Emulsion Polymerization Research Articles

Iron oxide nanoparticle-stabilized Pickering emulsion-templated porous scaffolds loaded with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for bone tissue engineering.

Dietary intake of ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can significantly improve the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin. However, PUFAs are hydrophobic and highly sensitive to temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, and ionic strength. Hence, it is challenging to use PUFAs as bioactive compounds for bone tissue engineering. Here, we encapsulated PUFAs in liposomes to improve their stability. The hydrodynamic size of the PUFA-loaded liposomes was found to be 121.3 ± 35 nm. GC-MS analysis showed that the encapsulation efficiency of the PUFAs was 19.9 ± 3.4%. These PUFA-loaded liposomes were loaded into porous scaffolds that were prepared by polymerizing glycidyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate monomers using the Pickering emulsion polymerization technique. Oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles were used as the stabilizing agent to prepare these acrylate-based scaffolds containing PUFA-loaded liposomes (P-Lipo-IO(GMA-TMPTA)). SEM micrographs confirmed the porous nature of the scaffolds and the presence of well-adhered liposomes. An in vitro cytotoxicity study conducted using MG63 cells confirmed that these scaffolds showed desirable cytocompatibility. Cell adhesion study showed a well-spread morphology, indicating firm adhesion of the cells. The alizarin red staining of P-Lipo-IO(GMA-TMPTA) scaffolds showed 3- and 2-fold higher calcium deposition compared to the control on days 7 and 14, respectively. ALP activity was also 2-fold higher than that of the control on day 14. RT-PCR analysis of cells exposed to P-Lipo-IO(GMA-TMPTA) scaffolds showed significantly higher expression of osteogenic markers compared to the control. An antibacterial study conducted on Staphylococcus aureus showed a higher percentage inhibition and reactive oxygen species generation in samples treated with P-Lipo-IO(GMA-TMPTA) scaffolds. These desirable biological properties indicate that the developed scaffolds are suitable for bone tissue engineering.

Synthesis of dimpled polymer-silica nanocomposite particles by interfacial swelling-based seeded polymerization.

Dimpled polymer-silica nanocomposite particles have the combined advantages of dimpled particles and polymer-silica nanocomposite particles. This study presents a novel approach to prepare these particles by interfacial swelling-based seeded polymerization. Polystyrene-silica (PS-SiO2) nanocomposite particles are first prepared by emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of glycerol-functionalized silica sols and then dimpled polymer-SiO2 particles are fabricated by interfacial swelling of butyl acrylate (BA)/toluene and subsequent seeded polymerization of BA with the PS-SiO2 particles as seeds. The effects of different parameters, such as the amount of surfactant used in the PS-SiO2/H2O dispersion, BA/toluene mass ratio, PS-SiO2/H2O mass ratio and stirring rate, on the formation of the dimpled particles are investigated. Optimization of the seeded polymerization conditions allows a relatively high percentage of dimpled particles to be achieved.

Acrylate–methacrylate radical copolymerization kinetics of sparingly water-soluble monomers in polar and nonpolar solvents

The influence of solvent on radical copolymerization kinetics is studied to provide insight to emulsion polymerization systems.

A highly tuneable inverse emulsion polymerization for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

Polymeric nanomaterials have seen widespread use in biomedical applications as they are highly tuneable to achieve the desired stimuli-responsiveness, targeting, biocompatibility, and degradation needed for fields such as drug delivery and biosensing. However, adjustments to composition and the introduction of new monomers often necessitate reoptimization of the polymer synthesis to achieve the target parameters. In this study, we explored the use of inverse emulsion polymerization to prepare a library of polymeric nanoparticles with variations in pH and temperature response and examined the impact of overall batch volume and the volume of the aqueous phase on nanoparticle size and composition. We were able to prepare copolymeric nanoparticles using three different nonionic and three different anionic comonomers. Varying the non-ionizable comonomers, acrylamide (AAm), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), was found to alter the mass percentage of methacrylic acid (MAA) incorporated (from 26.7 ± 3.5 to 45.8 ± 1.8 mass%), the critical swelling pH (from 5.687 ± 0.194 to 6.637 ± 0.318), and the volume swelling ratio (from 1.389 ± 0.064 to 2.148 ± 0.037). Additionally, the use of NIPAM was found to allow for temperature-responsive behavior. Varying the ionizable comonomers, MAA, itaconic acid, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPSA), was found to significantly alter the critical swelling pH and, in the case of AMPSA, remove the pH-responsive behavior entirely. Finally, we found that for the base P(AAm-co-MAA) formulation, the pH-responsive swelling behavior was independent of the scale of the reaction; however, variations in the aqueous volume relative to the volume of the continuous phase significantly affected both the nanoparticle size and the critical swelling pH.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID PHENAZINE IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION OF EMULSION RUBBERS

The proposed work is devoted to improving the stage of formation of crumbs of emulsion butadiene-styrene synthetic polymer. For the first time, an organic compound containing two nitrogen atoms – phenazine hydrochloride – was used to isolate rubber from latex. The effect of this salt was compared with previously studied flocculants such as sodium chloride, N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride and a polymer based on it. The study found that the consumption of phenazine hydrochloride to separate 1 ton of rubber was 2.5 kg, which is close to the amount of polymer cationic flocculants introduced into the technological process of extracting rubber from latex. In previous studies, it was noted that the consumption of organic compounds containing one nitrogen atom in their structure is almost 10 times higher than the consumption of polymer cationic electrolytes. The use of this product is of more theoretical importance, as it allows one to expand information on the stability of dispersed systems to electrolytes of different natures. The temperature regime for the release of rubber from latex was maintained at a given level - 20 °C. The consumption of sulfuric acid in all considered cases was kept constant - 15 kg/t of rubber. Low costs of a coagulating agent can ensure the creation of a closed technological cycle on an industrial scale. This will reduce water consumption by workshops producing emulsion polymerization rubbers and reduce the environmental risks of their production. The results of testing rubbers and vulcanizates based on them showed that the main physical and mechanical indicators comply with the regulatory requirements of GOST and TU.

CaCO3-TiO2 IMPREGNATED AlOE VERA-ALLYL METHACRYLATE ANTIMICROBIAL NANOEMULSION FOR COATING

The present work aims to utilize AMA/MMA/BA/Aloe Vera (AMBA) nanoemulsion for the preparation of sustainable antimicrobial coating materials. The AMBA was synthesized using a semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization methodology. The developed coating material has been synthesized by SEM, DSC, TGA/DTA, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Some properties such as viscosity, hot box stability gloss retention, solid content, freezethaw stability, scrub resistance, electrolytic stability, weather resistance, solvent resistance, and opacity of the coating material were also investigated. It has been found that the coating developed with a 70:30 monomer ratio shows the best results the with highest antimicrobial activity.

A polymeric 1H/19F dual-modal MRI contrast agent with a snowman-like Janus nanostructure.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a pivotal tool in contemporary medical diagnostics, offering non-invasive and high-resolution visualization of internal structures. Contrast agents are essential for enhancing MRI resolution, accurate lesion detection, and early pathology identification. While gadolinium-based contrast agents are widely used in clinics, safety concerns have prompted exploration of metal-free alternatives, including fluorine and nitroxide radical-based MRI contrast agents. Fluorine-containing compounds exhibit excellent MRI capabilities, with 19F MRI providing enhanced resolution and quantitative assessment. Nitroxide radicals, such as PROXYL and TEMPO, offer paramagnetic properties for MRI contrast. Despite their versatility, nitroxide radicals suffer from lower relaxivity values (r1) compared to gadolinium. Dual-modal imaging, combining 1H and 19F MRI, has gained prominence for its comprehensive insights into biological processes and disease states. However, existing dual-modal agents predominantly utilize gadolinium-organic ligands without incorporating nitroxide radicals. Here, we introduce a novel dual-modal MRI contrast agent (J-CA) featuring a Janus asymmetric nanostructure synthesized via seeded emulsion polymerization and post-modification. J-CA demonstrates excellent in vitro and in vivo performance in both 19F and 1H MRI, with a T2 relaxation time of 5 ms and an r1 value of 0.31 mM-1 s-1, ensuring dual-modal imaging capability. Moreover, J-CA exhibits superior biocompatibility and organ targeting, making it a promising candidate for precise lesion imaging and disease diagnosis. This work introduces a new avenue for metal-free dual-modal MRI, addressing safety concerns associated with traditional contrast agents.

From RAFT emulsion polymerization to RAFT dispersion polymerization: a facile approach to tuning dispersities and behaviors of self-assembled block copolymers

We have demonstrated the successful transition from photoinitiated RAFT emulsion polymerization to photoinitiated RAFT dispersion polymerization by solely changing the solvent composition from water to water/ethanol.

Synthesis and characterization of novel poly cysteine methacrylate nanoparticles and their morphology and size studies.

Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) have significantly advanced the field of biomedicine, showcasing the remarkable potential for precise drug delivery, administration of nutraceuticals, diagnostics/imaging applications, and the fabrication of biocompatible materials, among other uses. Despite these promising developments, the invention faces notable challenges related to biodegradability, bioactivity, target-site specificity, particle size, carrier efficiency, and controlled release. Addressing these concerns is essential for optimizing the functionality and impact of PNPs in biomedical applications. Here, new poly cysteine methacrylate nanoparticles (PCMANPs), ca. (200 nm) in size have been synthesized from the cysteine methacrylate (CysMA) monomer using different strategies, including emulsion and inverse emulsion polymerization techniques. The monomer was synthesized using the Michael addition reaction, involving the addition of 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate to the sulfhydryl group (-SH) of the cysteine (Cys) active site, with the aid of dimethyl phenyl phosphine (DMPP) as a nucleophilic agent as previously reported. To enhance nano-polymerization, a thorough exploration of various initiators, including ammonium persulfate (APS) and 4,4'-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), alongside surfactants, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was conducted. Additionally, critical parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, and solvents, were systematically investigated due to their substantial influence on the shape, size, stability, and morphology of the synthesized polymer nanoparticles. This comprehensive approach aims to optimize the synthesis process, ensuring precise control over the key characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles for enhanced performance in diverse applications. Various characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and zeta sizer dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, were utilized to investigate purity, morphology, and particle size of the PNPs. As a result, a spherical, monodispersed (homogenized), and stable PCMANP with defined size and morphology was achieved. This may exhibit a remarkable achievement in the future of drug delivery systems and therapeutic index.

TEMPERATURE REGULATING POLYESTER SHORT STAPLE RING SPUN YARNS BY PCM NANOCAPSULE APPLICATION

Phase change materials (PCMs) are thermal energy storage materials and therefore they are used for the manufacturing of heat-storage and thermo-regulated textiles. In this study, it was aimed to produce polyester spun yarns with thermo-regulation function via an alternative capsule application method. In the study, PMMA-co-MAA walled nanocapsules were synthesized by emulsion polymerization method and an alternative capsule application method was used to apply PCM nanocapsules into the staple polyester yarn structure during the yarn production process. Ne 30/1 polyester ring spun yarns with knitted twist were produced and some of the PCM nanocapsule and produced yarn properties were analyzed. According to the results, PCM nanocapsules had dimensions around 200-400 nm, uniform size distribution and spherical morphology. They could store approximately 100 j/g heat and had sufficient thermal resistance. With the developed capsule application method, nanocapsules were successfully applied to spun yarn structure and produced polyester yarns exhibited temperature differences in the range of 2-5 °C compared with undoped reference ring spun yarns. The results of the study indicated that this application method could be an alternative to fabricate thermo-regulating fabric surfaces and such integrated yarn materials have demonstrated promising potential for the production of thermoregulating textile material.

Biobased Alkyd Acrylic Hybrid Core Shell Approach

The main objective of this work was to synthesize bio based alkyd-arcylic hybrid emulsion by using core shell approach. Step by step growing polymerization was used for the preparation of the bio-based alkyd resin. Bio-based sebacic acid was used in the synthesis. In the core shell approach; shell part contains acrylic polymer, core part contains bio based alkyd emulsion, which was synthesized by phase inversion. The acrylic shell was synthesized in the presence of the alkyd resin by the emulsion polymerization method.

The influence of the 8OCB liquid crystal concentrations on the ST-AA photonic crystal synthesis

This study presents the synthesis of polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) composed of polymer particles and 4′-octyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (8OCB) liquid crystal. The motivation of this study resides in the great application prospects in widespread advanced technique fields for the obtained polymer-8OCB colloids and the possibility to implement the synthesis method for other types of LCs. The synthesis procedure involved soap-free emulsion polymerization in the presence of liquid crystal. This preliminary study describes for the first time the synthesis of nearly monodisperse PDLC polymer particles, as evidenced by SEM and DLS. The particles do not have the capacity to self-assemble. This study highlights the mechanism of generating PDLC particles, where 8OCB favors the chain transfer reactions and acts as a plasticizer between the polymer chains. These aspects were ascertained using GPC, DSC, SEM and EDX analysis. Increasing the 8OCB concentration in the system leads to lower molecular weights. The particle size was proportional to the amount of 8OCB. The limitations of the present synthesis approach are the reduced solubility of 8OCB in the monomer mixture. In consequence, a certain limit of LC concentration in the polymer matrix cannot be surpassed.

Synthesis of silane- and quaternary ammonium-bearing copolymers and application as a coating resin on cotton fabric.

In this study, silane and quaternary ammonium functional methacrylate monomers were synthesized and used to construct a copolymer using an emulsion polymerization technique to control the reaction rate. The copolymer was then designed using different ratios of silane and quaternary ammonium groups to investigate the relationship between the structure and properties. The presence of the ethoxy silane group in the copolymer series provided covalent bonding through the silanol group onto cotton fabric. The presence of cationic groups also helped to cover the fabric surface. After coating the cotton textile fabric, the resistance of the dye on the fabric surface to friction was assessed and tests were conducted on washing, rubbing, water, and light fastness. Finally, the textile surfaces were investigated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was observed that the copolymer series showed >99% killing efficiency against S. aureus but had no effect on E. coli.

Synthesis and Properties of Cationic Core-Shell Fluorinated Polyurethane Acrylate.

Vinyl-capped cationic waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) was prepared using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polycarbonate diol (PCDL), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and trimethylolpropane (TMP) as raw materials and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a capping agent. Then, a crosslinked FPUA composite emulsion with polyurethane (PU) as the shell and fluorinated acrylate (PA) as the core was prepared by core-shell emulsion polymerization with CWPU as the seed emulsion, together with dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), diacetone acrylamide (DAAM), and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The effects of the core-shell ratio of PA/PU on the surface properties, mechanical properties, and heat resistance of FPUA emulsions and films were investigated. The results showed that when w(PA) = 30~50%, the stability of FPUA emulsion was the highest, and the particles showed a core-shell structure with bright and dark intersections under TEM. When w(PA) = 30%, the tensile strength reached 23.35 ± 0.08 MPa. When w(PA) = 50%, the fluorine content on the surface of the coating film was 14.75% and the contact angle was as high as 98.5°, which showed good hydrophobicity; the surface flatness of the film was observed under AFM. It is found that the tensile strength of the film increases and then decreases with the increase in the core-shell ratio and the heat resistance of the FPUA film is gradually increased. The FPUA film has excellent properties such as good impact resistance, high flexibility, high adhesion, and corrosion resistance.

PH-Sensitive Acrylic Terpolymers for the Coating of Orally Administered Drugs Used for Colonic Release.

Polymeric coatings are a promising option for the development of delivery systems for orally administered drugs. However, the gastrointestinal conditions to which they are subjected, which include low pH and solubility as well as peristaltic movements, can limit their applications. In this work, different formulations of polymeric coatings were produced using pH-sensitive materials consisting of copolymers of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid. The polymers were synthesized by the emulsion polymerization technique, obtaining small average particle sizes (56-190 nm), molecular weights between 200,000 and 400,000 g/mol, and a glass transition temperature above 35 °C, which are suitable for film formation at room temperature. Thus, they were assessed as coatings for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsules (HPMC) using the immersion method, showing adequate capacity to protect the capsule at gastric pH (pH 1.2) and dissolve at the simulated intestinal pH (pH= 7.2). In particular, the higher the content of the acidic monomer, the higher the release time of the test molecule contained in the acrylic terpolymer-coated HPMC capsules proposed, which was a curcuminoid derivative due to their bright color and potential medical benefits. In addition, a minimum number of immersions was required for coating the HPMC capsules at high acidic concentrations, which further facilitates the delayed release needed for colonic treatment. However, too high proportions of methacrylic acid may result in cytotoxicity issues. Consequently, a biocompatible formulation containing a proportion of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid of 7:3:3 is proposed as the most adequate for colonic release. Thus, by chemically modulating the molar percentages of the acrylic monomers, it was possible to obtain tailored acrylic terpolymer coatings with different characteristics and desired properties in order to modulate the release kinetics of an active substance in a colonic environment.

Acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylate particles with different acrylonitrile contents for improving the toughness of poly(vinyl chloride) resin

AbstractPoly(butyl acrylate) grafted styrene and acrylonitrile copolymer (PBA‐g‐SAN, ASA) with core–shell structures were prepared by emulsion polymerization technology to improve the toughness of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The mechanical properties of the PVC/ASA blends were investigated. The notch impact strength of the PVC/ASA blend could reach 1200 J/m when the 13 phr ASA was added to the PVC. This was several times more than pure PVC resin. Scanning electron microscopy analysis results indicated that the improvement in impact strength of the PVC/ASA blend was attributed to shear yielding induced by ASA particles. Additionally, subtle changes in the ratio of monomers in the shell layer led to significant fluctuations in the mechanical properties of the composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the intermolecular interaction forces between ASA particles and PVC resins played a key role in improving the toughness of PVC/ASA blend.

Large–size porous spherical 3D covalent organic framework for preconcentration of bisphenol F in water samples and orange juice

Large–size spherical sorbents with particle size of 10–50 μm are widely applied in separation fields, however it is still a great challenge to synthesize such large–size spherical covalent organic framework (COF). In this work, a type of large–size porous 3D COF was size–controablly synthesized via a two–step strategy, in which a large–size porous 3D spherical polymer was prepared first through a Pickering emulsion polymerization using nano silica as the stabilizer, and subsequently it was converted into porous spherical 3D COF by a solvothermal method. The as–prepared porous spherical COF (COF–320 as a model) showed size–controllable uniform spherical morphology within 15–45 μm, large specific surface area, fine crystalline structure, and good chemical stability. When used as the sorbent for dispersive solid–phase extraction (d–SPE) of bisphenol F (BPF), the porous spherical COF–320 (15 μm) displayed high adsorption capacity (Qmax = 335.6 mg/g), high enrichment factor (80 folds), and good reusability (at least five cycles). By coupling the d–SPE method to HPLC, a new analytical approach was developed and successfully applied to the determination of trace BPF in two water samples, an orange juice and a standard sample with recoveries of 96.0–102.2 % (RSD = 1.1–1.5 %), 95.7–97.4 % (RSD = 1.4–4.4 %) and 98.7 % (RSD = 2.3 %), respectively. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) and limit of quantification (S/N = 10) were 0.1 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. The new synthesis strategy opens a viable way to prepare large–size porous spherical COFs, and the developed analytical method can be potentially applied to sensitively detect the trace BPF in water samples and beverages.

Solid-State Redox-Active Pseudocapacitor with Improved Performance at High Temperature

With the emergence of environmental issues such as global warming as well as our new demand for efficient energy storage systems (EES) that can power portable electronics; batteries and supercapacitors are gaining more attention in the latest literature. Batteries can provide high energy density and lower power densities (e.g. for LIB, 1kW.kg-1 vs. 150-200 Wh.kg-1), while supercapacitors are high power devices with low energy densities (e.g. for most commercial devices ⁓ 10 kW.kg-1 vs. 5-10 Wh.kg-1). In order to couple high energy and high power densities of both devices, pseudocapacitance was introduced in 1991 by Conway 1 using metal oxide. Pseudocapacitance is a fast and reversible surface faradaic process with performance similar to double layer capacitors but higher energy densities closer to that of batteries. Aside from metal oxides, conductive polymers also demonstrate pseudocapacitance. In this regards, the use of conductive polymers as nontoxic, abundant, low cost and sustainable organic material is on the rise. Nevertheless, the inherent issue related to instability of the conductive polymer especially at high degree of oxidation had restricted their application in EES. However, redox active polymers (RAPs) with non-conjugated backbone and redox active pendant group demonstrates improved performance and structural diversity with more distinct redox potentials. 2 Amongst them, quinone-containing polymers with their high theoretical capacities, facile kinetics and tunable redox potential are at the top of the list. Particularly, catechol, a bioinspired ortho-quinone based polymer has gain popularity following a work by Detrembleur et al. 3 However; the solubility of the organic materials in organic solvents hinders their application in EES. To this end, using solid-state electrolyte can help alleviate the issue. Nevertheless, solid-state design stimulate sluggish kinetics and reduce electrode/electrolyte interfacial area, a component required to achieve high pseudocapacitance. Consequently, nano-structuring the redox polymer can help improve the contact resistance as well as increasing the surface area. In addition, the nanoparticles structure will promote more distinct redox processes. 4 In this study, we demonstrate for the first time, a prototype pouch cell based on all-solid-state organic hybrid supercapacitor bearing catechol redox active moieties. Using emulsion polymerization, catechol based RAP nanoparticles of size ranging from 50 to 150 nm were synthesized 4 and together with activated carbon was used as working electrode. Block-co-polymers based solid electrolyte was employed as electrolyte as well as binder for both cathode and anode. Using this design, discharge capacities of ⁓ 10 and 60 mAh/g at room temperature and at 50 °C were obtained, respectively.

Adjustable Ti2C3Alx-based segregated composite network for enhanced electromagnetic shielding and fire safety

With the rapid development of communication technology and portable electronic devices, the demand for the design of electronic devices with superior electromagnetic interference shielding and fire safety performance is increasing. Herein, epoxy resins (EPs) with typical segregated networks were designed by emulsion polymerization and adhesion self-assembly strategies and novel polyphosphonitrile microspheres (PZS) synthesized by precipitation polymerization were used to improve the fire safety of EP composites. It is worth noting that the oil-water (EP to water) ratio in emulsion polymerization is closely related to the microscopic morphology of the segregated network. A smaller ratio of EP to water results in more paths for electrical charge transfer through the EP composites. As a result, EP/PT-3 with a minimum oil-to-water ratio exhibits a high EMI SE (electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness) in the X-band ranging from 40.12 to 40.30 dB at a loading of 7.20 vol% Ti3C2Alx. Besides, the synergistic action of the adjustable Ti3C2Alx network with PZS endows EP superior flame retardant performance. Compared with EP, the PHRR and THR values of EP/PT-3 are down 55.7 % and 72.6 %, respectively. There is no doubt that EP/PT-3 has provided a new route for the preparation of Ti3C2Alx-based electromagnetic shielding and fireproof materials.

Study on the mechanism and properties of new polyacrylamide emulsion polymerization with ester as continuous phase

Study on the mechanism and properties of new polyacrylamide emulsion polymerization with ester as continuous phase