature increase from room temperature to 47 °C under laser light exposure, which is not only playing a key role in rupturing the capsules to enhance the drug release but also induces a hyperthermia effect in the tumor environment. Further, the in-vitro cytotoxicity experiments with human epithelial HEp-2 cells and fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells revealed an enhanced anti-cancer activity due to a synergistic chemo-photothermal effect. Hence, the proposed nanocapsule system can provide a unique, cheap, and efficient way of fabricating cancer theranostics for in-vivo applications.

Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Delivery of Remdesivir

Stable multicomponent capsules for the delivery of remdesivir (Veklury®) are produced through subsequent electrostatic adsorption of oppositely charged components on oil emulsion droplets. For the first time, the encapsulation and release of the medicine Veklury® from polymer capsules was reported. In this study, the effect of the physicochemical properties of chitosan on the size and stability of the produced structures is investigated, on the loaded amount of drug and on the kinetics of drug release in conditions close to the physiological ones. Microbiological studies of the capsules and their constituents were performed via in vitro assays against HCT-8 cell lines and human coronavirus HCoV-OC43. A detailed analysis was performed on the influence of the properties of produced capsules on cytotoxicity against the chosen cell line, as well as their effect on the replication cycle of the virus, the virucidal activity of the samples against the viability of the extracellular virions, and their effect on viral adsorption on the cell membrane.

Mezankimal Kök Hücre Enkapsülasyonu için 3B Baskı ile Makro Kapsül Üretimi

Purpose: Cell transplantation is a widely used method to induce cell-mediated immune reactions inside the body. However, possible immune responses to the transplanted cells decrease the efficiency of applied cell therapy. This issue can be addressed by the transplantation of cells via 3D-printed polymeric capsules which encapsulate cells and protect them from immune system attacks. Cell-loaded capsules (macro or micro) have emerged as potential carriers for more efficacious cellular therapies. In this study, 3D-printed porous capsules were prepared from biodegradable and biocompatible polyester “polycaprolactone (PCL)” and this macro-capsule was evaluated as a carrier for its cell encapsulation effectiveness.
 
 Method: The macro-capsule was designed to have dimensions of 2x5x10 mm and drawn in Autodesk Fusion 360 program. PCL was utilized for its 3D bio-printing via Axolotl Bioprinter Dual Print Head System. Leakage on the closed form of the macro-capsule was visually controlled by surface electron microscopy (SEM). Permeability of the macro-capsule was tested with trypan blue dye and human serum albumin (HSA) protein. Sterilization of the obtained macro-capsule was achieved via UV light and the cytotoxicity of the polycaprolactone capsule was tested for 24 and 72 hour incubation time periods.
 
 Results: The semi-permeable macro-capsule was successfully obtained as closed and hollow form. Its porous structure was demonstrated using trypan blue dye. To evaluate the porosity of the macrocapsule, human serum albumin (HSA) protein release was performed from the macrocapsule. It has been shown that 98% of HSA was released from the macrocapsule within 24 hours. The polycaprolactone (PCL) macrocapsule was sterilized using UV light and was reported to show no in vitro cytotoxicity. In addition, it was shown that the cells in the macro-capsule consumed at least 10% glucose from the outside medium during 12 days of incubation, compared to 2D cell culture conditions, and were able to release at least 8% of the lactic acid molecules outside.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, reproducible fabrication of polymer macro-capsule, high viability of encapsulated cells inside, and their metabolic assessment results have obviously indicated the potential of these capsules as effective carriers for living cells with transplantation-dependent cellular therapies.

Rapid Induction of Protective Immunity against Pneumonic Plague by Yersinia pestis Polymeric F1 and LcrV Antigens

In a recent study, we demonstrated that vaccination with the polymeric F1 capsule antigen of the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis led to the rapid induction of a protective humoral immune response via the pivotal activation of innate-like B1b cells. Conversely, the monomeric version of F1 failed to promptly protect vaccinated animals in this model of the bubonic plague. In this study, we examined the ability of F1 to confer the rapid onset of protective immunity in the more challenging mouse model of the pneumonic plague. Vaccination with one dose of F1 adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide elicited effective protection against subsequent lethal intranasal exposure to a fully virulent Y. pestis strain within a week. Interestingly, the addition of the LcrV antigen shortened the time required for achieving such rapid protective immunity to 4-5 days after vaccination. As found previously, the polymeric structure of F1 was essential in affording the accelerated protective response observed by covaccination with LcrV. Finally, in a longevity study, a single vaccination with polymeric F1 induced a higher and more uniform humoral response than a similar vaccination with monomeric F1. However, in this setting, the dominant contribution of LcrV to long-lasting immunity against a lethal pulmonary challenge was reiterated.

Encapsulation of Diiodo‐BODIPY in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Stabilized Cellulose Acetate Capsules for Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Production in Aqueous Solution

AbstractAs drug delivery vehicles, polymeric capsules have become highly versatile structures to protect the active substrate from degradation, improve biocompatibility, and provide controlled release. In particular, encapsulation could become an efficient technique to implement these materials in physiological media if the active substrate is an insoluble compound in an aqueous solution. Herein, an iodinated BODIPY derivative as a photosensitizer (PS) was encapsulated in a cellulose acetate (CA) polymer via a precipitation method with 50.8–71.8 % of encapsulation efficiency to enable the singlet oxygen production (1O2) in aqueous media. The prepared PS/CA capsules were stable for 10 days in PBS buffer with PdI values between 0.264–0.698 and produced 1O2 under 532 nm LED light efficiently. This work discusses the size effects of PS‐loaded CA capsules on stability in solution, photophysical property, encapsulation efficiency, thermal stability, leakage behavior, and PDT activity. Additionally, under different UV light doses, the 1O2 generation of the PS/CA capsules were studied systematically.

Self-healing in cementitious system using interface enhanced capsules prepared at room temperature

Encapsulation has been extensively applied in the self-healing of cementitious materials due to the diversity of encapsulating materials. Nonetheless, the weak interfacial bonding of polymer capsules and cementitious materials commonly reduces the healing efficiency, the preparation of which is complicated and not environmentally friendly. In this paper, a nano-silica reinforced calcium alginate/epoxy resin capsule (S1) was prepared using a simple and green chelating method at room temperature. The strong bonding of the shell containing nano-silica with cementitious materials makes it easier for capsules to be triggered to achieve higher self-healing efficiency. Their effects on cementitious materials were measured to determine the reinforcing mechanisms, microstructure and mechanical properties of capsules. The experimental results demonstrated that S1 possessed higher thermal stability (310.0 °C), higher mechanical strength and lower water absorption (46.95% in cement filtrate) than samples without nano-silica (S0). The compressive strength of S1 cementitious material increased by 18.9% compared with S0 cementitious material because of the decrease in porosity and the increased mechanical properties of the S1 capsule. Moreover, the self-healing efficiency of S1 cementitious material improved greatly by 112.7%, which was related to the more efficient rupture of S1. The nano-silica in the capsule increased the surface roughness of S1 and reacted with cement matrix via a pozzolanic reaction, thereby achieving efficient self-healing of cementitious system through a stronger interface.

Fluorescent polymer markers photoconvertible with a 532 nm laser for individual cell labeling.

Fluorescent photoconvertible materials and molecules have been successfully exploited as bioimaging markers and cell trackers. Recently, the novel fluorescent photoconvertible polymer markers have been developed that allow the long-term tracking of individual labeled cells. However, it is still necessary to study the functionality of this type of fluorescent labels for various operating conditions, in particular for commonly used discrete wavelength lasers. In this article, the photoconversion of fluorescent polymer labels with both pulsed and continuous-wave lasers with 532 nm-irradiation wavelength, and under different laser power densities were studied. The photoconversion process was described and its possible mechanism was proposed. The peculiarities of fluorescent polymer capsules performance as an aqueous suspension and as a single capsule were described. We performed the successful nondestructivity marker photoconversion inside RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophage cells under continuous-wave laser with 532 nm-irradiation wavelength, showing prospects of these fluorescent markers for long-term live cell labeling.

Design and assembly of biodegradable capsules based on alginate hydrogel composite for the encapsulation of blue dye

The encapsulation of bluing agents in biodegradable polymeric capsules is an emerging option in laundry detergents sector to substitute formaldehyde-based polymers, because they are non-biodegradable, carcinogenic and toxic. In this work, we present for the first time the successful encapsulation of a blue dye in biodegradable capsules which shell was formed by an alginate hydrogel and a polyethylene glycol network. Different types of capsules were synthesized (addition or not of the diacrylate monomer) and irradiation of the crosslinking solution at different times. Furthermore, a deep characterization of each type of capsules was performed (chemical and morphological characterization, assessment of their mechanical and thermal properties, evaluation of their biodegradability), noting that the incorporation of the diacrylate monomer (PEGDMA) and the two different irradiation times selected substantially affected the final properties of the capsules. The obtained results will serve to comprehend how the dye can be released from the capsules.

Capsules with responsive polymeric shells for applications beyond drug delivery

This minireview addresses responsive polymer capsules and their applications beyond drug delivery, focusing on structure–property relationships.

Performance of Plant-Produced Asphalt Containing Cellular Capsules.

This paper aims to assess the influence of encapsulated rejuvenators on plant-produced asphalt's performance. The polymeric capsules are evaluated as cellular materials that deform and absorb energy while they experience a progressive collapse of their porous structure, rather than a simply means to release the rejuvenator. Additionally, variables during asphalt manufacturing that may affect their plastic deformation under loading are assessed too. Firstly, plant-produced asphalt's mechanical and morphological properties were evaluated, including the capsules' distribution and integrity after mixing. Then, results were contrasted with lab-produced asphalt under controlled conditions. Lastly, the capsules' deformation was qualitatively evaluated using a FE model to verify findings from the testing campaign. It was concluded that (i) cellular capsules can resist mixing at an asphalt plant without compromising their performance; (ii) the deformation of the capsules affected asphalt's stability by up to 13%, reduced the particle loss by up to 25% and increased asphalt's macrotexture by 10%; (iii) to maximize their energy absorption, the cellular capsules must be part of the aggregate skeleton.

Применение микрогибридных гетерогенных конденсированных систем для повышения энергетики ракетных двигателей

The paper considers heterogeneous condensed systems which potentially make it possible to use highly efficient oxidizers in their composition, including those liquid. The existing technologies are unable to include them in composition of the solid rocket propellants. Placing oxidizers such as nitrogen dioxide and tetranitromethane in hermetically sealed combustible polymer capsules connected by physical or chemical means allows creating a microhybrid rocket engine. Studies based on analyzing characteristics of similar systems and thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that such systems are potentially able to ensure mechanical strength required for the rocket engine functioning, sufficient speed, combustion static stability and chemical compatibility of components, as well as power at the level of liquid high-boiling fuel vapors, while maintaining advantages of the solid fuel engines. Considering their initial higher safety in production and operation, as well as the ability to be produced by modern technologies, microhybrid rocket engines appear to be promising area of further research.

Responsive microgels-based colloidosomes constructed from all-aqueous pH-switchable coacervate droplets

HypothesisColloidosomes made of stimuli-responsive microgels offer the opportunity to design polymeric capsules with a hierarchical and tunable pore distribution. Coacervates stabilized by a microgel monolayer represent a unique strategy to build colloidosomes from all-aqueous emulsion drops, while exploiting the sequestration and dissolution properties of the coacervates. ExperimentsMethacrylated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgels are used to stabilize coacervates made of an ampholyte polymer at a pH close to its isoelectric point. They are further cross-linked under UV-irradiation. The resulting assemblies are studied by means of confocal microscopy. Their permeability towards dextrans and nanoparticles is studied before and after dissolution of the coacervate. FindingsPNIPAM microgels are found to stabilize the coacervates by adsorbing at their surface. Inter cross-linking the microgels results in the formation of an elastic colloidosome that persists after the coacervate dissolution and withstands surface deformations up to about 200%. The coacervate is exploited as a sequestrating core to entrap a water-soluble payload, which can be further released upon coacervate dissolution, while the membrane exhibits a size-selecting permeability. The membrane properties can also be switched by the volume phase transition of the microgels. Coacervate-embedded colloidosomes open new perspectives in the area of encapsulation/extraction and controlled transport of water-soluble/dispersed species.

Additive manufacturing of magnetocaloric (La,Ce)(Fe,Mn,Si)13–H particles via polymer-based composite filaments

Additive manufacturing could be an excellent way of shaping magnetocaloric heat exchangers in magnetic refrigerators. However, the metal additive manufacturing techniques present the serious limitation that the melting of a magnetocaloric material can cause its transformation and the loss of functionality. Fused deposition modeling using polymer-based composite filaments is presented as a promising alternative as temperatures are low enough to preserve the magnetocaloric material. To prove this claim, a polymer-based composite filament containing 55 wt% of (La,Ce)(Fe,Mn,Si)13–H magnetocaloric fillers has been manufactured using custom-made polymer capsules as the feedstock for the extrusion. Both adiabatic temperature change and isothermal entropy change have been characterized for the fillers, as-prepared filaments and as-printed parts, indicating that the magnetocaloric material functionality is not altered along the whole process. Printing resolution is comparable to the raw PLA filament.

Modified chitosan nanogel-polymersomes for oral co-delivery of oxaliplatin and rapamycin for synergistic chemotherapy

Oxaliplatin (OXA) and rapamycin (RAPA) combination therapy have shown the advantages of synergistically inhibiting the growth of cancer cells by enhancing apoptosis in cancerous cell lines. However, drug resistance and the lack of an orally administered formulation which exhibited the best clinical dosing compliance limited the clinical application of this regimen. Here, we report a nanogel-polymersomes drug delivery system (i.e.TMOR-CDAN) based on modified chitosan, chitosan diacetate (CDA), methoxy-poly-(ethylene glycol)-b-poly (lactide) (MPP), and D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) with permeation-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition capability for enhancing the oral chemotherapy efficacy of erroneously soluble RAPA and its synergistic chemotherapy with OXA. Hydrophilic OXA and hydrophobic RAPA were co-loaded using MPP and TPGS-based polymer capsules (i.e. TMOR), which were further coated by chitosan-modified gel to form TMOR-CDAN. The TMOR-CDAN displayed higher stability in both acidic and basic pH than free OXA and RAPA and could withstand the harsh gastric environmental conditions, preventing the burst drugs release while releasing the co-loaded drugs in a sustained and controlled manner. The dual-drug-loaded TMOR-CDAN provides a bifunctional platform for synergistic tumor therapy. Compared with the single drug OXA, RAPA, or the OXA and RAPA mixtures (OR), the TMOR-CDAN showed more outstanding in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor chemotherapeutic efficacy, endowing the TMOR-CDAN with a prodigious potential for futuristic cancer chemotherapy.

Ethylene glycol based polyurethane shell microcapsules for textile applications releasing medicinal lavender and responding to mechanical stimuli

Interfacial polymerization has been used to encapsulate essential oils (EOs). Nevertheless, interfacial polymerization to form polymeric interface of EOs with the environment has been poorly studied. The objective of this study was to develop a kind of polyurethane (PU) based shell microencapsulated EOs to induce controlled delivery. In this study, ethylene glycol based PU microcapsules were prepared to release medicinal lavender oil from some textiles with controlled delivery mechanism and mechanical stimuli. Various diisocyanates and ethylene glycol (EG) are used to synthesize the PU based shell microcapsules for optimization and reveal structure property relationship of shell structure in controlled release issue. The sensing mechanical stimuli of the polymer capsules is achieved by using a short molecule, EG. The original lavender fragrance was encapsulated in PU shells by the interfacial interaction of toluene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, or methylene bisphenol diisocyanate with EG at the interface of oil and water phases. The fragrance capsules were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, particle size distribution (PSD) analysis, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations. The release behavior of the fragrance capsules was determined by periodic weight checks over 30 days. According to the release analysis, the efficient EOs encapsulation ratio of the particles were 34.90%, 39.84% and 48.70% for particles produced using toluene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and methylene bisphenol diisocyanate respectively. The average particle size was determined in a range of 10–30 µm for the particles produced used any diisocyanate, which meant they were at commonly used sizes for textile applications. The -NH, -CO, -C-O-C, and -C-N peaks in the structure of the PU were determined by FT-IR to demonstrate successful synthesis. SEM images revealed that microparticles with medicinal lavender oil were fragile to increase the release rate when needed.

Highly Emitting Perovskite Nanocrystals with 2-Year Stability in Water through an Automated Polymer Encapsulation for Bioimaging.

Lead-based halide perovskite nanocrystals are highly luminescent materials, but their sensitivity to humid environments and their biotoxicity are still important challenges to solve. Here, we develop a stepwise approach to encapsulate representative CsPbBr3 nanocrystals into water-soluble polymer capsules. We show that our protocol can be extended to nanocrystals coated with different ligands, enabling an outstanding high photoluminescence quantum yield of ∼60% that is preserved over two years in capsules dispersed in water. We demonstrate that this on-bench strategy can be implemented on an automated platform with slight modifications, granting access to a faster and more reproducible fabrication process. Also, we reveal that the capsules can be exploited as photoluminescent probes for cell imaging at a dose as low as 0.3 μgPb/mL that is well below the toxicity threshold for Pb and Cs ions. Our approach contributes to expanding significantly the fields of applications of these luminescent materials including biology and biomedicine.

Deltamethrin and Its Nanoformulations Induce Behavioral Alteration and Toxicity in Rat Brain through Oxidative Stress and JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway.

Deltamethrin (DM) is the most powerful synthetic pyrethroid that has toxicity to the central nervous system and results in behavioral changes in both animals and humans. This effect is mediated by inducing alterations in the action of neurotransmitters and brain pathological changes. Nanocarrier encapsulated pesticides may decrease the toxicity of pesticides. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of an inorganic metal carrier (silica Nps) and polymeric capsule (chitosan Nps) of deltamethrin nano-formulations on antioxidant levels and oxidative stress in the brain and on behavior of the male albino rat. Sixty male albino rats were equally divided into four groups. Group I: control group; group II given DM liquefied in corn oil at 3.855 mg/kg BW; group III receiving silica-loaded deltamethrin (S/DM Nps) at 8.795 mg/kg BW; and group IV: given chitosan encapsulated deltamethrin (CS/DM Nps) at 30.44 mg/kg BW. All treatments were given orally for four weeks. Following this, behavioral tests were conducted to record locomotor activity, anxiety like behaviors, exploration, and the short memory of rats. In addition, brain antioxidant/oxidant, serum neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), JAK2 and STAT3 gene and proteins expression were measured. The DM group showed a highly significant elevation in malondialdehyde content, MAO, AchE, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, and the expression level of neurogenic genes, JAK2 and STAT3, in comparison with the control group. Both S/DM Nps and CS/DM Nps significantly decreased MAO, AchE, and VEGF compared with the DM group. Moreover, both S/DM Nps and CS/DM Nps significantly decreased the gene and proteins expression of JAK2 and STAT3 compared with the DM group. These alterations were evidenced by the deficiency in memory and learning behaviors that were accompanied by histopathological findings of the hippocampus and the cortex. It was concluded that the nano formulations containing DM induced less neurobehavioral toxicity than free DM. Additionally, the use of nanocarriers reduced the damage to health and the environment.