Abstract
The rapid growth of aquaculture and the lack of fish meal demand new sustainable ingredients. Although fungal biomass is found to be a promising sustainable fish feed supplementation candidate, the characteristics of this protein-rich source are closely influenced by the quality of the applied growth medium. In this work, the nutritional properties of pure filamentous fungal biomass provided from the cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia and Rhzopus oryzae were evaluated to assess their potential as alternative novel protein sources in fish feed. In this regard, fungal biomass yields of up to 0.19 ± 0.005 (g dry biomass/g substrate glucose) were obtained during submerged cultivation of fungal strains. The pure fungal biomass acquired could contain significant amounts of protein up to 62.2 ± 1.2% (w/w). The obtained protein had a high quality with notable inclusion of essential amino acids such as lysine, arginine, methionine and threonine with comparable concentrations to those of fish meal. Fungal biomass is mainly considered as protein source, however, entitlement of 6.9 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.7 and 17.2 ± 1.1% (w/w) of lipids and ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) of 1.37:1, 1.74:1 and 1.47:1 in A. oryzae, N. intermedia and R. oryzae, respectively, signal health benefits for the fish. Considering the results, protein-rich pure fungal biomass with amino acid composition is greatly compatible with fish meal, and contains essential nutrients such as fatty acids and minerals. This pure biomass constitutes a promising sustainable alternative supplement to be introduced in fish feed industry.
Highlights
Potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates composed of 4 gL−1 potato extract, 20 gL−1 glucose and 15 gL−1 agar has been used in order to preserve the spores; once the plates were inoculated with each individual filamentous fungi spores, they have been incubated at 30 ◦ C for 3–5 days followed by storing in the fridge (4 ◦ C) till the use as cultivation inoculum
The nutritional potential of filamentous fungal biomass as a dietary supplement of fish feed has been investigated in the current study
Protein-rich fungal biomass has been produced throughout submerged cultivation of three edible filamentous fungi on a semi-synthetic medium
Summary
World population is increasing dramatically and based on predictions more than 9 billion people will be living of earth by 2050 [1] at least 60% more food supply, significantly protein sources, is needed to meet this population’s food demands [2]. In this regard, during the last decades, aquaculture, as one of the most important protein provision sources, had the highest expansion rate, 7.2% annually [2].
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