Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ratio Research Articles

Evaluation of Meat from Native Chickens: Analysis of Biochemical Components, Fatty Acids, Antioxidant Dipeptides, and Microstructure at Two Slaughter Ages.

This study examined biochemical components, fatty acids, antioxidant dipeptides, and muscle fiber density of breast and thigh muscles from Korean new native chicken strains (A and B) at two slaughter ages, compared with white semi-broiler (W) or broilers. The pH values were different by chicken breed. The new native strains had the lowest fat content in the breast at 12 wk (p<0.05). Regardless of the muscles, A and B at 12 wk had higher levels of arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6), and nervonic acid (C24:1) than broilers (p<0.05). A similar result was observed for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids ratio (P/S) content in the breast. Irrespective of the muscles, A and B enriched with omega-3 fatty acids had a lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio than broilers (p<0.05) at 12 wk. Of the antioxidant di-peptides, the anserine contents were highest in A and B than in the W or broilers (p<0.05), regardless of the muscles and slaughter ages. Furthermore, the breast meat from A and B contained a higher muscle fiber density for both slaughter ages than the W and broilers (p<0.05). Based on these findings, even if the commercial birds (broilers or W) are raised under the similar environmental conditions as A and B, the new native chicken strains have distinct meat quality attributes, particularly higher ARA and DHA levels, lower ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio, and higher anserine contents.

Analysis of Volatile Flavor Substances and Fatty Acids in Different Parts of Small-Tailed Han Lambs

The purpose of this experiment was to study the differences of volatile flavor substances and fatty acid composition in different parts of Small-Tailed Han Lambs, and to preliminarily evaluate the nutritional value of fatty acids in four parts. The contents of fat, protein, volatile flavor substances and fatty acid in hind leg, tenderloin, upper brain and lamb chop of 4-month-old Small-Tailed Han Lambs were analyzed. The results showed that the main flavor compounds of Small-Tailed Han Lambs were octanal, nonanal, octanol, 1-octene-3-ol, caprylic acid and decanoic acid. The types and relative contents of aldehydes, alcohols and esters in the tenderloin were high, which played an important role in the formation of mutton flavor. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in upper brain was significantly higher than that in other parts, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was more than 0.4, and the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were both high. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids in the upper brain is more consistent with the nutritional value of fatty acids.

Adverse effects of linoleic acid: Influence of lipid oxidation on lymphatic transport of citrus flavonoid and enterocyte morphology

Lipids usually contain a large ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are highly susceptible to oxidation. Presence of oxidized lipids in foods may affect the bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive components after ingestion. In this study, the effect of oxidized and unoxidized linoleic acid (LA) on the transport of a highly lipophilic bioactive citrus flavonoid (5-hydroxy – 6, 7, 8, 4′ tetramethoxylflavone or 5-DMT) was determined using a Caco-2 cell model. Results demonstrated that compared to free 5-DMT, unoxidized LA improved the trans-enterocyte absorption of 5-DMT by stimulating the production of lipid droplets and chylomicrons. Although the amount of 5-DMT transported across the enterocyte doubled by oxidized LA compared to free 5-DMT, it significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), affected the function of tight junction and caused damages to the morphology of enterocyte monolayer. This study re-emphasized the importance of preventing lipid oxidation in foods.

Exposure to per and polyfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from diet and lifestyle factors among Inuit adults of Nunavik, Canada

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are water/stain resistant compounds resistant to metabolic degradation, making them environmentally stable, mobile and bioaccumulative. This leads to high concentrations in wildlife species essential to the cultural identity and subsistence of Arctic populations, including the Inuit. Our objective was to characterize the distribution and exposure determinants of PFAAs among the Inuit adults of Nunavik. METHODS: The study included 443 randomly selected Nunavik residents (Nunavimmiut) aged 16-82 years who participated in the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Inuit Health Survey. Associations between plasma concentrations of nine PFAAs and country food consumption, drinking water source, and traditional activity participation were examined using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS:PFAAs concentrations among Nunavimmiut were up to seven times higher than those in the general adult Canadian population. After adjustment, above-median consumption of marine mammal, fish, and game bird were associated with increased concentrations of perfluorooctanoic-acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic-acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic-acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic-acid (PFUndA), perfluorohexanesulfonic-acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic-acid (PFOS). Of note, marine mammal consumption ≥1/week was associated with a 43.2-53.5% increase in PFNA, PFDA, PFUndA, PFHxS, and PFOS (p-values≤0.008). In addition, the omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio in red blood cell membranes, indicative of marine mammal and fish consumption, was linearly associated with higher long-chain PFAAs (PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA), including a 97.3% (95% CI: 81.9-115.7%) increase in PFNA, and a 146.2% (95% CI: 118.1-181.1%) increase in PFDA, when contrasting the fourth versus the first quartile of the omega-3/omega-6 ratio. There were no associations between PFAAs and drinking water sources or traditional activities. CONCLUSIONS:The results speak to the importance of characterizing PFAAs exposure in Arctic communities for improved public health messaging on country foods and to provide evidence for actions aimed at reducing PFAAs exposure in the Arctic to protect the exceptional quality of country foods in Nunavik. KEYWORDS: pfas, Community-engaged research, Environmental disparities, Exposure assessment, Long-term exposure, Environmental epidemiology

Tumour fatty acid metabolism in the context of therapy resistance and obesity.

Fatty acid metabolism is known to support tumorigenesis and disease progression as well as treatment resistance through enhanced lipid synthesis, storage and catabolism. More recently, the role of membrane fatty acid composition, for example, ratios of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in promoting cell survival while limiting lipotoxicity and ferroptosis has been increasingly appreciated. Alongside these insights, it has become clear that tumour cells exhibit plasticity with respect to fatty acid metabolism, responding to extratumoural and systemic metabolic signals, such as obesity and cancer therapeutics, to promote the development of aggressive, treatment-resistant disease. Here, we describe cellular fatty acid metabolic changes that are connected to therapy resistance and contextualize obesity-associated changes in host fatty acid metabolism that likely influence the local tumour microenvironment to further modify cancer cell behaviour while simultaneously creating potential new vulnerabilities.

Serum ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio and diabetic retinopathy: A propensity score matching based case-control study in China.

BackgroundOptimal ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (PUFAR) is reported to exert protective effects against chronic diseases. However, data on PUFAR and diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains scarce. We aimed to thoroughly quantify whether and how PUFAR was related to DR as well as its role in DR detection.MethodsThis two-centre case-control study was conducted from August 2017 to June 2018 in China, participants were matched using a propensity score matching algorithm. We adopted multivariable logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses to estimate the independent association of PUFAR with DR, adjusting for confounders identified using a directed acyclic graph. The value of PUFAR as a biomarker for DR identification was further evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analyses and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests.FindingsAn apparent negative relationship between PUFAR and DR was observed. Adjusted odds of DR decreased by 79% (OR: 0·21, 95% CI: 0·10–0·40) with an interquartile range increase in PUFAR. Similar results were also obtained in tertile analysis. As compared to those in the 1st tertile of PUFAR, the adjusted odds of DR decreased by 76% (OR: 0·24, 95% CI: 0·08–0·66) and 93% (OR: 0·07, 95% CI: 0·03–0·22) for subjects in the 2nd and 3rd tertiles, respectively. Good calibration and discrimination of the PUFAR associated predictive model were detected and PUFAR = 35 would be an ideal cut-off value for DR identification.InterpretationOur results suggest that serum PUAFR is inversely associated with DR. Although PUFAR-alteration is not observed amongst different stages of DR, it can serve as an ideal biomarker in distinguishing patients with DR from those without DR.FundingThis study was funded by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Basic Public Welfare Research Project, the Major Project of the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and the Academician's Science and Technology Innovation Program in Zhejiang province. Part of this work was also funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China, and Research Project for College Students in Wenzhou Medical University.

Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Pure Filamentous Fungal Biomass as a Novel Ingredient for Fish Feed

The rapid growth of aquaculture and the lack of fish meal demand new sustainable ingredients. Although fungal biomass is found to be a promising sustainable fish feed supplementation candidate, the characteristics of this protein-rich source are closely influenced by the quality of the applied growth medium. In this work, the nutritional properties of pure filamentous fungal biomass provided from the cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia and Rhzopus oryzae were evaluated to assess their potential as alternative novel protein sources in fish feed. In this regard, fungal biomass yields of up to 0.19 ± 0.005 (g dry biomass/g substrate glucose) were obtained during submerged cultivation of fungal strains. The pure fungal biomass acquired could contain significant amounts of protein up to 62.2 ± 1.2% (w/w). The obtained protein had a high quality with notable inclusion of essential amino acids such as lysine, arginine, methionine and threonine with comparable concentrations to those of fish meal. Fungal biomass is mainly considered as protein source, however, entitlement of 6.9 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.7 and 17.2 ± 1.1% (w/w) of lipids and ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) of 1.37:1, 1.74:1 and 1.47:1 in A. oryzae, N. intermedia and R. oryzae, respectively, signal health benefits for the fish. Considering the results, protein-rich pure fungal biomass with amino acid composition is greatly compatible with fish meal, and contains essential nutrients such as fatty acids and minerals. This pure biomass constitutes a promising sustainable alternative supplement to be introduced in fish feed industry.

Quantitative benefit and risk assessment of arsenic and nutrient levels in cooked and raw chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) using an in vitro digestion model

The safety and quality of aquatic foods are a public concern due to their content of pollutants, such as arsenic. A formula is derived for quantifying the benefit-risk ratio (HQ) of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids vs. arsenic in Chinses mitten crabs. Among these arsenic species, the proportion of inorganic arsenic, which is extremely harmful to the human body, is<5%, and its level does not exceed the national standard limit. Meanwhile, comparing with the HQ from the original method, the HQs from groups 0 min, 5 min, 15 min are significantly higher(p < 0.05). This suggests the original assessment method could underestimate the risk of eating crabs. Eating steamed crabs is easier to digest essential fatty acids (EFAs) than eating raw crabs, and it also protects consumers against arsenic exposure. To achieve a good balance of dietary benefits and risks, the steaming duration of the crabs should exceed 30 min.

Dietary oxidized fish oil negatively affected the feed utilization, health status and fillet quality of juvenile Amur sturgeon, A. schrenckii

This study was carried out to explore the effects of dietary oxidized fish oil on growth, feed utilization, health status and fillet quality of juvenile Amur sturgeon (A. schrenckii) (initial mean body weight = 70.0 ± 0.02 g). An 8-week experiment with diets containing 6% fresh fish oil (FFO) or 6% oxidized fish oil (OFO) was conducted. The peroxide values (POV) of fresh and oxidized fish oil were 9.14 and 384.73 meq/kg, respectively. The results indicated that compared to the FFO group, dietary OFO had no significant influence on growth (P > 0.05), but increased feeding rate (FR) and decreased productive protein value (PPV) significantly (P < 0.05). The fish in the OFO group had lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), albumin (ALB), and the ratio of ALB to globulin (GLOB), and higher serum malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide anion free radical (O2−) than those in the FFO group (P < 0.05). OFO induced inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver, and the expressions of hepatic inflammatory cytokines were significantly up regulated in the fish fed with OFO (P < 0.05). The fish in the OFO group showed abnormal yellow skin, and the yellowness value of the dorsal muscle was significantly elevated in comparison with the FFO group (P < 0.05). The contents of muscle protein, lipid, and glycogen were significantly declined by dietary OFO (P < 0.05). Dietary OFO affected the muscle essential amino acid (EAA) composition remarkably, among which the proportions of Ile and Met were reduced while Leu was promoted significantly (P < 0.05). The fish fed with OFO had significantly higher n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) proportion and n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio (P < 0.05) than the fish fed with FFO, but there were no changes in the proportion of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and n-3 PUFA (P > 0.05). The total free amino acid (FAA) was enhanced significantly by dietary OFO, but the delicious amino acid (DAA) proportion was decreased in the muscle of the fish fed with OFO (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary OFO had no significant influence on growth, but decreased feed utilization of Amur sturgeon. Dietary OFO impaired the health status of Amur sturgeon by inducing oxidative stress, lowering serum HDL-C, ALB and causing liver damage. Dietary OFO adversely affected the fillet quality of Amur sturgeon by altering body color, muscle proximate composition, glycogen content, EAA, fatty acid and FAA profiles.

Effects of dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin extract supplementation on meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) supplementation on meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs. The data showed GSPE increased pH24 h, redness, crude protein content and decreased shear force, drip loss48 h, lactate content and glycolytic potential in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, accompanied by increased contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid. GSPE promoted MyHC I mRNA and slow MyHC protein expression, and increased slow-twitch fiber percentage. The activities of total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in LD muscle were increased by GSPE while malondialdehyde content was decreased. Together, this study demonstrated that dietary GSPE supplementation can effectively improve the color, water-holding capacity, tenderness and nutritional value of pork, and increase slow-twitch fiber percentage and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs.

Anti-Platelet Properties of Apple Must/Skin Yeasts and of Their Fermented Apple Cider Products

Alcoholic beverages like apple cider are considered functional beverages with several health benefits, when consumed in moderation, which are mainly attributed to their microbiota and the plethora of their bioactive compounds. Among them, bio-functional polar lipids (PL) have recently been found in apple cider, which despite low quantities, have exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties, while fermentation seems to affect the functionality of apple cider’s PL bioactives. The aim of the present study was to elaborate yeast strains isolated from the complex mixtures of apple surface and must yeasts for evaluating their effects on the anti-platelet functional properties of PL bioactives from their final fermented apple cider products. First, bio-functional PL were extracted and separated from the biomass of the different isolated apple surface/must yeast strains, and were further assessed for their anti-platelet potency against human platelet aggregation induced by the potent inflammatory and thrombotic mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), or by a classic platelet agonist like adenosine diphopshate (ADP). Novel functional apple ciders were then produced from the fermentation of apple juice by elaborating the most bioactive and resilient yeast strains isolated from the apple must with optimum fermentation properties. PL bioactives extracted from these novel apple cider products were also further assessed for their anti-platelet properties against both the PAF and ADP pathways of human platelet aggregation. These novel cider products were found to contain PL bioactives with lower IC50 values (~40 μg) and thus increased anti-platelet potency against platelet aggregation induced by PAF and ADP. GC-MS analysis of the PL bioactives extracted from these novel apple ciders showed that apple cider PL bioactives are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) and the omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA), with favorably lower levels for their omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio, which further support the observed strong anti-platelet properties putative anti-inflammatory potency for the apple cider PL bioactives. However, further studies are needed in order to elucidate and fully characterize the apple yeast strains that can be utilized for increasing the anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet and cardioprotective functional properties of their fermented apple cider products.

An Overview of Analeptic Applications of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

This article is an examination of the Analeptic Applications of Omega-3. The scientific development and subsequent clinical applications of Omega-3 in Healthcare continue to influence researchers all over the globe today. This article examines the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries and demonstrates further aspects of the applications of Omega-3 on various health backgrounds, including.&#x0D; Cardiovascular Health: The study addresses the comparison of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in cardiovascular diseases. Higher intake of dietary Omega-3 helps activation, inhibition, and alteration of metabolic and signaling pathways which is associated with better cardiovascular health, while Omega-6 decreases the risk of coronary heart diseases and cardiovascular disease mortality.&#x0D; Immunology: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been found to show an anti-inflammatory effect in the body by downregulating the activation of various immune cells. They regulate immunological functions via eicosanoids and resolvins which are anti-inflammatory. External supplementation can reduce chronic and acute inflammation as well as reduce the chances of graft rejection. The regulatory effect is shown by modifying gene expression and/or signal transduction in human cells. They are also involved in altering the membrane composition of Fatty Acids(FA) and as a result, they affect the lipid raft structure and also membrane trafficking.&#x0D; Joint Health: The study shows the effects of omega-3 and other fatty acid consumption in Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), bone marrow lesions, and knee cartilage lesions. It notes the interrelations between synovitis, plasma levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs in OsteoArthritis (OA) patients along with risk factors for OA, which could help consider liable treatments for improvement of OA. The study highlights the importance of the Omega-6:Omega-3 PUFA ratio and clinical and functional outcome measures which can help us in better understanding the role of PUFAs and possible treatments for people with knee osteoarthritis while showing the effect of Omega-3 fatty acids on muscle health in RA.&#x0D; Skin Disorders: Fish oils rich in PUFAs are reported to improve several inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. They have also been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis, cutaneous wounds, and melanogenesis. The significance of omega-3 in skin structure was proved by describing a syndrome caused by stringent fat reduction in the diet that leads to erythema with scaling, hair loss, itching, and increased water loss.

Finishing season and feeding resources influence the quality of products from extensive-system Gascon pigs. Part 2: muscle traits and sensory quality of dry-cured ham

The quality of pork products from local breeds in extensive systems depends, among other things, on pig production. In particular, the variability in climatic conditions and feeding resources may influence the properties of tissues at slaughter and the quality of pork and processed products. The present study (part 2) was part of a larger project that assessed the influence of the finishing season and feeding resources on carcass and tissue traits and the quality of meat and dry-cured ham from Gascon pigs in an extensive system. Following the specifications of the Protected Designation of Origin “Noir de Bigorre”, castrated Gascon males were reared on rangelands (grassland and forest areas) and received a supplementary diet from 5 to 6 months of age until slaughter at a minimum of 12 months and ca. 170 kg BW. Three finishing seasons were considered: Winter (n = 18), Spring (n = 22) and Autumn (n = 23). To estimate the specific effects of season on quality traits and avoid bias due to effects of genes known to influence these traits, polymorphisms in the RYR1, PRKAG3, MC4R and LEPR genes were included in the analysis models. Compared to Winter pigs, Spring and Autumn pigs had higher ultimate pH in the semimembranosus and gluteus medius (GM) muscles, lower meat lightness (P < 0.05) and tended to have higher GM intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.10). They also had higher GM contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) than Winter pigs (P < 0.05). Spring pigs had the lowest n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated FA ratio and the highest GM α-tocopherol content (P < 0.001), indicating pig grazing. The finishing season did not influence the processing yield of dry-cured hams (24-month process). Within each seasonal group, ten hams selected for genetic variability and IMF content were analyzed by a trained sensory panel. The season did not modify the appearance or odor, but influenced texture and taste. Hams from Winter and Spring pigs had higher tenderness and melting fat scores than hams from Autumn pigs (P < 0.01). Hams from Spring pigs had higher taste intensity and salty taste (P < 0.01) but lower positive tastes (e.g. fruits, forest) than hams from the other groups. Overall, finishing season had moderate effects on ham sensory traits. Furthermore, our results reveal high redness, tenderness, taste and odor intensity, and low rancid flavor of hams from Gascon pigs produced in an extensive system.

Modeling of fatty acid composition of combined food products

The object of research is the fatty acid composition of the milk-fat base for combined food products of a healthy diet. The biological effectiveness of fats is determined by the ratio of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, including the ratio of omega-3 PUFA: omega-6 PUFA. Not all foods have a balanced fatty acid composition, in particular, dairy products contain excessive amounts of SFAs, the excessive consumption of which leads to an increase in blood cholesterol levels, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential in nutrition, in milk fat (and, accordingly, in dairy products) is insufficient. Therefore, this study is aimed at developing the composition of the milk-fat base with a balanced fatty acid composition using natural vegetable oils. The work substantiates the expediency of using vegetable oils, namely pumpkin seed as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids, rice bran oil as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, to optimize the ratio of SFA: MUFA: PUFA when combined with milk fat in multicomponent food products. The fatty acid composition of the milk-fat base has been optimized using a three-component mixture of fats – milk fat, pumpkin seed oil and refined rice bran oil. The ratio of fatty acids in the milk-fat base for the production of food products with a balanced fatty acid composition (SFA: MUFA: PUFA – 0.442: 0.403: 0.155) has been determined, which is achieved with the optimal ratio of milk fat: rice bran oil: pumpkin seed oil – 20.2: 70.5: 9.3. Recommendations are given on the use of the developed milk-fat base with a balanced fatty acid composition in the production of combined dairy-vegetable food products. Since today dairy products with a balanced fatty acid composition are presented in limited quantities in the global consumer market, the implementation of research will expand the niche of «healthy food». And correctly conducted marketing activities, which are proposed in this work, will allow to gain a foothold in the market of healthy food products with a balanced chemical composition and an affordable price.

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Specific Integration of Fat-1 and IGF-1 at the pRosa26 Locus.

Many researchers have focused on knock-in pigs for site-specific integration, but little attention has been given to genetically modified pigs with the targeted integration of multiple recombinant genes. To establish a multigene targeted knock-in editing system, we used the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and self-cleaving 2A peptide technology to construct a plasmid coexpressing the fatty acid desaturase (Fat-1) and porcine insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes at equal levels. In this study, pigs were genetically modified with multiple genes that were precisely inserted into the pRosa26 locus by using the clustered regularly spaced short palindrome repeat sequence (CRISPR)/CRISPR-related 9 (Cas9) system and somatic cell nuclear transfer technology (SCNT) in combination. Single copies of the Fat-1 and IGF-1 genes were expressed satisfactorily in various tissues of F0-generation pigs. Importantly, gas chromatography analysis revealed a significantly increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level in these genetically modified pigs, which led to a significant decrease of the n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio from 6.982 to 3.122 (*** p < 0.001). In conclusion, the establishment of an editing system for targeted double-gene knock-in in this study provides a reference for the precise integration of multiple foreign genes and lays a foundation for the development of new transgenic pig breeds with multiple excellent phenotypes.

Fatty acid composition of human breast milk across lactational stages in six representative cities in China from 2018 to 2019

To investigate the fatty acid composition in breast milk at different lactation stages in six representative cities of China. From January 2018 to December 2019, milk sampling of 690 healthy lactating mothers(full-term) in 5 lactation periods of 0-5 days, 10-14 days, 40-45 days, 200-240 days and 300-400 days was collected from 6 representative regions in China, with 23 cases of breast milk received in each lactation stage in each city. Mix it into one mixture, and make a total of 30 mixes. Determination of fatty acids in breast milk was conducted by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The contents of total fatty acids(TFA), saturated fatty acids(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) in breast milk increased with the progress of lactation and reached a relatively stable level after reaching a peak at 40-45 days. However, the composition ratio of SFA, MUFA and PUFA in TFA remained relatively stable from 0 to 400 days. The ratio of arachidonic to docosahexaenoic(AA/DHA) in breast milk from 0 to 400 days in the six cities ranged from 1.14 to 1.55, and there was no obvious trend of change in the whole lactation stage. The ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid(LA/ALA) in Chinese breast milk ranged from 3.84 to 18.94, showing significant regional variation. The content and composition of fatty acids in breast milk of six cities in China vary to a certain extent and show a dynamic change process with the passage of time of lactation.

Effects of high linolenic acid diet supplemented with synthetic or natural antioxidant mix on live performance, carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid composition of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of medium-heavy pigs

We studied the effect of a high linolenic acid diet supplementation with synthetic (vitamin E + selenium) or veg-etal mix rich in natural antioxidants (grape skin + oregano) on live performances, carcass and meat quality, fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of intramuscular lipids of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle in medium-heavy pigs. Neither carcass traits nor chemical proximate composition of meat was affected by dietary treatments. Linseed dietary inclusion reduced the n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio and increased long-chain n-3 precursor, fundamental for human health. Our results offer new opportunities to use products more acceptable by consumers and are more eco-friendly.

Dietary supplementation with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and phytase in growing-finishing pigs: I. Effects on performance, carcass traits, muscle antioxidant capacity and fatty acid profile

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) and phytase on carcass traits, muscle antioxidant capacity and fatty acid profile of growing-finishing pigs fed low-phosphorus (P) diets. Eighty crossbred pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] with initial body weight (BW) of 49.38 ± 4.31 kg were allotted to 4 diets with 5 replicate pens per treatment (2 barrows and 2 gilts per pen) according to BW and sex. The whole experiment lasted for 88 days from the beginning of feeding to the end of slaughter, including phase 1 (days 1–28), phase 2 (days 29–60), and phase 3 (days 61–88). The treatments were designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: low-P diet (C); low-P diet + 1000 U phytase/kg diet (C + phytase); low-P diet +50 μg 25OHD3/kg diet (C + 25OHD3); low-P diet + 1000 U phytase/kg diet +50 μg 25OHD3/kg diet (C + phytase + 25OHD3). Dietary 25OHD3 supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in phase 1 and overall phase. Phytase increased (P < 0.05) carcass yield, and 25OHD3 enhanced (P < 0.05) a* value of the longissimus dorsi muscle. 25OHD3 or phytase improved (P < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the longissimus dorsi muscle. 25OHD3 decreased (P < 0.05) n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio and iodine value, phytase tended to decrease (P = 0.094) n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio and decreased (P < 0.05) iodine value in the longissimus dorsi muscle. In addition, significant interaction between 25OHD3 and phytase was observed for SOD activity and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were increased (P < 0.05) by 25OHD3 or phytase supplementation. 25OHD3 increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), phytase increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of PPARγ and tended to increase (P = 0.052) the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Collectively, 25OHD3 slightly improved the efficiency of growth. 25OHD3 and phytase supplementation enhanced some carcass traits and meat quality, especially for higher antioxidant capacity and lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio.

Endogenous ω-3 fatty acids in Fat-1 mice attenuated depression-like behaviors, spatial memory impairment and relevant changes induced by olfactory bulbectomy

ObjectivesOlfactory bulbectomy (OB) induced behaviors, hypercortisolism, inflammation and neurotrophin dysfunctions are similar to those observed in depressed patients. Omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can effectively treat depression via anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, n-3 PUFA purities, caloric contents, and ratios in different diets often cause contradictive results. This study used Fat-1 mice, which can convert n-6 to n-3 PUFAs in the brain, to study the effect of n-3 PUFAs on OB-induced behaviors and related changes. MethodsFat-1 and wild-type littermates were fed safflower oil for 3 months. Behaviors were tested on day 21 after surgery. Monoamine neurotransmitters were measured by HPLC. Macrophage activity was measured by MTT assay. Astrocyte phenotypes A1 S100β, A2 BDNF and cholesterol level were measured by ELISA and total cholesterol assay kits respectively. PUFA profile and membrane fluidity were detected by GC and DPH fluorescence probe respectively. ResultsOB significantly induced animal hyperactivity and spatial memory impairment, while decreased sucrose consumption and social contact with decreased 5-HT turnover, increased the macrophage activity and S100β/BDNF ratio. Meanwhile, n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio and total cholesterol level were reduced in OB mice. Whereas, OB-induced behavioral changes were attenuated, which were associated with increasing 5-HT turnover, decrease macrophage activity, restored S100β/BDNF and n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratios, and total cholesterol concentrations in Fat-1 mice. ConclusionThe present study for the first time demonstrated that endogenous n-3 PUFAs attenuated OB-induced depression-like behaviors and spatial memory impairment through modulating serotonergic and immune function, balancing the astrocyte A1/A2 phenotypes, and normalizing PUFAs profile and membrane function.

Adiponectin agonist treatment in diabetic pregnant rats.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) reduces maternal adiponectin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) materno-fetal transfer, which may have negative consequences for the offspring. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of the administration of a novel adiponectin agonist (AdipoRon) to GDM rats on the long-term consequences in glycaemia and fatty acids (FA) profile in the offspring. Pregnant rats were randomized to three groups: GDM rats (GDM, n = 8), GDM rats treated with AdipoRon (GDM + ADI, n = 9), and control rats (n = 10). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) on day 12 of gestation. GDM+ADI received 50 mg/kg/day AdipoRon from day 14 until delivery. Glycaemia and FA profile were determined in mothers and adult offspring (12 weeks old). AdipoRon tended to reduce fasting glucose in diabetic mothers. Diabetic rats presented the foetus with intrauterine growth restriction and higher adiposity, which tried to be counteracted by AdipoRon. In the adult offspring, both GDM + ADI and control animals showed better glucose recovery after oral glucose overload with respect to GDM. DHA in offspring plasma was significantly reduced in both GDM and GDM + ADI compared to controls (P = 0.043). Nevertheless, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) ratio improved in plasma of GDM + ADI adult offspring (GDM: 14.83 ± 0.85a%; GDM + ADI: 11.49 ± 0.58b%; control: 10.03 ± 1.22b%, P = 0.034). Inflammatory markers and oxidative stress were reduced in the adult offspring of AdipoRon-treated mothers. In conclusion, AdipoRon administration to pregnant diabetic rats improved glycaemia in the mothers and long-term glucose tolerance in the offspring. In addition, it tended to reduce excessive foetal fat accumulation and improved n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio significantly in offspring at the adult state.