Polymer Of Styrene Research Articles

Black Carbon Pigment from Coconut Shell Sawit Innovation Inkjet Printing Ink for Acrylic Polymer Styrene Textile Fabric

This research proposes an innovation in the development of inkjet printing ink that uses black carbon pigment obtained from palm coconutshells. The main objective of this study was to look at thecharacterization of textile inkjet ink from the black carbon pigments of the palm coconut shell. The black carbon pigment produced from the coconut coat has been identified as the source of the pontentionalprinting ink of the textile fabric based on the polymer of acrylic styrene. The research method involves the extraction and purification of carbon pigments from palm coconut shells, as well as the formulation of inkjetprinting. The composition of the textile inkjet used in this study is that black carbon pigments come from palm coconut shells while the adhesives used are acrylic styrene, aquadest, potassium hydroxide (KOH), poly (natrium 4- styrenesulfonat). The research included the physical characteristics of the black carbon pigments produced and the evaluation of inkjet printing textiles using pigments. Textile inkjetcharacteristics. Results of ink testing using Binocular Microscope Scanbest sample CAST1. The results of ink pigment testing on wool fabrics and image analysis testing the lowest values are found on CAST1 sample. The result of the viscosity test that the ink viskosity value CAST1 of 13.1 is close to the value of commercial ink.

A Biofouling Resistant Zwitterionic Polysulfone Membrane Prepared by a Dual-Bath Procedure.

This study introduces a zwitterionic material to modify polysulfone (PSf) membranes formed by a dual bath procedure, in view of reducing their fouling propensity. The zwitterionic copolymer, derived from a random polymer of styrene and 4-vinylpyrridine and referred to as zP(S-r-4VP), was incorporated to the PSf solution without any supplementary pore-forming additive to study the effect of the sole copolymer on membrane-structuring, chemical, and arising properties. XPS and mapping FT-IR provided evidence of the modification. Macrovoids appeared and then disappeared as the copolymer content increased in the range 1–4 wt%. The copolymer has hydrophilic units and its addition increases the casting solution viscosity. Both effects play an opposite role on transfers, and so on the growth of macrovoids. Biofouling tests demonstrated the efficiency of the copolymer to mitigate biofouling with a reduction in bacterial and blood cell attachment by more than 85%. Filtration tests revealed that the permeability increased by a twofold factor, the flux recovery ratio was augmented from 40% to 63% after water/BSA cycles, and irreversible fouling was reduced by 1/3. Although improvements are needed, these zwitterionic PSf membranes could be used in biomedical applications where resistance to biofouling by cells is a requirement.

Preparation and characterisation of acrylic resin for electro-deposited mono-coat coatings

ABSTRACT Acrylic resins are known for their multifarious characteristics. Diversified properties of acrylic resins have been utilised for the development of acrylic cationic electrodeposition multicolour mono-coat corrosion protective coatings by acrylic graft polymer of methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, styrene, and methyl methacrylate in the presence of hydroxy propyl acrylate at 113–117°C in the presence of AIBN (Azo-bis iso-butyronitrile) as the initiator. The concept was to develop acrylic graft polymer wherein chemical bonds are protected against UV radiation 400 h or 18-month outdoor exposure. Developed acrylic resin has special characteristic e.g. excellent metal protection against corrosion 500 h salt spray test as per ASTM B117, excellent durability, economical primer, and finish coat in single application and meeting the International and National legislation. Resulting polymers were characterised by using FTIR spectroscopy, particle size analyser and other Morden instrumental techniques. Thus the obtained polymers have high solid content (72 ± 1%) and can be used in electrodeposition emulsion paint as a binder. The coatings are mono-coat prepared and their anticorrosion behaviour is discussed in this paper. The experimental results depict that the resin thus synthesised has high anticorrosive property, UV light stability, and excellent weather resistance.

Lipodisqs for eukaryote lipidomics with retention of viability: Sensitivity and resistance to Leucobacter infection linked to C.elegans cuticle composition.

Lipodisq™ nanoparticles have been used to extract surface lipids from the cuticle of two strains (wild type, N2 and the bacteria-resistant strain, agmo-1) of the C. elegans nematode without loss of viability. The extracted lipids were characterized by thin layer chromatography and MALDI-TOF-MS. The lipid profiles differed between the two strains. The extracted lipids from the bacteria-resistant strain, agmo-1, contained ether-linked (O-alkyl chain) lipids, in contrast to the wild-type strain which contained exclusively ester- linked (O-acyl) lipids. This observation is consistent with the loss of a functional alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) in the bacterial resistant strain agmo-1. The presence and abundance of other lipid species also differs between the wild-type N2 and agmo-1 nematodes, suggesting that the agmo-1 mutant strain attempts to compensate for the increase in ether-linked lipids by modulating other lipid-synthesis pathways. Together these differences not only affect the fragility of the cuticle and the buoyancy of the worm in aqueous buffer, but also interactions with surface-adhering bacteria. The much greater chemical stability of O-alkyl, non-hydrolysable linked lipids compared with hydrolysable O-acyl linked lipids, may be the origin of the resistance of the agmo-1 strain to bacterial infection, providing a more resilient cuticle for the nematode. Additionally, we show that lipid extraction with a polymer of styrene and maleic acid (SMA) provides a viable route to lipidomics studies with minimal perturbation of the organism.

J044013 溶媒キャスト法を用いて作製したCFRTP(CF/ABS)の機械的性質の評価

Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [CFRTP(CF/ABS)] was successfully prepared by solution cast method, which production period was tremendously shorter than that by the conventional casting method with melting and solidification. Although the samples under room temperature cannot be fractured by using Charpy impact test, the Charpy impact value (α_<uc>) under low temperature of 77 K at each fracture probability (P_f) for CFRTP(CF/ABS) was higher than that of conventional carbon fibers in thermo-hardened epoxy resin matrix [CFRP (CF/EP)]. In addition, since CF and ABS resin were also separated from CFRTP(CF/ABS) samples by solution cast method, its function should be a typical recycle process.

An efficient and novel porous nanosilica supported TiO 2 photocatalyst for pesticide degradation using solar light

A latex polymer of styrene–acrylic acid emulsion is used as a template for the synthesis of novel porous nanosilica (PNS) material. TiO 2 is dispersed over PNS by solid state dispersion and the composite materials are characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, SEM and TEM measurements. The photocatalytic activities of the composite TiO 2/PNS catalysts are evaluated for degradation of isoproturon pesticide in water with different parameters under solar light. Furthermore, commercial pesticide solutions containing imidacloprid and phosphamidon were also degraded successfully with the composite system using the same developed conditions for isoproturon degradation. The 5 wt% TiO 2/PNS is found to be active in the present investigation.

Plasma Induced Grafting of PSt onto Titanium Dioxide Powder

An investigation of grafting of polymer of styrene (PSt) onto titanium dioxide powder is reported in this paper. The graft polymerization reaction was induced by N2 plasma treatment on the surface of titanium dioxide. Infrared (IR) spectra and X-ray photospectrum (XPS) results showed that PSt was grafted onto the titanium dioxide powder. An observation by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra indicated that the crystal structure of the titanium dioxide powder was unchanged after the plasma treatment.

Assessing the organic composition of urban surface films using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Recently it has been shown that urban surfaces are covered with a thin film which mediates the fate, distribution and accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds in the environment. In this study we apply a combination of solution, semi-solids, and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods to provide a general overview of the organic constituents. In surface film collected from 30 m 2 of outside windows over an area of 12 km 2 in downtown Toronto, we roughly estimate that the organic carbon is ∼35% carbohydrate, ∼35% aliphatics, ∼20% aromatics, and ∼10% carbonyl groups. Various aliphatic groups can be identified including a number of acids, alcohols, alkanes, and alkenes. Also, numerous intact aliphatic esters are apparent that have not been observed before, as well as carbohydrates. The aromatic species include a small portion that appears to be derived from a polymer of styrene, in addition a larger fraction is consistent with polyhydroxylated PAH derived material, although this assignment is tentative and based solely on 1-D NMR data only. In addition, signals from polybutadiene are present and while accurate quantification is not possible, it appears that this polymer may be up to a few percents by weight of the total organic material.

Preparation of medical magnetic nanobeads with ferrite particles encapsulated in a polyglycidyl methacrylate (GMA) for bioscreening

Ferrite nanoparticles (an intermediate between Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3), ∼7nm in diameter, were embedded in beads of a mixed polymer of styrene (St) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization method. The beads were coated with GMA by a seeded polymerization method in order to suppress nonspecific protein binding on the surfaces; GMA exhibits very low nonspecific protein binding, which is required for carriers used for bioscreening. The beads have diameters of 180±50nm and saturation magnetizations of 28emu∕g, exceeding commercially available polymer-coated beads of micron size having a weaker saturation magnetization (∼12emu∕g).

Capillary Electrochromatography with Monolithic Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-methacrylic acid) as the Stationary Phase

A new kind of monolithic capillary electrochromatography column with poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-methacrylic acid) as the stationary phase has been developed. The stationary phase was found to be porous by scanning electron microscopy and the composition of the continuous bed was proved by IR spectroscopy to be the ternary polymer of styrene, divinylbenzene, and methacrylic acid. The effects of operating parameters, such as voltage, electrolyte, and organic modifier concentration in the mobile phase on electroosmotic flow were studied systematically. The retention mechanism of neutral solutes on such a column proved to be similar to that of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, fast analyses of phenols, chlorobenzenes, anilines, isomeric compounds of phenylenediamine and alkylbenzenes within 4.5 min were achieved.

Synthesis of End-Functionalized Polymers by Means of Living Anionic Polymerization. 9. Synthesis of Well-Defined End-Functionalized Polymers with One, Two, Three, or Four Monosaccharide Residues

Well-defined end-functionalized polystyrenes and polyisoprenes with monosaccharide residues were synthesized by the termination reactions of the anionic living polymer of styrene or isoprene with benzyl chloride derivatives containing acetal-protected glucofuranose (1), fructopyranose (2), galactopyranose (3), and sorbofuranose (4). Furthermore, novel well-defined end-functionalized polymers with two, three, and four monosaccharide residues were successfully synthesized by reacting polystyryllithium with 1,1-bis{3‘-[(1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose-O-3-yl)methyl]phenyl}ethylene (5), followed by treating with methanol, 1 (or 3), and the octyliodide containing two acetal-protected glucofuranoses (6), respectively. The end-functionalized polystyrenes with one and two glucose residues thus synthesized were found by static light scattering measurements to form reverse micelles in cyclohexane by aggregating several polymer chains.

1H CRAMPS NMR derived hydrogen distributions in various coal macerals

The distribution of protons bonded to sp 2 and sp 3 hybridized carbons in a number of macerals including liptinites and inertinites, has been investigated by 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) and 1H combined rotation and multiple pulse nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CRAMPS). Some preliminary 1H- 13C solid state heterocorrelation spectra of coals and one maceral have also been obtained. CRAMPS was only successful in resolving acidic, aromatic/alkenic, carbohydrate and aliphatic protons in the macerals. The semifusinites had variable (0.38→0.58) proton aromaticities and (0.40→0.84) carbon aromaticities, and the liptinite macerals had a low (0.06) fraction of protons attached to sp 2 hybridized carbon. Of the nine resinite samples examined, one (Hornerstown) was clearly identified to be a naturally occurring polymer of styrene. The CRAMPS spectra of the other seven were useful, identifying them as carboxylic acids. Two dimensional 1H- 13C heteronuclear solid state spectroscopy was successful in resolving two types of aliphatic hydrogen in the selected coals studied, with longer range coupling able to be observed in the structurally simpler Hornerstown resinite by implementation of two WIM-24 cross-polarization cycles.

Automated amino acid analysis comes of age: but textbook errors persist

The basic technique of automated amino acid analysis, first described 21 years ago [1], is mentioned, together with column elution profiles, in almost all biochemistry texts. However, only two or three text- books describe the correct elution condi- tions in detail and recognize the import- ance of non-ionic interactions in separa- tion. Since most texts show the original profile from the protein hydrolysate pro- gram of Spackman et al. [ 1 ], I shall base my comments on this procedure. For the tech- nical aspects of amino acid analysis, includ- ing descriptions of apparatus and varia- tions in elution procedure, the reader is referred to [2-4]. The methods reported in the original papers [1,5], employed two columns: a 0.9 x 150 cm column for separating neutral and acidic amino acids and a 0.9 x 15 cm column for separating basic amino acids. Both columns were packed with Amberlite IR-120 resin (similar to Dowex 50X8), which is a polymer of styrene, cross-linked (nominally 8%) with divinyibenzene and containing covalently attached sulphonic acid (-SO~) groups. Initially, the sodium form of the resin is equilibrated with start- ing buffer (sodium citrate, pH 3.25 for the long column and pH 5.28 for the short column). Samples to be analysed are applied to the column in pH 2.2 loading buffer. Amino acids are eluted from the long column with 0.2 N Na', 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 3.25, followed by 0.2

Considerations of small particles in different modes of liquid chromatography

The use of column packing with particle sizes of 10 μ in different modes of column chromatography, liquid—solid (LSC), bonded phase (BPC) and gel permeation (GPC), was investigated. LSC columns of very high efficiency, 10 effective plates/sec. and high reproducibility were produced by packing μPorasil, a silica gel with a surface area of 400 m 2/g and an average particle size of μ, into drilled stainless-steel tubes. Bonded phases were prepared by the reactionof monomeric organosilanes with μPorasil to form monomolecular bonded layers. Octadecyl, aminopropyl and cyanopropyl groups were bound to the surface. Packed columns of the monomolecular, bonded phases gave very high efficiencies. More than 300 theoretical plates and 10 effective plates/sec can easily be obtained on a single 30-cm-long column at a carrier velocity of 0.7 cm/sec. High-speed GPC was performed by using packed columns of μStyragel 2, a porous polymer of styrene and divinylbenzene, with average particle sizes of 20 μ. Columns packed with μStyragel ( dp ??? 10μ) gave 4000–10,000 theoretical plates/30 cm of column, depending upon the carrier velocity. Molecular-weight distributions of many polymers can be obatined in 10–15 min. In addition, the columns were also run at lower carrier velocities to separate small molecules which differ by as little as one methylene group.

Vinyl polymerization. 281. Radical polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by tetramethyltetrazene and nucleic acid bases

AbstractThe polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by the binary systems of tetramethyl‐tetrazene (TMT) and some nucleic acid bases, especially a TMT/adenine system, has been studied in dimethylformamide. The polymerization, initiated by the TMT/adenine system, was free radical in nature. The initial rate of polymerization was dependent on the square root of the concentrations of both TMT and adenine, and on the second power of the monomer concentration. The abnormal rate dependence on the monomer concentration could be explained. The overall energy of activation of the polymerization was found to be 21.5 kcal/mole over the temperature range of 55–75°C. The dimethylamino endgroup was incorporated in the polymer of styrene obtained by initiation with the above system, whereas the adenine group has never been detected. The TMT/adenine interaction in the absence of monomer was measured by a spectrophotometric method. These results were discussed in relation to a possible mechanism for the radical formation.

Anionic polymerization initiated by sodium naphthalene and synthesis of block copolymers

AbstractBlock copolymers of styrene‐acrylonitrile were prepared by adding acrylonitrile to a living polymer of styrene. Different block copolymers were made, using living polystyrene of different molecular weights. Homopolystyrene was separated by extraction and no homopolymer of acrylonitrile was found. Intrinsic viscosities and turbidity values of block copolymers were determined. It was also found that acrylonitrile did not yield living polymer. A mechanism of chain termination was proposed.

Spectroscopic Study on the Living Polymers of Styrene, Butadiene and their Derivatives

Abstract The absorption spectra of the living polymers of styrene and its derivatives as well as of alkali benzyl have been measured from near infrared region to near ultra violet region, and they were compared. It has been concluded that these living polymers are the polymer anions having the groups of benzyl anion type at the end of a polymer chain. The living polymers of butadiene and isoprene have been separated as the intermediates of polymerization by metallic sodium, and their spectra have been measured. Comparing these spectra with that of allyl sodium, it has been concluded that the living polymer of butadiene and isoprene are the polymer anions having the groups of allyl anion type at the end of a polymer chain. The spectroscopic study on the block polymerization of isoprene with the living polymer of styrene has been carried out. The mechanism of polymerization has been discussed.

Comparative evaluation of the action of metal chlorides in polymerization processes

1. The polymerization of styrene in presence of ferric chloride and in presence of stannic chloride has been studied. 2. It has been established that when styrene is polymerized in an atmosphere of air in presence of ferric been studied. 3. In an atmosphere of nitrogen and in presence of ferric chloride and in presence of ferric chloride, styrene does not polymerize. 4. When the process is activated by stannic chloride, the polymer of styrene is formed both in an atmosphere of air and in an atmosphere of nitrogen.

The formation and structure of polymers of the insoluble cross-linked type

Staudinger, in a series of papers (1934,1935,1936) describes the formation of an insoluble polymer of styrene by the addition to the styrene, before polymerization, of small quantities of p -divinyl-benzene. This insolubility he explains by suggesting the formation of cross-linkages of divinyl-benzene between the long thread-like molecules of polystyrene to give three-dimensional macromolecules of exceedingly high molecular weight. By using increasing proportions of divinyl-benzene Staudinger obtained a series of polymers which varied from polystyrenes soluble in benzene through polymers of high swelling capacity to completely insoluble pro­ducts. He considers that the cross-linkages of divinyl-benzene prevent the dispersion of the substance throughout the solvent, while it does not prevent the solvation of the long polystyrene chains. Thus, when few such cross-linkages are present, i. e. when the concentration of divinyl-benzene is low, the polymer will have a great tendency to go into solution through the solvation of the polystyrene chains, but will be prevented from becoming completely dispersed by the presence of the cross-linkages. The product will therefore have a high swelling capacity in those solvents in which the straight chain polystyrenes are soluble. This swelling capacity will decrease as the concentration of divinyl-benzene increases until com­pletely insoluble polymers are obtained.