Polyacrylate Latex Research Articles

Biomimetic Construction of Non‐Iridescent Structural Color Films with High Hydrophobicity and Good Mechanical Stability Induced by Chaotic Convective Coassembly Method

This article presents an originative strategy to biomimetically construct non‐iridescent structural color films with high hydrophobicity and good mechanical stability. In this strategy, the amorphous array of polystyrene (PS) particles is easily fabricated via a simple chaotic convective flow coassembly method to imitate the amorphous nanostructures of avian feathers. An amorphous array is locked by introducing fluorinated polyacrylate (FPA) latex to the voids between the PS particles as binder, which is similar to the locking effect of an organism of a bird's wing. Meanwhile, the high hydrophobicity (140° contact angle) and good mechanical stability of the films are obtained owing to hydrophobicity of FPA and high roughness of the amorphous array. The as‐prepared films retain their brilliant colors under natural light, and this property is essential for their applications in full‐color displays and responsive materials.

Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated polyacrylate latex emulsified with novel surfactants

The fluorinated polyacrylate latex were successfully prepared with semi- continuous seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) which was initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator and emulsified with the novel mixed surfactants of sodium lauryl glutamate (SLG) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (OP-10). The structure of the resultant latex was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The particle size of the latex was measured by Zetatrac dynamic light scattering detector. The film of latex was tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and contact angle (CA). The optimum conditions of preparing the novel fluorinated polyacrylate latex are optimized and the results are as follows: the amount of emulsifiers is 4.0%; mass ratio of SLG to OP-10 is 1:1, the amount of the initiator is 0.6%. The mass ratio of MMA to BA is 1:1 and the amount of HFMA is 7.0%. In this case, the conversion is high and the polymerization stability is good. In addition, the water resistance and thermal properties of the latex films were improved significantly in comparison with the film of the latex prepared without the fluorinated monomer.

Preparation and properties of reactive polyurethane polyacrylate blends based on carbonyl‐hydrazide reaction

ABSTRACTA new reactive polyurethane/polyacrylate (PU/PA) blend was developed by mixing a core–shell polyacrylate latex containing keto groups in shell layer and a polyurethane dispersion incorporating multiple hydrazide groups which was synthesized by introducing the poly‐hydrazide groups into the end of the vinyl‐terminated polyurethane chains. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results indicated that poly‐hydrazide groups had been incorporated in the polyurethane chains. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph revealed that polyacrylate particles had a clear core–shell structure. The results of FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the crosslinking reaction between two polymer systems had happened and crosslinking structure could effectively improve the compatibility between PA and PU. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and mechanical tests results suggested that crosslinking structure could enhance the thermal stability and mechanical properties of blends. The influence of the PA content and the n(CO)/n(NHNH2) ratio on the hardness, water resistance, solvent resistance, and gel fraction of the blend films were comprehensively studied. The optimal PA content and n(CO)/n(NHNH2) ratio was 30% and 1.5:1 in this experiment, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44443.

Improvement on stability of polymeric latexes prepared by emulsion ATRP through copper removal using electrolysis

Copper contamination results in poor stability and limited application of latexes generated using emulsion ATRP. This work describes an electrolysis method, which provides for the removal of copper from such latexes, while preserving colloidal stability and latex particle integrity. Polyacrylate latexes were synthesized via emulsion polymerization with reverse ATRP. The reaction was mediated by CuCl2/4,4-di-(5-nonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (dNbpy) and stabilized with a combined surfactant system of Brij-98 and a new surfactant-ligand (SL) design, which provides for the capture Cu species residing at the interface of latex particles. It is shown that >98% of the residual Cu was removed after 14-h of electrolysis at a voltage of 3 V, and >99% Cu removal was achieved after 7-h treatment at 9 V. For comparison, a Cu removal of <50% was measured in polyacrylate latexes prepared by emulsion ATRP using dNbpy as a sole ligand. The removal of Cu using this process is shown to be rapid and efficient and provide for a substantial increase in latex stability and weather resistance of polymers.

Fabrication of self-cross-linking fluorinated polyacrylate latex particles with core-shell structure and film properties

A series of self-cross-linking fluorinated polyacrylate latex particles with core-shell structure were successfully prepared by one-step miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), and γ-methacryloxypropyl triisopropoxidesilane (MPS). The core-shell structure of the latex particles was confirmed and the latex films were characterized. Results showed that the latex films not only showed enhanced thermostability but also exhibited good hydrophobic property with the incorporation of a small amount of MPS (below 5wt% of monomers). This core-shell fluorine/silicone-containing polyacrylate latex could potentially be used for developing advanced multifunctional protective coatings such as antiwetting, anti-icing, antifogging, and anticorrosion.

Preparation of CdFe2O4-polymeric nanoparticles by inverse miniemulsion and its film properties

Abstract CdFe2O4-polymeric nanoparticles were prepared by inverse miniemulsion in order to achieve an acceptable grain size on the formed spin-coated film at a low calcination temperature. Sodium polyacrylate latex (PAANa) was synthesized by inverse miniemulsion polymerization using NaOH as a co-stabilizer. The effects of the NaOH content added to the inverse miniemulsion on the size and distribution of droplets and the latex particles were studied. The Cd-Fe salt droplets from the miniemulsion were absorbed by the PAANa latex particles, and the films formed by CdFe2O4-polymeric nanoparticles were characterized. The nucleation mechanism was characterized based on the ratio of the final number of latex particles to the initial number of droplets in a volume unit (Np/Nd). The increased NaOH dosage efficiently enhanced the stability of droplets, and Np/Nd approached 1. CdFe2O4-polymeric nanoparticles were formed using PAANa latex particles as a nano-reactor. The CdFe2O4-polymeric film prepared by inverse miniemulsion exhibits high reaction activity, as evidenced by the highly crystalline spinel structure formed at a low calcination temperature. The height of the film before and after calcination at 500 °C was 79 nm and 3.2 μm, respectively. The high reaction activity of CdFe2O4-polymeric nanoparticles can be successfully achieved by the inverse miniemulsion method.

Preparation of amino-functionalized graphene oxide by Hoffman rearrangement and its performances on polyacrylate coating latex

Amino-functionalized graphene oxide (NGO) was prepared by Hoffman rearrangement where carboxyl group was replaced directly by amino group instead of using long-chain containing amino group. The chemical structure of NGO was studied by FT-IR, UV–vis, Raman, XPS and TGA. NGO was incorporated into polyacrylate latex (PA) by blending to prepare PA/NGO composite. The dispersibility of NGO in PA latex was significantly influenced by pH values. When the pH value was higher than 6, NGO uniformly dispersed in PA. The mechanical properties of the PA/NGO film were relayed on the pH. The break strength of the film was increased from ∼2 MPa to ∼5 MPa but the elongation at break decreased from 475% to 258% compared with those of PA film. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PA/NGO film increased by 3.48 °C. For the sake of comparison, the mechanical properties and Tg of a similar composite but with bare graphene oxide (PA/GO) are presented.

Preparation and investigation of hydrophilic, photocatalytic, and antibacterial polyacrylic latex coating containing nanostructured TiO2/Ag+-exchanged-montmorillonite composite material

In order to prepare a self cleaning and antibacterial coating, nanostructured TiO2/Ag+-exchanged-montmorillonite composite material was prepared and used as additive in a commercial grade polyacrylic latex coating. FT-IR and UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns and FESEM were used to characterize the composition and structure of the nanocomposites and coatings. The polyacrylic coatings, prepared by the using of TiO2/Ag+-exchanged-montmorillonite additive, showed better UV and visible light absorption, hydrophilic property, photodegradation of organic pollutants, stability in water and antibacterial properties than pristine commercial grade polyacrylic latex coating. According to the results, the modified polyacrylic coating containing 3%w of nanostructured TiO2/Ag+-exchanged-montmorillonite composite material as additive, with TiO2 to Ag+-exchanged-montmorillonite ratio of 2:1, was the best coating considering most of the useful properties such as low water contact angle, high photodegradation efficiency, and high water resistivity. The water contact angle for unmodified polyacrylic latex coating was 68° while it was decreased to about 10° or less for modified coating after 24h LED lamp illumination.

Properties and characterization of novel cationic polyacrylate latex containing fluorine and silicon prepared with soap-free emulsion polymerization

ABSTRACTThe novel cationic polyacrylate latex containing fluorine silicon was successfully prepared via soap-free emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyltriethoxysilane and hexafluorobutylmethacrylate in water phase, which were initiated with water soluble azo initiator and emulsified with the mixed surfactants polymerizable emulsifier and OP-10. The films of the resultant latex were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and contact angle (CA) determinator, respectively. In comparison with the conventional polyacrylate latex, the thermal stability and water resistance of novel latex film are improved. The conditions of preparing the novel cationic acrylate latexes were optimized. The optimum conditions of preparing the novel latex are as follows: the amount of emulsifiers and the initiator are 6.0% and0.3%, respectively; both the amount of VETS and amount of HFMA are 6.0%. In this case, the conversion is high and the polymerization stability is good.

Modifying a waterborne polyacrylate coating with a silica sol for enhancing anti-fogging performance

(A) Schematic chemical reaction of polyacrylate latexes and silica sol precursor; (B) evolution of water contact angle on various samples as a function of time; (C) anti-fogging properties of the polyacrylate/silica composite coating.

The effect of TiO2/aluminosilicate nanocomposite additives on the mechanical and thermal properties of polyacrylic coatings

The commercial grade polyacrylic latex was modified in order to prepare a mechanical and thermal improved coating. TiO2/Ag-exchanged-aluminosilicate nanocomposites with montmorillonite, zeolite-A and clinoptilolite aluminosilicates were prepared and used as additive in the matrix of polyacrylic latex to achieve a coating with proper mechanical and thermal properties. X-ray diffraction patterns and FESEM were used to characterize the composition, structure, and morphology of the nanocomposite additives. Polyacrylic coatings modified by TiO2/Ag-exchanged-aluminosilicate nanocomposite additives showed higher adhesion strength and hardness compared to unmodified commercial grade polyacrylic coatings. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed lower glass transition temperature for modified polyacrylic coatings than that of unmodified polyacrylic coatings. The tensile tests were also carried out for unmodified and modified polyacrylic coatings. According to the results, the modified polyacrylic based coating with TiO2/Ag-exchanged-clinoptilolite nanocomposite additive was the best coating considering most of useful properties.

Recent advances in the modification of polyacrylate latexes

Polyacrylate latexes present good film-forming property, and therefore are used in a wide range of applications including coatings, adhesives, additives for paper, textiles, wood, and leather. However, some drawbacks, such as poor elasticity and low hardness have restricted their applications. This review summarizes recent development of polyacrylate latexes modified by polyurethane, organic fluorine, and inorganic nanoparticles, separately, which most often exhibit superior properties to those of their individual components. For each modification method, a comment is given based on our knowledge and related research experience. At last, some perspectives on the future research and development of modification of polyacrylate latexes are concluded.

The polyacrylic latex: an efficient water-soluble binder for LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode in li-ion batteries

The polyacrylic latex (LA132) was firstly reported as a water-soluble binder for LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode in Li-ion battery. The electrochemical performances of NCM cathode with LA132 binder were investigated and compared with the conventional water-soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and commercial non-aqueous polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). NCM cathode with LA132 binder exhibited a much higher specific capacity of 146 mAh g−1 and capacity retention of 96.4 % after 100 cycles as compared with 122 mAh g−1/88 % and 121 mAh g−1/75% for the NCM electrode with CMC and PVDF, respectively. In addition, NCM cathode with LA132 binder exhibited better rate capability than that of CMC and PVDF, e.g., retaining 34.3 % capacity of C/5 at 5 C rate as compared with 28.5 and 10.9 % for CMC and PVDF, respectively.

Role of acrylic acid in the synthesis of core‐shell fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex with spherical and plum blossom‐like morphology

ABSTRACTThe core‐shell fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex was successfully synthesized by two‐stage semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), butylacrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA), and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA). The fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effects of AA content on monomer conversion, polymerization stability, particle size, corsslinking degree, carboxyl groups distributions (latex surface, aqueous phase or buried in latex), as well as mechanical properties and water absorption rate of latex film were investigated. The obtained fluorine‐containing polyacrylate latex exhibited core‐shell structure with a particle size of 120–150 nm. The introduction of AA was beneficial for the increase of monomer conversion and the polymerization stability, and had little effects on the mechanical property of latex film. However, the hydrophilicity of AA made the water resistance of latex film get bad. With the increase of AA content, the carboxyl groups preferred to distribute on aqueous phase, and the possibility of homogeneous nucleation increased and more oligomers particles were formed. Moreover, the oligomers would distribute to the latex and continued to grow up, making the latex morphology changed from spherical to plum blossom‐like. The core‐shell latex had two Tg corresponding to the rubber polyacrylate core and hard fluorine‐containing polyacrylate shell, and the latex film possessed excellent thermal stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42527.

Preparation and characterization of aqueous polyurethane oil/polyacrylate latex interpenetrating polymer network

A series of aqueous polyurethane oil (network I)/polyacrylate (network II) latex interpenetrating polymer networks (LIPNs) were synthesized via the technology of latex interpenetrating polymer network combined seed emulsion polymerization process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, laser particle size distributing analyzer and universal tension machine were utilized to characterize the bulk structures and mechanical properties of LIPNs. For used as damping material, the damping performance of LIPNs were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that the damping temperature region of LIPN was wider than those of aqueous polyurethane oil, the temperature region with greater tanδ changed with the TPGDA content and hard-/soft-segment mass weight ratio (mMMA/mBA) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the network I and network II in LIPN occurred within shift each other, even overlap with increasing mMMA/mBA value. The results show that LIPNs synthesized through the combined process have greater tanδ and wider damping temperature region, which is suitable for the use of damping coatings.

Research on the chemical mechanism in the polyacrylate latex modified cement system

In this paper, the chemical mechanism in the polyacrylate latex modified cement system was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and compact pH meter. All results have shown that the chemical reactions in the polyacrylate modified system can be divided into three stages. The hydration reactions of cement can produce large amounts of Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide) and lead the whole system to be alkali-rich and exothermic at the first stage. Subsequently, this environment can do great contributions to the hydrolysis of ester groups in the polyacrylate chains, resulting in the formation of carboxyl groups at the second stage. At the third stage, the final crosslinked network structure of the product was obtained by the reaction between the carboxyl groups in the polyacrylate latex chains and Ca(OH)2.

Influence of alcohols on stability and mechanical properties of polyacrylate coating material

Alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and ethylene glycol were introduced into waterborne polyacrylate latex to study their influence on their stability and mechanical properties of polyacrylate. Ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and ethylene glycol were showed to keep the polyacrylate latex steady when the pH values were higher than 3.00, 6.00, 3.00, and 2.50, respectively, as determined by centrifugation. The latex stability vs time was studied by Turbiscan LAB and the results are in good agreement with the change of latex particle size observed by dynamic light scattering. The results indicate that the particle size was affected by the alcohol molecular structure. Alcohol amounts and type had effects on breaking strength and elongation at break of polyacrylate film to varying degrees. The latex film-forming process was measured and morphology of the latex film was observed by scanning electron microscope. Different performances of mechanical properties were caused by the morphology of latex film resulting from the forming process.

Spherical and core-shell fluorinated polyacrylate latex particles: preparation and characterization

Fluorinated polyacrylate particles with spherical (SP) and core-shell (CS) structures have been prepared via emulsion polymerization. Morphologies of SP and CS latex particles were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The copolymer and the film were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 19F NMR, atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry (TG-DSC) analyses. Fluorinated components in the copolymer were found to aggregate at the film surface, and the core-shell structure of latex particles contributes to occurrence of phase separation at the film surface. The film prepared from core-shell latex particles exhibits more satisfied water repellency than that obtained from spherical latex particles. Fluorine components at SP and CS film surfaces present significantly different aggregation behaviors.

Film‐formation of polyacrylate/silica composite latexes by sol‐gel process

ABSTRACTThe polyacrylate/silica composite latexes were prepared by directly mixing silica particles with polyacrylate modified by γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of polyacrylate/silica composite films confirmed the sol‐gel processes occurred to form Si–O–Si crosslinking bonds during the process of film‐formation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that the polyacrylate latexes were in contact with silica particles while some silica particles stayed together. Atomic force microscope (AFM) photos showed that organic and inorganic phases were strictly connected with each other and silica particles were embedded in the polymeric matrix with a size range of 20–50 nm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves demonstrated that the composite film with 3% MPS has higher Tg than those of pure polyacrylate films. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42417.

A self-cleaning coating based on commercial grade polyacrylic latex modified by TiO2/Ag-exchanged-zeolite-A nanocomposite

The commercial grade polyacrylic latex was modified in order to prepare a self-cleaning coating. TiO2/Ag-exchanged-zeolite-A nanocomposite was prepared and used as additive in the matrix of polyacrylic latex to achieve a hydrophilic and photocatalytic coating. FTIR and UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns and FESEM were used to characterize the composition and structure of the nanocomposites and coatings. The acrylic coatings, were prepared by using of TiO2/Ag-exchanged-zeolite-A additive, had better UV and visible light absorption, hydrophilic, degradation of organic pollutants, stability in water and antimicrobial properties than pristine commercial grade polyacrylic latex coating. According to the results, the modified polyacrylic based coating containing 0.5wt% of TiO2/Ag-exchanged-zeolite-A nanocomposite additive with TiO2 to Ag-exchanged-zeolite-A ratio of 1:2 was the best coating considering most of useful properties such as small band gap and low water contact angle. The water contact angle for unmodified polyacrylic latex coating was 68° which was decreased to less than 10° in modified coating after 24h LED lamp illumination.