Poly Glycidyl Methacrylate Research Articles

Gas barrier properties of polylactide/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposites

The development of polylactide (PLA)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) nanocomposites in the aim to increase gas barrier properties has been widely studied, but gave rise to conflicting results. To better understand the underlying gas transport mechanisms, PLA/CNC nanocomposites were produced at concentrations between 5 and 50 wt%. The role of the PLA/CNC interface for the permeability was investigated using three different CNC surface grafts, namely lauric acid (slightly interacting with PLA), stearic acid (non-interacting with PLA), and poly glycidyl methacrylate bearing a reactive epoxy end-group (crosslinking with PLA). While PLA/CNC composites contained a large number of aggregates, homogenously dispersed nanocomposites were obtained with surface modified CNCs even at high concentration of CNC (up to 30 wt%). All nanocomposites had better O2 and CO2 barrier properties than PLA. Surprisingly, the nanocomposites prepared with surface grafted CNC did not perform better than the ones prepared with neat CNC. The diffusion coefficient was successfully modeled with Nielsen's law, showing the importance of the shape factor and resulting tortuosity for the barrier performance notwithstanding PLA/CNC surface compatibility. The analysis of the dual-mode O2 sorption isotherm showed the creation of a similar quantity of supplementary sorption sites in nanocomposites prepared with neat or lauric acid grafted CNC. PGMA grafts induced a higher number of sorption sites. The most important advantage of CNC surface grafts was the shielding of CNC against water vapor uptake. As a result, the O2 barrier properties could be maintained constant up to 90% relative humidity.

Direct synthesis of Poly(Ԑ-Caprolactone)-block-poly (glycidyl methacrylate) copolymer and its usage as a potential nano micelles carrier for hydrophobic drugs

Ring-opening (ROP) and enzymatic copolymerization (ECP) are among the most widely used approaches for synthesizing copolymers of polycaprolactone (PCL). It involves multiple-step reactions and the utilization of enzymes that make the process a lot more complicated, time consuming, and expensive. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been adopted to synthesize a novel amphiphilic copolymer in our study. The study presents a method to eliminate the ROP/ECP multiple steps in monomer polymerization thus making the process simpler and smoother. The synthesis of cationic polymer micelles copolymer of PCL-PGMA (polycaprolactone grafted poly glycidyl methacrylate) was carried out using direct functionalization of hydroxy group in crude PCL to achieve a higher degree of functionalization, i.e., 12.8% for macroinitiator. FTIR and 1H-NMR confirmed the successful synthesis of the copolymer with better control over the molecular weight with a PDI (1.84). DSC and XRD results showed the reduction of crystallinity by 86.81%, making copolymer more compatible for drug delivery application. The synthesized copolymer was further converted to nano-micelles drug carrier having an average size of 96.08 ± 21.22 nm. The drug encapsulation efficiency achieved was 60.0 ± 1.7%, and nano-micelles rendered a slow and controlled release of naproxen with long-term storage stability.

Effect of amine head group imparted to poly (glycidyl methacrylate) grafted fibrous adsorbent for CO2 adsorption

Abstract The demand to develop adsorbents for CO2 capture with high performance continued to grow extensively. Adsorbents with covalently bonded amine groups based on fibrous substrate modified by radiation-induced grafting copolymerization (RIGC) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and amination treatment have emerged recently. In this study, GMA was grafted onto a polyethylene/polypropylene (PE/PP) fibrous sheet and the grafted intermediate was used to incorporate two different amine-containing agents, namely polyethyleneimine (PEI) and ethylenediamine (EDA) for CO2 adsorption. The chemical structural and morphological changes in the two aminated adsorbents were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. A low and equal amination level of 20% was achieved in PEI-containing and EDA-containing adsorbents. The CO2 adsorption from a binary mixture of CO2/N2 (40:60 v/v) was not satisfactory despite a 30% higher adsorption capacity (50.44 mg/g) demonstrated by EDA-containing adsorbent compared to 34.51 mg/g for PEI-containing counterpart at 30 bar and at room temperature. More work is needed to elevate the CO2 adsorption capacity levels in such adsorbents by increasing the amination level via optimization of reaction parameters.

Controlled architecture of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate)/polyester composites using surface-initiated ICAR ATRP Technique for High Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression

To impart flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties to polyester fabrics, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-functionalized polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) coatings were synthesized via the initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) and polydopamine chemistry. A well-distributed PGMA layer was observed with a low polydispersity index of 1.22. After 6.25 wt% NH2 POSS grafting, the total amounts of heat and smoke were reduced by 55.00% and 86.89%, respectively. The values of the smoke density for the DOPO-POSS- or NH2-POSS-modified copolyester fabrics were reduced by 51.00% and 57.55% at 4.75 wt% PGMA grafting content. SEM, FTIR, and XPS results of the residual char provided strong evidence that a higher graphitization degree of the char was achieved, which was attributed to the Si–O–C and P–O–C cross-linking formation in the condensed phase upon POSS grafting. The firm graphite char layer prevented the release of internal gas and the entry of external oxygen. Moreover, TG-MS showed that the presence of the POSS layer reduced the amounts of CO and H2O released during the pyrolysis of the fabric. More inert gasses, including NH2 and PH3, were generated through POSS layer decomposition, which in turn slowed the combustion process.

Toward the Replacement of Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Compounds: Perfluoropolyether-Based Low Surface Energy Grafted Nanocoatings

We describe a straightforward approach to fabricating perfluoropolyether (PFPE)-based nanocoatings, significantly decreasing the spreading of oil and water on coated surfaces. In the fabrication, polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) is used as an anchoring layer deposited on the silicon surface before PFPE attachment. Perfluoropolyether-based polyester acid (PFPE-COOH) is then grafted to the PGMA surface to reduce its surface energy and, consequently, wettability. The grafted surface demonstrates a hexadecane contact angle of 40–46° and a water contact angle of 80–98°. The surface’s wettability strongly depends on the grafted layer thickness, where grafting of the thicker PFPE layers results in lower oil and water wettability. We expect that the employment of PFPE-based grafted nanocoatings will eliminate the health and environmental concerns of long perfluoroalkyls, which are typically used to obtain surfaces with decreased spreading of oil and water.

Porous Microneedle Patch for Electroosmosis‐Promoted Transdermal Delivery of Drugs and Vaccines

A charged porous microneedle (PMN) generates the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and promotes the through‐needle transport of molecules and particles, indicating its applicability for the EOF‐based low‐invasive transdermal delivery of drugs and vaccines. The negatively charged PMN is prepared by grafting a thin film of poly (2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) onto the inner wall of the microchannels of the polyglycidyl methacrylate PMN. Promoted transport from anode to cathode is observed for albumin, Au nanoparticles (15, 50 nm), and silica beads (100 nm), indicating the generation of an EOF strong enough to transport these negatively charged larger size species against their electrophoretic motion. A model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) is preloaded in the PMN, and is injected to a hydrogel and a pig skin with a higher efficiency (more than 2 times) than the conventional diffusion‐based passive release. These results successfully demonstrate the novel EOF‐based effective injection of drugs and vaccines into the skin, achieved by the newly developed charged PMN.

In Situ Identification and Spatial Mapping of Microplastic Standards in Paramecia by Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Microplastics (MPs) are universally present in the ecosystem and pose great threats to the environment and living organisms. Research studies have shown that small MPs (<50 μm in diameter) are especially toxic and account for more than half of all MPs collected in the Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, current methods for the detection and analysis of MPs are incapable of achieving rapid and in situ analysis of small MPs in the biota to ultimately enable the study of their biological effects. In this work, we report a method that allows rapid in situ identification and spatial mapping of small MPs directly from paramecia with high accuracy by acquiring chemical composition information using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging. Specifically, six types of common MPs (polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyglycidyl methacrylate, and polyamide 6) with a diameter of 1-50 μm were simultaneously imaged with high chemical specificity at a spatial resolution of 700 nm. In situ spatial mapping of a group of MPs ingested by paramecia was performed using SIMS fragments specific to the plastic composition with no sample pretreatment, revealing the aggregation of MPs in paramecia after ingestion. Compared with existing methods, one additional advantage of the developed method is that the MPs and the organism can be analyzed in the same experimental workflow to record their fingerprint spectra, acquiring biochemical information to evaluate MP fate, toxicity, and the MP-biota interaction.

Tailoring the polarity of polymer shell on BaTiO3 nanoparticle surface for improved energy storage performance of dielectric polymer nanocomposites

Nanocomposites comprising flexible polymers and high dielectric constant inorganic nanoparticles are considered to be one of the promising candidates for electrostatic capacitor dielectrics. However, the effect of interfacial property on electrical energy storage of dielectric polymer nanocomposites is still not clear. Herein, the role of the polarity of the interfacial region is investigated. For this purpose, three polymers with different polarity, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyglycidyl methacrylate, and polymethylsulfonyl ethyl methacrylate (PMSEMA) are attached onto BaTiO3 (BT) nanoparticle surface via surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. It is found that the polarity of shell polymers shows an apparent effect on the dielectric and energy storage of dielectric polymer nanocomposites. For example, PMSEMA@BT (shell polymer possesses the highest polarity) increases dielectric loss and decreases the breakdown strength of the nanocomposites, leading to lower energy storage capability. However, PMMA@BT (shell polymer possesses the lowest polarity) can induce higher breakdown strength of the nanocomposites. As a result, the PMMA@BT nanocomposite exhibits the highest electrical energy storage capability among the three nanocomposites. This research provides new insight into the design of core-shell nanofillers for dielectric energy storage applications.

Preparation of poly glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) chain-grafted boron nitride/epoxy composites and their thermal conductivity properties.

Surface modification of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has the problem of reducing the interfacial thermal resistance, which has hindered its application in thermal conductive composites. Herein, poly glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) chains were grafted onto the h-BN surface by simple radical polymerization; the thermal conductivity of epoxy (EP) composites was improved by adding the as-grafted h-BN–PGMA to EP resin. When the filling volume of h-BN–PGMA was 4, 10 or 16 vol%, the thermal conductivity of EP composite increased by 160%, 298% or 599%, respectively. Moreover, the h-BN surface modification was beneficial to enhance the compatibility between the filler and the EP matrix. Compared to EP/h-BN, the EP/h-BN–PGMA had higher thermal conductivity (1.197 W m−1 K−1) under the same filling amount (16 vol%). Moreover, excellent dielectric properties and thermal stability indicated that EP/h-BN–PGMA composites were excellent thermal interface materials (TIMs) and could be applied in the field of thermal management. The preparation process is environmentally friendly, easy to operate, and suitable for large-scale practical applications.

Investigation of Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Poly (glycidyl methacrylate) Microspheres: Experimental and Theoretical

Biocompatible magnetic poly (glycidyl methacrylate) microsphere is a novel nanocomposite with a myriad of promising bioapplications. Investigation of their characteristics by experimental analysis methods has also been carried out in the past. However, a survey of the magnetic anisotropy constant has not been mentioned and the influence of the poly (glycidyl methacrylate) polymer matrix on the Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles embedded inside has also not been discussed. Moreover, the accurate characterization of the magnetite nanoparticle size distribution remains challenging. In this paper, we present an effective approach was used to solve these problems. First of all, we combine both experiment and theory to estimate the effective magnetic anisotropy constant. Besides that, we implement an accurate method to determine magnetite nanoparticle size distribution in the magnetic poly (glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres composite nanomaterial.

Bifunctional polymer brush-grafted coronary stent for anticoagulation and endothelialization

At present, cardiovascular stent intervention faces clinical complications such as delayed endothelialization, late thrombosis and restenosis after implantation. In this work, a kind of bifunctional polymer brush-grafted coronary stent with anticoagulant and endothelial functions was developed. First, a block copolymer brush with zwitterionic structure consisting of sulfoethyl methacrylate (SBMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was surface-induced grafted onto the surface of bare metal coronary stent by atom transfer radical polymerization. The diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate), acted as nitric oxide (NO) donor to promote endothelialization, was then attached to polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) brush by a reactive epoxy group to produce NO. The process of chemical modification and the release behavior of NO were characterized in detail. Moreover, the results of anticoagulant test, cytotoxicity test, endothelial cells (ECs) proliferation test and animal experiment of this bifunctional polymer brush-grafted coronary stent we proposed indicate that the zwitterion modified and NO supplied bifunctional coatings has good anticoagulant property, no cytotoxicity and significant endothelialization effect. This work opens the door to combine biological activity of NO and anticoagulant effect of zwitterions, which has great potential to address post-operative side effects associated with restenosis and late stent thrombosis.

Thermoresponsive Poly(2-propyl-2-oxazoline) Surfaces of Glass for Nonenzymatic Cell Harvesting.

As one of the nonenzymatic cell-harvesting technologies, a thermal-responsive surface based on poly(2-oxazoline)s has achieved initial success in supporting the adhesion and thermal-induced detachment of animal cells. However, because of the laborious preparation procedure, this technique was only limited to research purposes. In this work, through using poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) as the anchor layer, poly(2-propyl-2-oxazoline)s (PPOx) were grafted onto glass wafers through a facile two-step coating and annealing procedure for nonenzymatic cell harvesting. In the first step, the piranha solution-activated glass wafers were immersed into the chloroform solution of PGMA and then annealed for a given period of time to immobilize PGMA onto the glass wafers through the bonding between epoxy groups and hydroxyl groups. In the second step, the PGMA-coated glass wafers were further immersed into the chloroform solution of carboxyl-functionalized PPOx. After annealing, PPOx were immobilized onto the PGMA layer through the bonding between carboxyl groups and the residual epoxy groups. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ellipsometry were used to characterize the modified glass wafers. The results of cytocompatibility evaluation showed that the PPOx-coated glass wafers were almost nontoxic and were able to support the adhesion and proliferation of L929 cells well. By lowering the temperature to 8 °C, L929 and Vero cells were successfully detached from the PPOx-coated glass wafers without any enzymatic treatment. Further cultivation has demonstrated that the cooling procedure had little effect on cell viability, and the cells still retained good viability after harvesting.

Palladium nanoparticles dispersed on functionalized macadamia nutshell biomass for formic acid-mediated removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution

Driven by the need for sustainably sourced catalysts and the use of reaction systems that generate environmentally benign by-products, the present study aimed to deposit stable, dispersed palladium (Pd) nanoparticles on the modified surfaces of granular macadamia nutshell (MNS) biomass for catalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)). Through wet impregnation with Pd(II) ions and subsequent hydrazine-mediated reduction to Pd(0), Pd nanoparticles were embedded in a scaffold of polyethyleneimine grafted on bleached MNS previously coated with a chemically bound layer of polyglycidyl methacrylate. Imagery from scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of different layers of the polymeric coating and dispersed palladium resulting from surface modification and palladium nanoparticle synthesis, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of Pd on the modified MNS surface and suggested an estimated crystallite size of 5.0 nm. The supported nanoparticles exhibited catalytic activity in formic acid-mediated Cr(VI) reduction and showed promising stability with consecutive reuse. These findings set the stage for advanced studies into performance optimization.

Purification of waste water from cationic dye using SPGMA polymer: Isotherm and Kinetic study

&lt;p&gt;One of the known methods for dye removing from waste water is using sorbent material for fine removal of dye .The nano- cation exchanger Sulphonated poly glycidyl methacrylate (SPGMA polymer) was used as sorbent material for removing one of the common cationic dyes. SPGMA polymer was prepared and characterized to ensure its surface ability to sorb dye. Percentage removal of Methylene Blue using SPGMA polymer was studied by changing different parameters as sorbent amount, stirring speed, pH and solution temperature. The maximum value for dye removal was about 98%. Adsorption data from experimental work shows that the results fit the pseudo first order model for all parameters studied except for pH study fits pseudo second order. Also sorption mechanism for SPGMA polymer was studied for different dye concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Fabrication of silver-decorated popcorn-like polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial activity

With the mounting prevalence of microbial contamination caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms, the innovative and efficient antibacterial materials will play an increasingly significant part in addressing bacterial pathogens from microbial pollution in the future. In this study, the popcorn-like polymeric nanoparticles (PPNPs) with large amounts of carboxyl groups were first obtained from the crosslinking and the regeneration of polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) utilizing styrene (St) and methacrylic acid (MAA). In addition, synthesized ammoniated PPNPs (A-PPNPs) using the obtained PPNPs and 1,6-hexanediamine (HAD). Also, the acquired PPNPs and A-PPNPs were used as the precursors to achieve silver-decorated PPNPs and A-PPNPs (Ag@PPNPs and Ag@A-PPNPs) respectively by in-situ growth of Ag nanoparticles (nano-Ag) on the multi-convex surface of PPNPs and A-PPNPs based on the electrostatic attraction and coordination. Then, the antibacterial activities of PPNPs, A-PPNPs and Ag@A-PPNPs were evaluated against the typical Escherichia coli (E.coli, gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus, gram-positive). The results showed that the Ag@A-PPNPs had a significantly better ability to suppress the bacterial growth compared to that of its counterparts, as well as the higher loading capacity for small-size nano-Ag. In short, Ag@A-PPNPs has a promising application in bacteria-induced infections and contamination.

Crown ethers “clicked” on fibrous polyglycidyl methacrylate for selective Li+ retrieval from aqueous sources

Increase in lithium (Li) demand has motivated the development of simple yet very effective materials for its recovery from aqueous resources. In this work, a microfibrous (MF) composite Li+ adsorbent tethered with dibenzo-14-crown-ether-4 (DB14CE4) as ligand was successfully fabricated. Polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) was electrospun as MF support, rich with epoxy groups as reactive sites for DB14CE4 functionalization. PGMA MF was subsequently azidated (N3-PGMA) and covalently attached with alkyne terminated DB14CE4 (PPL-DB14CE4) via azide-alkyne cyclo-addition “click” chemistry. Characterization results confirm successful preparation of the final adsorbent DB14CE/PGMA MF. The Li+ adsorption mechanism is well described by Redlich-Peterson, Hill (nH ∼ 1) and Langmuir isotherm models with capacity qm ∼ 12.45 mg g−1. The Li+ uptake rate follows a pseudo-second order model. DB14CE4/PGMA MF preferentially captures Li+ in different aqueous sources (seawater, simulated rubber wastewater, simulated leachates from coal fly ash and lithium-ion battery waste). Li+ uptakes ranged qe ∼ 345–1428 μmol g−1 against competing ions (Na+, K+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Ca2+ Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Al3+) having qe values < 16 μmol g−1. DB14CE4/PGMA MF is regenerable and highly stable with consistent performance in cycled adsorption/desorption runs. Overall results demonstrate the reliability of DB14CE4/PGMA MF for selective Li+ mining in complex aqueous sources.

Preparation of polyglycidyl methacrylate microspheres and nanocomposite hydrogels crosslinked by hydrogen bonds

In order to meet the application of the flexible wings of the submersible, nanocomposite hydrogels(NC gels) was prepared. Preparation of polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) microspheres and correspondingly NC gels were reported. PGMA microspheres were prepared and modified by N-Methyl-D-glucamine, followed by free radical polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of microspheres to construct nanocomposite hydrogel. FT-IR, XPS and DLS verified a successful introduction of hydroxyl groups during modification. The effects of the particle size and content of the microspheres on the swelling properties of the composite hydrogels were investigated. Hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups and polyacrylamide molecular chains play important roles to the swelling property of NC gels. The intermolecular interaction and the crosslinking density were enhanced by the hydrogen bonds, and resultantly, swelling ratio of NC gels decreases.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Azole Functionalized Poly(glycidyl methacrylate)s for Antibacterial and Anticandidal Activity.

Presently, rise in the infectious diseases and subsequent development of drug resistance, is a global threat to human health. However, much efforts are being made by scientists, to develop novel antimicrobials, and also to improve the efficacy of available drugs, in order to combat the lifethreatening infections. Synthesis and characterization of azole functional polymer systems for antimicrobial applications. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA), was produced by free radical polymerization of the monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Different azole functional PGMAs were produced, through chemical modification with imidazole (Im), 1H-1,2,4-triazole (Tri) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATri), to get PGMA-Imi, PGMA-Tri and PGMA-ATri, respectively. The structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal properties were investigated by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Newly synthesized derivatives were further explored, for their antibacterial and anticandidal activities. All the three synthesized and characterized derivatives, displayed a significant activity against the tested microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC), recorded against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), was 0.5 &1mg/ml for PGMA-Imi, followed by PGMA-ATri & PGMA-Tri, respectively, followed by E. coli with, 1 & 2 mg/ml, 4 & 8 mg/ml, 4& 8 mg/ml, respectively, whereas the maximum MIC & MFC was recorded against C. albicans i.e., 8 & 16 mg/ml, 4 & 8 mg/ml ,4 & 8 mg/ml for PGMA-ATri, PGMA-Tri, PGMA-Imi, respectively. In the present work, we report on the state-of-the-art, azole functional polymer systems for antimicrobial applications. These findings suggest that the synthesized azole functional polymer films have antimicrobial properties, which could be potential candidates for coating applications in the biomedical and wastewater treatment field.

Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic coatings on the basis of grafted polyelectrolytes on a textured aluminum surface

Water-loving compounds are usually used to prepare superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic surfaces. Hydrophilic polymers especially polyelectrolytes which contain the charged units in their structure is one of the perspective classes for the creation of materials with superhydrophilic properties. In this work, grafted polyelectrolytes based on quaternized N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and sodium methacrylate were synthesized on the textured aluminum surface with an attached anchor layer (polyglycidyl methacrylate) and the initiator (2-bromo-2-methylpropionyl bromide) using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The texturing of aluminum surface was performed using sequential etching in alkali and acid solutions. The lyophilic properties of grafted polyelectrolytes were studied by contact angle measurements using the “sessile drop” and “captive bubble” methods. The resulting coatings exhibit superhydrophilic properties due to quaternized ammonium and carboxyl charged groups in the grafted polyelectrolytes. Specifically, the coatings show complete wetting with water, stable aerophobicity and oleophobicity in aqueous media, and the demonstrated contact angles are greater than 170° for long contact times. It has been shown that grafting of polyelectrolytes prevents the sorption of nonpolar organic pollutants on the modified surface.

Coupling and Regulation of Porous Carriers Using Plasma and Amination to Improve the Catalytic Performance of Glucose Oxidase and Catalase.

Multiple enzyme systems are being increasingly used for their high-efficiency and co-immobilization is a key technology to lower the cost and improve the stability of enzymes. In this study, poly glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) spheres were synthesized using suspension polymerization, and were used as a support to co-immobilize glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT). Surface modification was carried out via a combination of plasma and amination to promote the properties of the catalyzer. The co-immobilized enzymes showed a more extensive range of optimum pH and temperature from 5.5 to 7.5 and 25 to 40°C, respectively, compared to free enzymes. Furthermore, the maximum activity and protein adsorption quantity of the co-immobilized enzymes reached 25.98 U/g and 6.07 mg/g, respectively. The enzymatic activity of the co-immobilized enzymes was maintained at ~70% after storage for 5 days and at 82% after three consecutive cycles, indicating that the immobilized material could be applied industrially.