Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics Research Articles

Rational design of multifunctional superoleophobic/superhydrophilic, photocatalytic, and fire-retardant polyethylene terephthalate fabrics through layer-by-layer technique

In this study, a layer-by-layer (LBL) method was adopted to firstly fabricate superoleophobic, superhydrophilic, photocatalytic, and flame-retardant polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. The fabric obtained self-extinguished fire retardance through alternative adsorption of charged branched poly(ethylenimine) (BPEI), phytic acid (PA), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and this was achieved by repeated assembly of only two bilayers (BL). The coating solution consisting of fluorosurfactant (capstone FS-50) with negative charge and TiO2 particle was further assembled onto the fire-retardant fabric surface, thus endowing it with superoleophobicity (both in air and water environments) and instant superhydrophilicity. Owing to the wettability differences to water and oil, the coated surface could be used to effectively and directly separate various oil-water mixtures without prewetting. It even acquired robust stability that could separate mixtures of oil with strong corrosive liquids, hot water or ice water. Because of its high superhydrophilicity, the developed surface could also separate various oil-in-water emulsions with high efficiency. Such a surface successfully solved the easy oil-fouling problem of separation membranes by blocking the oil and only allowing water to infiltrate, which led to high recyclability of the surface. Moreover, the introduction of TiO2 particles endowed the surface with superior photocatalytic ability both in air and under water environments.

Blowing Kinetics, Pressure Resistance, Thermal Stability, and Relaxation of the Amorphous Phase of the PET Container in the SBM Process with Hot and Cold Mold. Part II: Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Tests.

The technology of filling drinks without preservatives (such as fresh juices, iced tea drinks, and vitaminized drinks) is carried out using hot filling. Mainly due to the production costs and lower carbon footprint, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are increasingly used in this technology. In this paper, the main aim is to describe and interpret the results of statistical analysis of the influence of the temperature of the blow mold in the SBM (stretch blow molding) process and the method of hot filling on the macroscopic and microscopic bottle properties. The macroscopic bottle properties were defined by the thickness profile, pressure resistance, thermal stability, and the coefficients of blowing kinetics. In addition, the influence of the SBM process on the microscopic PET material properties (in the bottle) relative to the microscopic preform properties was analyzed. The microscopic properties were defined by the degree of crystallite, density, and relaxation of the amorphous phase of the PET material. For this purpose, response surface experiments were performed for the two analyzed factors, i.e., the temperature of the blow mold and the method of hot filling. The sample size was investigated to determine the minimum number of repetitions (number of bottles in the measurement series) required to achieve acceptable measurement uncertainty. The research conducted shows that, despite fulfilling the postulate of acceptable measurement uncertainty, in terms of the power of ANOVA (analysis of variance) in DOE (design of experiment), the accepted number of bottles in the measurement series is too small. The tests of the bottle material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase relative to the preform material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase show that microcavity effects occur during the deformation of the PET material, and that these are associated with the orientation of the microstructure. The blow kinetics study shows that there is a gradient of flow of the bottle material over the thickness of the bottle wall during blowing, and it has been deduced that the air temperature between the blow mold and the wall of the blown bottle has an impact on the kinetics of blowing the bottle.

Flat Yarn Fabric Substrates for Screen‐Printed Conductive Textiles

Herein, flat yarn‐based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics as substrates for screen printing conductive inks are described. The effect of the screen‐printing parameters, such as the screen mesh size (70 or 120 pixels in.−1) and the number of printing cycles, is investigated. The uniformity of the screen‐printed layers and their electrical properties are directly related to the yarn shape, substrate roughness, and printing conditions. Minimum average sheet resistance of 16 ± 3 mΩ sq−1 is achieved on the flat yarn PET fabrics, and there is little change in the electrical performance after 1000 bending cycles. To demonstrate the impact of yarn shape on an E‐textile application, wearable antennas are fabricated using the screen‐printed PET fabrics. The antennas are designed to operate at 2.4 GHz, which is a widely used unlicensed frequency for public wireless local area network services, Bluetooth, and radio frequency identification (RFID) services. The effects of the uniformity and conductivity of the printed layers on the antenna performance are analyzed. In open‐area field tests, the textile antennas show better performance than commercial antennas. The results of this study will help improve the understanding of how the ink/substrate interface affects the screen‐printing process and to advance the manufacturing technology for conductive patterns.

Highly efficient fabrication of self-extinguished flame-retardant and underwater superoleophobic coatings through layer-by-layer method

In this paper, a layer-by-layer method was used to firstly prepare self-extinguished flame-retardant and multifunctional superwetting coatings, which were consisted of alternative charge adsorption of branched poly (ethylenimine) (BPEI), phytic acid (PA), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with only three bilayers. When the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric was assembled with the coating, it obtained superior self-extinguished flame retardance after ignition for 5 s. The mesh deposited with the coatings showed instant superhydrophilicity and superior underwater superoleophobicity in various water/corrosive environments only if the top layer was PA. The coated mesh presented extremely stable and highly efficient oil-water separation capability with efficiency larger than 99%, which could quickly separate a series of immiscible mixtures of oil and water (also include corrosive liquids of strong acid/alkali/aqua regia, hot water, etc). Moreover, owing to its in-air superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, and instant underoil superhydrophilicity, the coated mesh also could simultaneously efficiently separate various oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. In addition, the coatings showed high absorption capabilities for various heavy metal ions due to the strong chelation ability of PA and BPEI molecules, which efficiently and successfully removed heavy metal ions from water.

Hollow Section Fibers Characterization for Seats Covers Fabric Application

This research is focused on hollow polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibres and fabrics. The aim of hollow section fibres application is a textile contribution to weight reduction of the whole vehicle. CO2 emissions consequences and awareness of companies to environmental issues are driving studies on the direction of vehicle weight reduction, according to recent European regulations. For this purpose, fabrics composed of hollow fibres have been produced and characterized. In order to be applied as seats covers for the automotive sector, they have been compared to current production woven fabrics. Tensile, tear strength tests and aesthetic and structural abrasion have been carried out. The performance of hollow fibres PET fabrics is slightly lower than full section fabrics, but completely acceptable according to automotive requirements. Its specific application can be evaluated.

Chitosan-coated nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate material for efficient removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution

ABSTRACT A simple dye adsorbent based on polyethylene terephthalate – PET functionalised by chitosan‘Chit-Pet-T’ was developed to remove cationic (MG, CV) and anionic (SY, DB71, AY17) synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions. In the first part of this study, the surface of the non-woven PET material was activated by using an aqueous solution of NaOH (0.5 M), and then the surface of the alkaline activated PET was functionalised by treatment with an acidic aqueous solution of chitosan. The Chit-Pet-T was then characterised by physicochemical methods: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), air permeability and water contact angle measurements (WCA). The physicochemical characterisation of Chit-Pet-T confirmed the successful immobilisation of the chitosan on the surface of the non-woven PET with a coating ratio of 46%. The dye adsorption studies show that the capacity of Chit-Pet-T to adsorb the studied dyes is affected significantly by the initial pH, Chit-Pet-T dose, ionic strength, temperature and initial dye concentration. The removal rate (R) reached the maximum value at pH = 11 and pH = 2 for the cationic (MG: 91%, CV: 90%) and anionic (SY: 95%, DB71: 96%, AY17: 94%) dyes, respectively, within 300 min, under a wide range of temperature, with dye solution of 0.1 M. The Langmuir isotherm model could be best adequate to describe the dye adsorption onto Chi-Pet-T and the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous exothermic process. The excellent performance and regeneration capabilities demonstrate that Chi-Pet-T can be used as a potential efficient and recyclable adsorbent for removal of cationic and anionic dyes from wastewaters.

Synthesis and Dyeing Properties of New Bi-heterocyclic Disperse Dyes Containing Pyridone Group for Polyester Fabrics

A series of novel bi-heterocyclic disperse dyes containing N-ethyl-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-2-pyridine group were synthesized. The structures of the bi-heterocyclic dyes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), UV-vis spectrophotometry, and elemental analysis. The distinct spectral behavior and solvatochromic effect of the dyes were discussed. The dyeing properties of the dyes for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric were investigated. Novel bi-heterocyclic disperse dyes had higher molar absorption coefficient, good color strength, and excellent fastness properties, especially light fastness. The bi-heterocyclic disperse dyes have potential research value in the development of high light resistant dyes and functional dyes.

Fabrication of durable hierarchical superhydrophobic fabrics with Sichuan pepper-like structures via graft precipitation polymerization

The lotus-inspired hierarchical structure is considered to be the most useful physical structure for constructing excellent superhydrophobic surfaces. Here we created a new strategy to fabricate hierarchical superhydrophobic surface with Sichuan pepper-like structures on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics through two adjustable precipitation polymerizations. First, covalently bonded micro-scale structures can be constructed on the PET fabrics via direct fluorination-initiated graft precipitation polymerization, followed by the coating of diameter-controllable nanoparticles obtained from free precipitation polymerization with polydimethylsiloxane as a polarity matched adhesive. As a result, a hierarchical suprhydrophobic surface resembling the structure of Sichuan pepper is obtained with water contact angle and shedding angle of 163.4° and 4.0°, respectively. More importantly, fabrics with Sichuan pepper-like structures exhibit excellent self-cleaning in air and oil conditions, anti-icing performance, self-healing ability against O2 plasma etching and outstanding durability that can endure 20 laundering cycles and 50 abrasion cycles.

Combination of Polyethylene Terephthalate Nesting and Prone Position at the Standard Box Care to the Vital Signs and Length of Stay on the Low Birth Weight Babies

Background: The use of nesting and prone position conditioned Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies as the mother's womb that helped in the development of physiological functions and achieve physiological function stability. This study aims to test the effectiveness of designed nesting with polyethylene terephthalate materials and the position of prone with standard care using a box of baby warmers for the length of stay which is observed from the achievement of the stability of vital signs on LBW. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental design study with non-equivalent control group design. The study population was all LBW treated in the Perinatal room with a sample of 36 LBW selected consecutively from newborns at RSUD RAA Soewondo Pa􀦞 and RSUD Dr. R. Soetrasno Rembang. Results: The combination of nesting polyethylene group with position prone achieved faster vital signs stability and shorter duration of treatment compared to the control group with p = 0.001 for temperature, respiration and oxygen saturation. Conclusion: The combination of polyethylene terephthalate nesting and prone position is effective to reduce the duration of treatment and achieving the stability of vital signs of low birth weight infants. This intervention can be used as LBW care during hospital and home care. Keywords: nesting, position prone, polyethylene tread, length of stay, baby vital signs Received: 25 August 2018 Reviewed: 10 September 2018 Revised: 28 June 2020 Accepted: 28 June 2020 DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-41579

Synthesis of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Monomer and Grafting of PET Fabrics via Electron Beam Irradiation

The flame retardant, diethyl methacryloylphosphoramidate (DMPP), was synthesized by the reaction of diethyl chlorophosphate with methacrylamide and triethylamine. DMPP was grafted onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics by electron beam (EB) irradiation. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra showed that the flame retardant was successfully grafted on the surface of PET fabrics. The morphology of the grafted fabrics after burning showed a porous protective layer on the surface. The FT-IR spectra showed that the flame retardant generated a large amount of phosphorus oxygen-nitrogen compounds after burning. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the grafted fabrics increased with the increase of DMPP concentration. The char length of fabrics treated with DMPP after combustion decreased from 30 cm to 5.9 cm, which demonstrated effective flame resistance.

PEF plastic synthesized from industrial carbon dioxide and biowaste

Polyethylene furandicarboxylate (PEF) is considered as a renewable-based solution to its fossil-based counterpart polyethylene terephthalate (PET). However, due to its lengthy and energy-intensive production process, PEF has not been established at a commercial scale. Here we present a new study on PEF produced from industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and non-food-derived biomass to provide an alternative for PET. We assess PEF production from an energy consumption, environmental impacts and production cost point of view at an industrial scale using mass and energy balance, life-cycle assessment and payback period. The results show that emissions and energy consumption can be reduced up to 40.5% compared with PET. Abiotic depletion (fossil) (6.90 × 104 MJ), global-warming potential (3.75 × 103 kg CO2-equivalent) and human toxicity potential (2.18 × 103 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene equivalent) are the three most substantial impacts in producing one tonne of PEF. By applying optimal design and mature technology, PEF produced from industrial CO2 and biowastes could be a feasible and competitive substitute for PET and other materials. The renewable polyethylene furandicarboxylate (PEF) has potential to replace the fossil-based polyethylene terephthalate, but the energy-intensive production hinders wider adoption. This study shows that PEF from industrial CO2 emissions and non-food biomass can save 40.5% emissions and energy use.

Study of the Wear Resistance of Conductive Poly Lactic Acid Monofilament 3D Printed onto Polyethylene Terephthalate Woven Materials.

Wear resistance of conductive Poly Lactic Acid monofilament 3D printed onto textiles, through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process and their electrical conductivity after abrasion are important to consider in the development of smart textiles with preserved mechanical and electrical properties. The study aims at investigating the weight loss after abrasion and end point of such materials, understanding the influence of the textile properties and 3D printing process parameters and studying the impact of the abrasion process on the electrical conductivity property of the 3D printed conductive polymers onto textiles. The effects of the 3D printing process and the printing parameters on the structural properties of textiles, such as the thickness of the conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) 3D printed onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile and the average pore sizes of its surface are also investigated. Findings demonstrate that the textile properties, such as the pattern and the process settings, for instance, the printing bed temperature, impact significantly the abrasion resistance of 3D printed conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) onto PET woven textiles. Due to the higher capacity of the surface structure and stronger fiber-to-fiber cohesion, the 3D printed conductive polymer deposited onto textiles through Fused Deposition Modeling process have a higher abrasion resistance and lower weight loss after abrasion compared to the original fabrics. After printing the mean pore size, localized at the surface of the 3D-printed PLA onto PET textiles, is five to eight times smaller than the one of the pores localized at the surface of the PET fabrics prior to 3D printing. Finally, the abrasion process did considerably impact the electrical conductivity of 3D printed conductive PLA onto PET fabric.

Antibacterial and Hydrophilic Modification of PET Fabrics by Electron Beam Irradiation Process

Electron beam (EB) irradiation has been utilized to modify materials for various applications due to its remarkable advantages. As an efficient and environmental-friendly way for antibacterial and hydrophilic purposes, EB irradiation was applied to modify polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics by grafting with a N-halamine precursor monomer 3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (ADMH) and acrylic acid (AA) in this study. The grafted PET fabrics were loaded with silver ions to further enhance the antimicrobial efficacy. The hydrophilicity of the modified PET fabrics was evaluated by testing the water contact angles with different contact times. The breaking strength and thermal stability of the modified swatches were studied. The UVA light stability results showed the chlorine loading of the modified PET fabrics decreased with the extension of UVA exposure time, and most chlorine loading could be recovered by re-chlorination. The antibacterial test showed that the modified PET swatches can inactivate all inoculated S. aureus and E. coli with short contact times.

UV Pretreatment Impairs the Enzymatic Degradation of Polyethylene Terephthalate.

The biocatalytic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) emerged recently as a promising alternative plastic recycling method. However, limited activity of previously known enzymes against post-consumer PET materials still prevents the application on an industrial scale. In this study, the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as a potential pretreatment method for the enzymatic degradation of PET was investigated. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1H solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicated a shortening of the polymer chains of UV-treated PET due to intra-chain scissions. The degradation of UV-treated PET films by a polyester hydrolase resulted in significantly lower weight losses compared to the untreated sample. We also examined site-specific and segmental chain dynamics over a time scale of sub-microseconds to seconds using centerband-only detection of exchange, rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation (T1ρ), and dipolar chemical shift correlation experiments which revealed an overall increase in the chain rigidity of the UV-treated sample. The observed dynamic changes are most likely associated with the increased crystallinity of the surface, where a decreased accessibility for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was found. Moreover, our NMR study provided further knowledge on how polymer chain conformation and dynamics of PET can mechanistically influence the enzymatic degradation.

A Robust Polybenzoxazine/SiO2 Fabric with Superhydrophobicity for High-Flux Oil/Water Separation

In this study, a fully biobased benzoxazine monomer (E-s) was combined with SiO2 nanoparticles to construct superhydrophobic/superoleophilic coatings on polyethylene terephthalate fabrics by spray ...

Surface modification of polymer textile biomaterials by N2 supercritical jet: Preliminary mechanical and biological performance assessment

Foreign Body Reaction (FBR) is a critical issue to be addressed when polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile implants are considered in the medical field to treat pathologies involving hernia repair, revascularization strategies in arterial disease, and aneurysm or heart valve replacement. The natural porosity of textile materials tends to induce exaggerated tissue ingrowth which may prevent the implants from remaining flexible. One hypothesized way to limit the FBR process is to increase the material surface roughness at the yarn level. Supercritical N2 (ScN2) jet particle projection is a technique that provides enough velocity to particles in order to induce plastic deformation on the impacted surface. This work investigates the influence of ScN2 jet projection parameters like standoff distance or particle size on the roughness that can be obtained on medical polymer yarns of various diameters (100 and 400 μm) and woven textile surfaces obtained from a 100 μm yarn. Moreover, the mechanical and biological performances of the obtained modified textile material are assessed. Results bring out that with appropriate testing conditions (500 bars jet/500 mm distance between nozzle and PET textile) and particle size around 50 μm, it is possible to generate 20 μm large and 4 μm deep craters on a 100 μm monofilament PET yarn and fabric. Regarding the strength of the textile material, it is only slightly modified with the treatment process, as the tenacity of the yarns decreases by only 10%. Moreover, It is shown that the obtained structures tend to limit the adhesion and slow down the proliferation of human fibroblasts.

Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Surface Constructed from Hydrophilic Building Blocks: A Case Study of Core–Shell Polypyrrole-Coated Copper Nanoneedles

Hydrophilic polypyrrole-coated copper nanoneedles (PPy-CuNDs) were synthesized and utilized to construct a superhydrophobic surface on a polyethylene terephthalate fabric (PET) by using the spray-coating technique. The morphology of the as-synthesized PPy-CuNDs can be facilely tuned by changing the concentration of the reducing agent: hydrazine monohydrate. The CuNDs with well-defined nanocrystalline structures and nanoscale thick, rough PPy coating layers were formed simultaneously in one pot. The PPy-CuNDs self-assembled into an entangled, stacking nanocarpet on the surface of the PET fabric, and they eventually formed a reentrant surface texture similar to that of chrysanthemum leaves. The PPy-CuND-PET surface initially showed good superhydrophobic properties, but a fast transition from the superhydrophobic state to the highly adhesive state was observed. The underlying mechanism of this transition and its potential applications were proposed in the context.

Anti-dripping fabrics of polyethylene terephthalate coated with graphene oxide

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics were coated with the coupling agent 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and graphene oxide (GO) by conventional pad-dry-cure processing method. The coated PET fabrics burnt without the melting state and formed the denser and tighter char directly during the combustion. In order to explain the restraining effect of GO, the structure and thermal stability of the coated PET fabrics, the structure of the forming char after vertical burning test were discussed. The morphology images showed that GO formed the uniform film on the entire fabric surface and infrared spectra indicated the successful fabrication of GO on PET fabric by the presence of the peaks at 3420 cm-1 and 1732 cm-1. While the thermal stability changed slightly with coating and XPS analysis illustrated that the ratio of C/O decreased and the function group C = O increased. It can be shown that the addition of GO played the physical role in the dripping resistance of coated PET fabrics.

Creation of polyaniline-coated polyester fabrics with conductive, electrothermal and energy-storage properties via micro-dissolution method

Incorporation of PANI with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers has creates many flexible conductive, electrothermal and energy-storage textiles. The most common method of depositing PANI to PET fibers is in-situ polymerization. However, it usually needs long reaction time and strict conditions, which is unbeneficial to large-scale commercialized process. Herein, a facile and high-efficiency surface micro-dissolution method was proposed to prepare PANI-coated PET fabrics, which is performed at moderate temperature (70 °C) and only needs 15 min of treatment time. Already-made PANI powders were directly used as raw materials, and the phenol/N-methyl pyrrolidone (phenol/NMP) solution worked as the surface micro-dissolution agent. The resulting fabrics show electroconductive (620 Ω/□), electrothermal (from 22.3–30.3 ℃ within 1 min) and energy storage (438.51 m F cm−2) performances. The preparation is easy to perform and of very high efficiency, making it suitable for industrial production of PANI-coated PET fabrics.

Galvanically Replaced, Single‐Bodied Lithium‐Ion Battery Fabric Electrodes

AbstractDespite extensive research on flexible/wearable power sources, their structural stability and electrochemical reliability upon mechanical deformation and charge/discharge cycling have not yet been completely achieved. A new class of galvanically replaced single‐bodied lithium‐ion battery (LIB) fabric electrodes is demonstrated. As a proof of concept, metallic tin (Sn) is chosen as an electrode active material. Mechanically compliable polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) fabrics are conformally coated with thin metallic nickel (Ni) layers via electroless plating to develop flexible current collectors. Driven by the electrochemical potential difference between Ni and Sn, the thin Ni layers are galvanically replaced with Sn, resulting in the fabrication of a single‐bodied Sn@Ni fabric electrode (Sn is monolithically embedded in the Ni matrix on the PET fabric). Benefiting from the chemical/structural uniqueness and rationally designed bicontinuous ion/electron transport pathways, the single‐bodied Sn@Ni fabric electrode provides exceptional redox reaction kinetics and omnidirectional deformability (notably, origami‐folding boats), which lie far beyond those attainable with conventional LIB electrode technologies.