Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics Research Articles

Induced ordering in polyethylene terephthalate films irradiated with Ar ions with an energy of 70 MeV

This work presents the results of a study of structural changes in latent tracks in a polymer film irradiated with heavy Ar8+ ions with fluxes of 2 × 1010, 5 × 1011 ions/cm2, and 1 × 1012 ions/cm2. Samples of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer films with amorphous and crystalline parts, with initial weight fractions of 57% and 43% respectively, were used. The study of changes in structural characteristics was carried out using the method of X-ray diffraction analysis in the Bragg-Brentano 2π geometry with azimuthal steps of 10°, where the initial position was aligned with the direction of the texture. It was found that the amorphous part of the irradiated samples shows the formation of an anisotropic φ diffraction reflection, that increases with increasing irradiation flux, due to induced crystallisation of the PET material in the amorphous zone along the direction of the film texture. From measurements of the ratio of the intensities of two diffraction peaks (−110) and (100) in the crystalline part, it was found that an increase in irradiation flux causes a decrease in the degree of initial texturing. This correlated behaviour of the amorphous and crystalline parts of PET can be explained by the transfer of stresses from the amorphous to the crystalline zones by covalent bonds acting along the PET molecular backbone. Annealing of irradiated samples leads to the dissipation of newly formed coherent scattering areas in the amorphous part and the partial restoration of peak intensity (100) in the crystalline part, indicating the elastic nature of deformation of the polymer structure.

Lightweight composite aggregates as a dual end-of-waste product from PET and anthropogenic materials

This article describes the course and results of experiments related to the development of thermal technology for the synthesis of waste materials, therefore, stabilized. The product of such a reaction, while maintaining the specific conditions of the process, acquires an attribute of a lightweight composite aggregate. Two production technologies case studies based on various synthesis mechanisms and reaction centers, as well as different temperature regimes were adopted to design the most optimal method. As a matrix in the created composite the flakes from recycling of a post-consumer thermoplastic polymer PET (polyethylene terephthalate) were used. The composite filler’s role was fulfilled by several fine-grained anthropogenic raw materials. As a result of the experiments, various lightweight aggregates product lines were manufactured and their physical-chemical basic properties examined and mutually contrasted. The created products differed in performance in function of the adopted method and filler material. The obtained granulate is a specific and a unique type of lightweight aggregates denominated, for this purpose, as a composite lightweight aggregate - CLA. The main advantage of the proposed technology implies less heat energy to be supplied in comparison with the existing methods for obtaining such building materials from the waste resources. The other benefit is related to the aspect of its sustainable development performed by using exclusively waste materials for its production. As shown by the research results obtained of the basic characteristics of the aggregate, the produced material can be a full-fledged replacement of a natural aggregate. Some features of this material, such as a lower density or a reduced water demand of the resultant mix, are additional avails, when applied for cementitious building materials. Thanks to this, it is possible to manufacture lighter elements with a lower cement content and also without declining the main mechanical properties.

Inorganic-organic Hybrid Nanoparticles and Their Application on PET Fabrics for UV Protection

In this paper, we reported the synthesis of TiO2/γ-(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) hybrid nanoparticles with simple and mild condition at room temperature. The as-prepared TiO2/KH570 hybrid nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, and XPS. The hybrid nanoparticles were coated onto the surfaces of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics by pad-dry-cure (PDC) process. The morphology, structural, and chemical composition of the coated fabrics were analyzed by SEM, EDS, and XPS. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was used to evaluate the UV protection property of PET fabrics. The coated PET fabric exhibited good UV resistance abilities with a UPF value of 50+. The air permeability of the coated PET fabrics decreased significantly compared with the original PET fabrics. The coated PET fabrics also showed good washing stability. The coated fabrics had an excellent protective effect against ultraviolet rays after exposure to ultraviolet light for a period of time. The PDC process only caused a small degree loss of the tensile strength of the coated PET fabrics.

The Effect of Temperature on the Optical and Analytical Properties of PET Polymer Used in Drinking Water Bottles

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) polymer has been utilized in many applications including, optoelectronics, radiology and food packaging due to its resistance to weak acid, organic solvents, and oils, in addition to low density and low cost. However, physical, mechanical and optical properties of PET are highly dependent on some ambient conditions like temperature since its thermal deformation temperature is 76º C. In this work, the effect of increasing the ambient temperature on the PET material used in the fabrication of plastic water bottles was studied optically and analytically. The optical attenuation coefficient was considered at different room temperature ranging from 25 °C to 45 °C emulating hot-sun-days ambient conditions in the laboratory. The elemental composition of the selected polymers was achieved using laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) technique showing Al emission line at 257.5 nm and CN emission line at 386.1nm in the sample-generated plasma. The optical attenuation coefficient has showed a dramatic increase with the temperature which may lead to leaching of some toxic elements existed in PET polymer into the bottle’s water content during hot weather and cause health problems.

Metallization of PET textile utilizing supercritical CO2 catalyzation

Metallization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textiles was realized by conducting the catalyzation step in supercritical CO2 and using an organometallic compound, palladium bis-hexafluoracetylacetonate (Pd(hfa)2, as source of the palladium catalyst for the later Ni-P deposition step. Electrical resistance of the Ni-P/PET was evaluated before and after adhesion and high temperature incubation tests to reveal durability of the Ni-P/PET. Electrical resistances of the Ni-P/PET prepared at 343 K did not vary much after two cycles of the tape adhesion test when the deposition time was longer than 1.0 h. The Ni-P/PET metallized at 343 K for 2.0 h retained a low electrical resistance at 0.038 Ω after the high temperature incubation test at 414 K. The supercritical CO2 catalyzation was confirmed to be an effective method to metallize PET textile.

Toward closed loop recycling of polyester fabric: Step 1. decolorization using sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate

Although polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers comprise the largest single fiber type used in the global textile community, recycling of dyed PET-based fabric is limited, resulting in the disposal of considerable amounts of PET fabric in landfills every year. Because PET does not readily biodegrade, interest in recycling some or all of the dyed textiles derived from this substrate is of interest. A step toward achieving this vision was investigated in this study, namely the development of an effective decolorization process. In this study, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFS) was employed to decolorize disperse dyes developed for PET and it was found effective for decolorizing C.I. Disperse Yellow 42, C.I. Disperse Orange 30, and C.I. Disperse Blue 56 in water/acetone media and the process was extended to the decolorization of dyed PET fabric. An optimized combination of treatment time (30 min), water to acetone ratio (1:2), SFS concentration (10 g/L), temperature (100 °C), and liquor ratio (50/1) was found to give good color removal for a range of well-known and widely used disperse dye types. Fabric strength assessments were also investigated and it was found that SFS decolorization had no influence on PET strength, as judged by intrinsic viscosity and bursting strength measurements. It was also found that the acetone component of the decolorization medium could be recovered and reused.

Switchable Wettability of Poly(NIPAAm-co-HEMA-co-NMA) Coated PET Fabric for Moisture Management.

In this study, we synthesized a random poly[(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)-co-(N-methylolacrylamide)] [poly(NIPAAm-co-HEMA-co-NMA)] copolymer through free-radical polymerization. The NIPAAm, HEMA and NMA moieties were framed to provide thermoresponsiveness, water absorption and retention control, and chemical cross-linking to achieve stability in aqueous medium, respectively. The copolymer showed a significant change in optical transmittance with a variation in temperature due to the change in volume (i.e., hydrophilic/hydrophobic) between 25 °C and 40 °C, attributed to the lower critical solution temperature property of the NIPAAm moiety. The copolymers were wire-bar-coated onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. Variation in the water contact angle affirmed the switchable wettability due to the change in temperature. We tested the coated fabrics for moisture absorption and release at different temperatures. The results at 20 °C and 37 °C indicated that the P2 copolymer had the highest moisture absorption and release capability. Therefore, the copolymers with tailored properties can be used as smart textiles for activity specific clothing.

Effect of crystallinity on the recovery rate of superhydrophobicity in plasma-nanostructured polymers.

This study explored the optimum conditions to achieve superhydrophobicity in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in terms of crystallinity and microstructure. Surface superhydrophobicity was achieved by nanostructures induced by oxygen plasma etching and the recovery process of low surface energy through thermal aging of various PETs; semi-crystalline biaxial PET (B-PET) film, amorphous PET (A-PET) film, and semi-crystalline PET (F-PET) fabric. Under the anisotropic plasma etching, the nanostructures on the B-PET film were the longest, followed by the F-PET fabric, which developed a hierarchical micro/nanostructure, then the A-PET film. During thermal aging at 80 °C near Tg, the plasma-treated A-PET film recovered its superhydrophobicity within 3 h, while the plasma-treated B-PET film did not exhibit superhydrophobicity. At 130 °C, higher than Tg, the plasma-treated B-PET film recovered its superhydrophobicity within 1 h, but the plasma-treated A-PET film became opaque as its nanostructures deformed, decreasing its superhydrophobicity. The plasma-treated F-PET fabric exhibited faster recovery and greater superhydrophobicity than the plasma-treated B-PET film, due to its hierarchical micro/nanostructure. In addition, hydrophobic recovery during thermal aging was proved with a decrease in surface polar groups, lowering the surface energy using XPS analysis. Therefore, by designing the ratio of crystal to amorphous regions and surface micro/nanostructures, one can rapidly fabricate superhydrophobic PETs without additional surface finishing.

Effect of curing conditions on the cutting resistance of fabrics coated with inorganic-powder-reinforced epoxy composite.

Inorganic powders (IPs), namely, SiO2 and Al2O3, were used as reinforcements and thermosetting epoxy resin was utilized as a matrix to manufacture IP/epoxy preform, which was coated on the surfaces of 2/1 twill woven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics before the final curing process. The effect of curing conditions, including temperature, time, and IP content, on the physical, mechanical, and cutting resistance properties of pure IP/epoxy composites and PET fabrics coated with IP/epoxy composites were investigated. Results indicated that the cutting resistance of PET fabrics could be greatly improved by coating with IP/epoxy composites. Meanwhile, the cutting resistance of fabrics coated with IP/epoxy composites had a close relationship with the shore hardness of the coated IP/epoxy composites, which could be controlled by the curing conditions and IP content.

A facile approach to achieve multifunctional polyethylene terephthalate fabrics with durable superhydrophobicity, photocatalysis and self-quenched flame retardance

Multifunctional PET fabrics were fabricated through combing layer-by-layer and spray coating methods.

Phylogenetic Diversity of Microbial Communities from the Surface of Polyethylene Terephthalate Materials Exposed to Different Water Environments

The goal of the present work was to investigate the composition of microbial communities developing on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples immersed in aqueous media of various origin (marine, freshwater, and industrial; the latter was periodically treated with an antimicrobial agent) in three different climatic zones. High-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to obtain gene libraries for each of the samples. Members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria predominated in the libraries from all three groups of the samples. However, the quantitative ratios of both the dominant and the minor groups in the libraries were different, and within the groups the ratios depended on exposure time and antimicrobial treatment. Both the groups of libraries from the samples of different origin and individual communities within the groups exhibited differences at the genus level. The functional characteristics of prokaryotes in the 16S rRNA gene libraries were predicted using iVikodak. Microbial communities of industrial water, in which members of the genera Pseudomonas and Acidovorax were detected in silico were shown to be potentially capable of degrading PET samples; these organisms possess the enzymes for catabolism of terephthalic acid, the intermediate metabolite of this process. Photomicrography confirmed local PET degradation after exposure in industrial water, while no PET degradation was observed in seawater.

Waste PET as a Reactant for Lanthanide MOF Synthesis and Application in Sensing of Picric Acid.

In this study, a lanthanide metal organic framework based on the ligand of terephthalic acid derived from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles was designed and synthesized. The structure and morphology of the Tb-BDC was investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Tb-BDC displays a high selectivity and sensitivity towards picric acid (TNP). The luminescence intensities exhibit a linear relation, with a concentration of TNP over the range of 1 × 10−5–1 × 10−4 M, with a limit of detection of 1 × 10−5 M. The sensing mechanism is also discussed. This is the first time that waste PET materials have been used as the starting precursor of terephthalic acid (BDC) for the fabrication of lanthanide MOF (metal organic framework), which is applied in sensing TNP.

In situ DEPOSITION OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES ON POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FILTERS AND ANTIBACTERIAL TESTING AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Salmonella enterica

Abstract This study reports a synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNP) deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filters and antibacterial evaluation of the obtained filters against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. CuNP were synthesized by a two-step method involving adsorption of [Cu(OH)4]2- ions onto a PET filter and subsequent chemical reduction by ascorbic acid without using other capping agents. The synthesized CuNP were 105±26 nm (mean±SD) in size and agglomerated into clusters on the PET fibres. Increasing the immersion time of the filters in [Cu(OH)4]2- solutions yielded higher amounts of deposited CuNP. SEM images and mass measurements revealed significant changes in the PET fibre surface under the alkaline medium. Passing bacterial suspensions of E. coli and S. enterica through the CuNP-deposited PET filter reduced them by 5.55 and 2.30 log values, respectively. This method of depositing CuNP onto PET material may be further developed for a wide scope of applications, not only in antibacterial filters, but also in catalytic, packaging and biomedical fields.

Functionalization of PAMAM dendrimers with curcumin: Synthesis, characterization, fluorescent improvement and application on PET polymer

Environmentally friendly and healthier demands of people lead to grow the application of the natural dyes, although some difficulties limit their usages. This means that overcoming these issues will suggest the exchange of synthetic dyes having many environmental problems with natural dyes. In the current study, to develop the natural dyes, we have enhanced the fluorescence intensity of yellow-emitting curcumin dye, by its covalently bonding to PAMAM dendrimer from G0, G1, G2 generations. The chemical structures of modified materials have been confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, UV–Vis, DSC and Elemental Analysis techniques. The synthesized compounds have been used for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics dyeing at high temperature to study their color characteristics. On the other hand, the spectral characteristics of dendrimers have been evaluated in organic solvents with different polarity. The influence of dendrimer generation on the fluorescence intensity and quantum yield has also been described. The results showed that the new dendrimers can be used for PET fabrics coloration.

Natural or synthetic – how global trends in textile usage threaten freshwater environments

As the global demand for textiles increases, so to do the potential environmental impacts that stem from their production, use and disposal. Freshwater ecosystems are particularly at risk: rivers often act as the primary recipients of waste generated during the production of textiles and are subject to pollutants released during the broader lifecycle of a textile product. Here, we investigate how global technological and societal processes shape the way we produce, use and dispose of textiles, and what this means for the environmental quality and ecological health of freshwaters. We examine two predominant ‘natural’ and synthetic textiles (wool and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), respectively), and find that risks to freshwater ecosystems vary throughout the lifecycle of these textiles; and across geographies, in-line with regulatory and economic landscapes. Woollen textiles pose most risk during the Production Phase, while PET textiles pose most risk during the Use and Disposal Phases. Our findings show that: (i) both ‘natural’ and synthetic textiles present substantial challenges for freshwater environments; and (ii) bespoke solutions are needed in areas of the world where the global division of labour and less stringent environmental regulations have concentrated textile production; but also in regions where high textile consumption combines with unsustainable disposal behaviours. Effective mitigation may combine technological advances with societal changes in market mechanisms, regulations, textile use and disposal.

Dyeing Performance of Disperse Dyes on Polyester Fabrics Using Eco-Friendly Carrier and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities.

Both non eco- and eco-friendly carriers were utilized for accelerating the dyeing rate of polyethylene terephthalate fabrics (PET) dyed with disperse dyes at 100 °C. Fastness properties of the dyed fabrics showed good and excellent results. Finally, the prepared disperse dyes 1 and 2 showed potent anti-tumor cytotoxic activity in vitro using MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cell line), HepG-2 cells (human Hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT-116 (colon carcinoma), A-549 cells (Lung carcinoma cell line), and anti-oxidant activities.

Optimization of adhesion of poly lactic acid 3D printed onto polyethylene terephthalate woven fabrics through modelling using textile properties

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate and simulate the impact of the build platform temperature of the three-dimensional (3D) printer, the structure and heat transfer of textiles on the adhesion and durability after washing properties of 3D printed polymer onto textile materials using thin layers of conductive and non-conductive extruded poly lactic acid monofilaments (PLA) deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) woven fabrics through fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. Design/methodology/approach Prior to FDM process, thermal conductivity, surface roughness and mean pore size of PET woven fabrics were assessed using the “hot disk,” the profilometer and the capillary flow porometry methods, respectively. After the FDM process, the adhesion and durability after the washing process properties of the materials were determined and optimized based on reliable statistical models connecting those properties to the textile substrate properties such as surface roughness, mean pore size and thermal conductivity. Findings The main findings point out that higher roughness coefficient and mean pore size and lower thermal conductivity of polyester woven textile materials improve the adhesion properties and the build platform presents a quadratic effect. Additionally, the adhesion strength decreases by half after the washing process and rougher and more porous textile structures demonstrate better durability. These results are explained by the surface topography of textile materials that define the anchorage areas between the printed layer and the textiles. Originality/value This study is for great importance in the development of smart textiles using FDM process as it presents unique and reliable models used to optimize adhesion resistance of 3D printed PLA primary layer onto PET textiles.

Relationship between the molecular structure, molecular polarities and dyeing properties of benzisothiazole dyes containing multi-ester groups for PET fabric

The disperse dyes with high fastness are very important for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric dyeing and printing. The esterified groups of the dye molecules directly affect the wet fastness of dyes. In this paper, a series of azo disperse dyes containing different ester groups based on benzisothiazole were designed and synthesized. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (1H NMR) and elemental analysis. The dyeing performances of the dyes containing different esters for polyester fabric were discussed. The optimized geometries, the bond lengths, dipole moment, lattice dimensions and the electrostatic potential energy diagram of the dyes were calculated and simulated using DFT method at B3LYP/6-31G (d) level. The relationship between the structure and dyeing properties of benzisothiazole dyes containing multi-ester groups for PET fabrics was investigated. The effects of the different ester groups in the dye molecules on the dyeing rate and wet fastness were analyzed. The disperse dyes containing ester group exhibited deeper and brighter intense blue hues than that of the non-ester one. Different ester groups had obvious effect on the dyeing rate of the dyes on PET fabric. The dye structure with two longer ester groups has better wet fastness. The results are of great significance to the development of the disperse dyes with high fastness.

Production of cutinase from Fusarium falciforme and its application for hydrophilicity improvement of polyethylene terephthalate fabric.

Among 23 isolates of cutinase-producing fungi from Thailand, one strain of Fusarium falciforme PBURU-T5 exhibited the greatest cutinase activity (3.36 ± 0.12Uml-1) against p-nitrophenyl butyrate. This strain was found to produce an inducible cutinase when cultivated in the liquid mineral medium containing cutin from papaya peel as the sole carbon source. By optimizing the production condition based on the central composite experimental design, the maximal cutinase activity up to 4.82 ± 0.18Uml-1 was attained under the condition: 0.4% (w/v) papaya cutin as the carbon source, 0.3% (w/v) peptone as the nitrogen source, incubation temperature at 30°C for 4days, and initial pH 7.0. The crude enzyme was optimally active at 35°C and pH 9.0 which was suitable for textile industrial application. The treatment with the crude PBURU-T5 cutinase (100Ug-1 dry weight of fabric) could enhance the wetting time, water adsorption and moisture regain of polyethylene terephthalate fabric up to 1.9-, 1.2- and 1.3-fold, respectively, comparing with the conventional 1M NaOH treatment. The increment of these fabric properties by enzymatic treatment could facilitate the dyeing process and enhance the fabric softness. Thus, F. falciforme PBURU-T5 is the promising source of cutinase for the modification of the PET fabric surface.

Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous toluene using self-assembled air filter based on chitosan/activated carbon/TiO2

Photocatalytic filters are integrated with air purifiers and ventilation systems to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor air. However, the filters, generally prepared by dip or spray coating, are less stable as the deposited TiO2 NPs are prone to be blown off by treated air. In the present study, we propose a novel filter preparation method based on self-assembly of activated carbon (AC) and TiO2 on non-woven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric using chitosan (CS). The prepared filter (CSAT-PET) was characterized for morphological and chemical properties which revealed the homogeneity and chemical bonding of deposited TiO2. Photocatalytic activity of the prepared filter was evaluated for toluene degradation (200–600 ppb) under dark and UV illumination. Toluene removal efficiency reached 91% over CSAT-PET, while it was only 62% over pure TiO2 filter. About 40% of toluene removal was achieved by adsorption on CSAT-PET. Furthermore, CSAT-PET showed robust performance for selected face velocity ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s and, the reaction rate followed Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. FTIR study identified benzaldehyde and benzoic acid as adsorbed intermediates. A UV-induced filter regeneration partially released the adsorbed species. CSAT-PET showed consistent toluene removal and intact morphology over five degradation cycles. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) in RSM was applied to optimize the filter preparation method. The optimum values of TiO2, AC and CS loading were 38.3 g/m2, 52.6 g/m2 and 2.06% (w/v), respectively which exhibited highest removal efficiency for toluene (93%). The proposed methodology can be adapted to fabricate low-cost, stable, and reusable photocatalytic filter for air purification applications.