Poltava Regions Research Articles

THE TRANSFORMATION IN THE AGE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE IN THE YEARS 2001-2021: GENDER AND INTERREGIONAL ASPECTS

The territorial and gender differences of the transformational process in the age structure of the Ukrainian population during the 20-years’ period are analyzed in the article. The key factors and tendencies in age structure in various regions are determined. The comparative analysis of its changes among urban and country-side population is performed. The general tendency characterizing the age structure of the urban and country-side population of Ukraine is pointed out – that is the decrease in the share of the younger than active work force, and the increase in the share of the senior citizens. In the present-day structure of the urban population every fourth citizen represents the 60+ age group. The differences in the degree and intensity of aging of the rural and urban population are shown. The index of aging among urban population is much higher and makes 175,6% against 146,9% on the rural territory. The intensification of the process of demographic aging by gender is proven. In 2021, in the total number of population of Ukraine the share of men in the 60+ age group was 36,1%, while the share of women of the same age group was 63,9%. In the years 2001- 2021, the share of women at post-workable age grew to 29,5% of the total number of female population, and that of men grew to 19,3% of the total number of male population. The growth in the share of women and men at post-workable age in the urban area and its decline in the rural area are indicated. Interregional differences in the transformational process in the age structure of the Ukrainian population are defined. The smallest share of the citizens in post-workable age is observed in Volyn, Rivne, and Transcarpathean regions. The biggest share of the citizens in post-workable age is observed in Luhansk, Donetsk, Chernihiv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zaporizhzhia, Kirovohrad, and Poltava regions. The chare of the workable age citizens is growing in 22 administrative units of Ukraine. The consequences of the transformation in the age structure of population are evaluated. The hypothesis has been proven that the age structure changes are correlated with the share of women at reproductive age, and demographic load. The decrease in the share of workable population was caused by the decrease in the share of women at reproductive age from 48,4% to 43,4%. In the years 2000 – 2021 the demographic load on the workable population grew mainly due to the older age group population (in 2021 the demographic load difference between children and the retired was 148 people). The demographic load on the workable population is 7,8% higher in the rural area than in the urban. The attention is drawn to the necessity of taking into consideration territorial peculiarities in the process of transformation in the population age structure when substantiating national programs and measures of active demographic policy. The regions of Ukraine characterized by low economic development are facing the biggest hardships in the adaptation process towards the changes of population age structure. Key words: transformation in the age structure of population, urban and rural population, demographic aging, demographic load.

ПРОСТОРОВО ЧАСОВЕ РОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННЯ МАСОВИХ ВІДКЛАДІВ МОКРОГО СНІГУ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПРОТЯГОМ 1991-2020 рр. ПО ОКРЕМИХ ДЕСЯТИРІЧЧЯХ

The presented article is dedicated to the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of mass deposits of wet snow on the territory of Ukraine during certain decades of the period 1991-2020. The case of mass distribution of wet snow deposits is considered to be the case when such deposits were observed in 1 day at at least 10 stations located on territories of at least 2 regions. Each of the three ten-year periods was analyzed, taking into account all the studied months regarding the features of the distribution of mass deposits of wet snow separately, and the features of the distribution of such cases on the territory of Ukraine were clarified. For the first decade of 1991-2000, it was established that for the winter months and at the end of autumn, such deposits, in cases of their mass distribution, are mostly observed in the territory of the northern and northeastern regions (Kyiv, Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkiv), as well as in the central regions ( Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk). In the south, at this time, they are mostly observed in Odesa, Kherson and Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In March, they are mostly found in the northeast (Kharkiv region), the center (Poltav region, Cherkasy region) and the south (Zaporizhia, Kherson region, Autonomous Republic of Crimea). In April, such deposits with their massive distribution are mostly observed in Volyn and Zhytomyr Oblast. In 2001-2010, with an increase in the number of cases of mass spreading of wet snow deposits, their territorial distribution underwent changes. In winter and at the end of autumn, Kyiv region joins the regions of the northeast where increased recurrence is observed. Among the central regions, Cherkasy and Kirovohrad regions also had the highest recurrence rate. In March and April, such deposits are mostly observed in the north, northeast (Kyiv Oblast, Chernihiv Oblast, Sumy Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast), the center (mostly Cherkasy Oblast), as well as in the south (Zaporizhia, Autonomous Republic of Crimea). In April, the frequency of such cases increases in Odesa and Crimea. In 2011-2020, during the cold period of the year, the situation is similar to the previous decade. In March, the frequency of such deposits increased in Khmelnytskyi and Poltava regions.

CULTURAL AND EDUCATION TOURISM IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE OF THE RESOURCE BASE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Objective. The article is aimed at analyzing the current state of the resource base, identifying the main trends and prospects for the development of cultural and educational tourism in Ukraine. Methods. To achieve the objective, the following methods are applied: theoretical generalisation (to study approaches to defining the concept of cultural and educational tourism), statistical (to process statistical information), analysis (to study the current state of the resource base, trends and features of the development of cultural and educational tourism), abstract-theoretical (to summarise and draw conclusions) and modelling (to identify promising areas for the development of cultural and educational tourism in Ukraine). Results. As a result of the study of approaches to defining the concept of "cultural and educational tourism", it is established that the latter should be understood as travel, the main purpose of which is to familiarise tourists with historical, cultural and natural objects and resources in order to meet educational and aesthetic needs. The structure, current state of the resource base of cultural and educational tourism and features of its spatial location are analysed. The imbalance between the location and saturation of cultural and historical objects between different regions of Ukraine is revealed, in favour of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Odesa and Poltava regions and the Carpathian region. The article analyses the loss of cultural and educational resources from the Russian-Ukrainian war and identifies the main trends in the current development of cultural and educational tourism. As a result of the analysis, the main directions of development of cultural and educational tourism in wartime and post-war conditions are identified and substantiated, in particular, the following: development of militarised areas of cultural and educational tourism, extension of modern travel trends to cultural and educational tourism, introduction of the promising Slow Cities tourist movement in cities, shifting the emphasis to the creativity of forms of cultural and educational tourism and expanding the use of innovative technologies in promoting tourist attractions and exchanging information with consumers of tourist services.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN COSTUME AND ITS REGIONAL FEATURES

The article investigates the history of Ukrainian costume development in accordance with different regions of Ukraine, namely: the Middle Dnieper, Podillya, Polissya and Volyn, Slobozhanshchyna and Poltava regions, Carpathians, South. Particular attention is paid to the artistic features of the Ukrainian costume. The aesthetic properties and features of clothing decoration are investigated. The regional complexes of the Ukrainian traditional dress are analyzed. Characterized features of cutting and sewing of men's and women's clothing.
 The author presented not only general information about the costumes of various historical epochs, its various components at each stage of its development, but also characterized the breastplate, satin, outerwear, hats, hairstyles, ornaments.

Wing morphometry of worker bees of Kharkiv, Sumy and Poltava regions of Ukraine

The affiliation of local bee populations spread across the territory of Ukraine to the subspecies A. m. carnica, A. m. macedonica, A. m. mellifera, and A. m. caucasica has been studied previously in most cases using various phenotypic characteristics, and in some cases, through the study of mitochondrial DNA. According to previous morphometric studies, it was not possible to identify bee families that could be qualified as "purebred". The aim of this study was to investigate three apiaries from different regions of Ukraine where selection measures are systematically carried out to reproduce and preserve the local population of Ukrainian steppe bees, subspecies A. m. macedonica. The goal was to confirm this breeding positioning and find bee families suitable for further breeding work. The study focused on the wing phenotypes of worker bees. In this work, 10 traits were considered as wing phenotypes: seven indices Ci, Dbi, Disc.sh, Ri, Ci.2, Ci.3, Ci.2.1, and three angles A4, E9, J10. Statistical data processing methods and the STATISTICA software package were used as research tools. A total of 5200 wings of worker bees from 53 apiaries in the Kharkiv, Sumy, and Poltava regions were studied. The classification of wings in the Sumy and Poltava regions was carried out into four clusters, while in Kharkiv, it was into three clusters. Preliminary classification based on Euclidean distances using the mean values of traits for individual wing clusters and taking into account the Mahalanobis distances between cluster centroids formed three data arrays labeled as "UkrStep" and "UkrStep.2," which were attributed to the subspecies A. m. macedonica, and "Carnica," attributed to the subspecies A. m. carnica. These can be used as regional standards for studying bee families in this part of Ukraine with the aim of establishing their probable breed. It was found that the population of Ukrainian steppe bees (62.2%) predominates by phenotype on the studied apiaries. For four bee families from the Kuzemin apiary, 92%-100% of worker bees belong to Ukrainian steppe bees. АOn the apiary in Kharkiv, only one bee family had 86% of worker bees belonging to the population of Ukrainian steppe bees. It is recommended to use queens from four bee families for breeding purposes: one queen from the Kharkiv apiary and three queens from the Kuzemin apiary. Key words: Classical morphometry of worker bee wings, discriminant analysis.

Distribution of the rare fungus Chlorophyllum agaricoides (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Ukraine

The article reports distribution data on a rare fungus Chlorophyllum agaricoides (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Ukraine. This species has secotioid fruiting bodies as a result of adaptation of agaricoid fungi to arid environmental conditions. Chlorophyllum agaricoides is on the Red Lists of fungi in several European countries. In Ukraine, it is known from the following regions: Central (Right Bank) Polissya; Right Bank and Kharkiv Forest-Steppe; Donetsk, Right Bank, Left Bank, and Starobilsk Grass-Meadow Steppe; Right Bank and Left Bank Grass Steppe. New records from Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kherson, Mykolaiv, and Poltava regions were provided mainly by members of the Facebook group Fungi of Ukraine and added to the list of previously known localities of the fungus. Despite the increased number of finds, C. agaricoides remains a very rare species in Ukraine. Therefore, this species is proposed to be included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and the need of searching for its new localities is emphasized.

Оцінка ефективності перинатальної допомоги в Україні

In the context of political changes, increasing social heterogeneity of society, high income differentiation, Russia’s aggressive war against Ukraine, and the COVID-19 pandemic, women during pregnancy and childbirth and newborns are becoming the most vulnerable groups in the population. Effective maternal and newborn health can only be promoted and maintained through effective healthcare systems. Purpose - to analyze and evaluate the integrated effectiveness of perinatal care in Ukraine at the national and regional levels. Materials and methods. A comprehensive analysis of regional peculiarities and an assessment of the main indicators of perinatal care in Ukraine in 2017, 2021 according to the data of the State Institution «Centre for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine», perinatal audit according to the World Health Organization «MATRIX - BABIES» methodology were carried out. A modified outcome model was used to assess the integrated effectiveness of perinatal care. Methods of systematic approach, comparative analysis, bibliographic, statistical data processing were used. Results. The population-based comprehensive study of the integrated performance of perinatal care at the national and regional levels showed a sufficient, above-average level of achievement of results (comprehensive assessment ratio (CAR) - 0.77 in 2017 and 0.73 in 2021) with a high level of coefficient of achievement of normative values of resource components (0.82 and 0.86) and activities (0.76 and 0.77, respectively), which is likely due to the reorientation of perinatal care facilities and institutions to evidence-based medical and organizational technologies. The negative trend in the perinatal care CAR for 2017-2021 (5.19% decline rate) is due to a decrease in the ratio of achievement of the normative value of the performance component from 0.79 to 0.64 due to the rapid increase in maternal mortality from 12.5 to 42.5 per 100 thousand live births and an increase in bleeding in the sequential and postpartum periods from 7.1 to 8.9 per 1000 births, respectively, which may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in the CAR of the integrated effectiveness of regional perinatal care systems in Ukraine in 2021 compared to 2017 were downward in the vast majority (15) of territories (the highest rate of decrease in the CAR (19.05-15.0%) was in Zhytomyr, Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia, and Poltava regions), and upward in 9 territories (the highest rate of increase in the CAR (9.37-7.58%) was in Zakarpattia, Chernivtsi, and Volyn regions), with stabilization of this indicator in Rivne region. The leaders of the integrated perinatal care efficiency (the Group 1) with a high level of results achievement ratio (CAR≥0.80), which indicates that the perinatal service in the regions is quite effective, are Kyiv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Chernivtsi regions. An another group of regions (the Group 2) with above average CAR (0.7-0.79), which requires strengthening of certain components of perinatal service facilities and institutions, includes 13 regions. The outsiders of the integral effectiveness of perinatal care (the Group 3 of regions with an average CAR of 0.6-0.69), requiring management decisions on more efficient operation of perinatal service facilities and institutions, are 7 regions (Dnipro, Donetsk, Zhytomyr, Zaporizhzhia, Kyiv, Poltava and Kherson regions). Conclusions. The integrated assessment of the effectiveness of perinatal care makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions in ensuring the availability and quality of perinatal care, and to respond in a timely manner to changes in the macro- and microenvironment. Given that the model of integrated assessment of perinatal care effectiveness has dynamic properties, it is planned to revise them in the future as the healthcare sector transforms and the normative values of individual indicators of the integrated assessment are achieved. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

ТРАДИЦІЇ БУДІВЕЛЬНОЇ ОБРЯДОВОСТІ СЕРЕДНЬОЇ НАДДНІПРЯНЩИНИ: ВИБІР МІСЦЯ ПРИ ЗАКЛАДАННІ НОВОГО ЖИТЛА (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ)

The article is devoted to traditional building customs and rites of the Middle Dnipro region, in particular, choosing a place when building a new home. The article characterizes the traditions of spiritual culture of Ukrainians in the second half of the 20th century, which until recently attracted little attention of researchers. Construction rituals on the border of Kyiv, Cherkasy, and Poltava regions are being studied. The historiographical aspect of the problem was analyzed, the results of the author’s field research were used. Traditionally, the choice of a place, the sequence of which had a three-stage character, was of great importance in the preparation for the construction of housing. The article consistently reveals the content of each «step»: selection of a place that could meet the requirements for housing construction; testing the place using various signs; divination. Now the villages have a planned development, while earlier the place where to build was freely chosen. According to the materials of the archives or «memories of old people», we know that there were certain traditions of choosing a place. Ukrainians believed that a new place should be built in a place that is not only suitable for all economic requirements, but also energetically «clean» and happy. Failure to comply with the prohibitions leads to trouble in the new home. That is why, when choosing a place to build a house, they used not only experience, but also a whole system of omens, beliefs, customs, fortune-telling, taboos, etc. In the course of the research, we come to the conclusion that the recorded rites accompanying the construction completely fit into the all-Ukrainian scheme of traditional Ukrainian culture through the prism of field materials collected in the studied territories.

ВИБІР БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ У СЕРЕДНІЙ НАДДНІПРЯНЩИНІ У ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ: ЗАБОРОНИ ТА ПРИКМЕТИ

Background. The article is devoted to the construction rituals of the Middle Dnieper region – on the example of the Kyiv, Cherkasy and Poltava regions, which are part of the historical and ethnographic region. Methods. The research used observational methods that allow the most complete interpretation of the obtained results. Results. Ethnographic materials of the second half of the 20th century, as well as oral testimonies of contemporaries of those times collected during field research, are an important source of information about construction traditions that have been preserved in the memory of the local population and reveal the peculiarities of the construction rituals of the Middle Dnieper region. Conclusions. The study reveals the origin of prohibitions, omens, and customs that accompany the selection and procurement of building material for housing construction.

Research on the phenolic profile, antiradical and anti-inflammatory activity of a thick hydroalcoholic feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) herb extract

The aim – to study the phenolic complex of a thick hydroalcoholic extract of the feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) herb (FTHAE), its antiradical activity and anti-inflammatory properties in a model of carrageenan and histamine oedema.
 Materials and methods. The studied extract was obtained from the Tanacetum parthenium herb, collected in Sumy and Poltava regions of Ukraine during the period of mass flowering (June-August): degree of grinding of raw materials 2.0-3.0 mm, extraction temperature - 25 °C, extractant – 70 % ethanol, raw material/extractant ratio – 1:12, infusion time – 12 hours, multiplicity of extractions – 3. HPLC and spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the composition and amount of phenolic compounds of FTHAE. HPLC analysis was performed using a “Waters e2695 Alliance system” (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) with a photodiode array detector “Waters 2998” according to the HPLC–PDA method for phenolic compounds. The scavenging of ABTSA radical cation evaluated the radical scavenging activity. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of FTHAE were studied on carrageenan and histamine paw oedema in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity (AIA) was evaluated as the ability to reduce oedema compared to the control pathology. FTHAE was used at a dose of 50 mg/kg.
 The results. The content of the sum of hydroxycinnamic acids in the obtained extract was determined by spectrophotometry, which was 13.92±0.02 % and the content of the sum of flavonoids – 5.16±0.03 %. The content of 12 compounds with a total amount of 72432.09µg/g was identified and determined by HPLC. The dominant compounds were hydroxycinnamic acids, namely 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic and сhlorogenic acids. The antiradical activity of the extract was 620.19±4.53µmol/g. On the model of carrageenan oedema, the maximum effect of oedema suppression was 71.0-73.2 %. In the model of histamine oedema, the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was 57.8; 51.8; and 49.1 % for 30 minutes, 1 and 1.5 hours of oedema, respectively. The severity of the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract during the first hour is not inferior to the diclofenac sodium, quercetin and loratadine.
 Conclusions. Due to the HPLC method, 12 compounds were determined to cause antiradical activity, among which chlorogenic acid and rutin were identified.
 The studied extract has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, which is due to the antiradical properties of the extract and its inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators

FATTY ACIDS OF MILK AND THE INTENSITY OF S. AUREUS SECRETION IN COWS WITH SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN THE STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The consumption of raw drinking milk and pasteurised drinking milk is a topic still widely debated around the world. Raw drinking milk, as for its biological safety, can pose a number of hazards to human health. However, pasteurised milk, too, can vary in its biological value. The composition of milk directly depends on the physiological state of the mammary gland. So, taking into account the intensity of fatty acid exchange in this organ, it can be assumed that the physiological state of dairy cows’ mammary gland can affect the biological value of the secretion, in particular, its fatty acid composition. The paper shows the changes in the fatty acid composition of milk, depending on how intensely the mastitic lesion of the mammary gland has developed, ranging from the subclinical form of the disease (the signs of the disease are unmanifest) to the clinical form (the signs of the disease are clearly manifest). Cows with the subclinical form of mastitis pose the greatest biohazard: they show no clinical signs of the disease, so raw milk from these cows more easily finds its way onto numerous markets.
 The research was conducted in 974 dairy cows of various breeds in 6 farms of the steppe zone of Ukraine (Odesa, Mykolaiv, and Poltava regions). Each of the forms of mastitis (subclinical and clinical) has been found in about 20% of the dairy livestock. The main pathogen causing mammary gland infection is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (36.6-47.4%). Changes in the fatty acid composition of milk of cows with subclinical mastitis have been shown. It has been established that the proportion of long-chain fatty acids decreases and the percentage of short-chain fatty acids increases, along with a decrease in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been proved that that the subclinical form of mastitis affects the content of C4:0, C10:0 (ղ²ᵪ = 0.90–0.94 arb. units; р<0.001), and C18:1n9c (ղ²ᵪ = 0.36–0.84 arb. units; р<0.001) in cow’s milk. With the cows’ clinical recovery, the content of all fatty acids in milk does not immediately return to the indicators observed before the disease.

New and additional information on the flora of the Middle Dnieper

The article provides an annotated list of new floristic finds in the flora of the Middle Dnieper (on territory of Cherkasy region, as well as adjacent districts of Kyiv and Poltava regions), both aboriginal rare and alien species, including “runaways from culture”. In some cases, notes are given on the taxonomic status, features of the natural range, ancient indications of the localities of certain species in the region. For the first time, 31 new taxa were introduced for the regional flora of Cherkasy region, including 8 native and 23 alien. The most valuable is the information about rare aboriginal plants, in particular Asparagus tenuifolius, Euphorbia salicifolia, Polygonum patulum, Rosa andegavensis, etc. In the Uman district of Cherkasy region, the location of three species of flora that were considered disappeared in the region: Pentanema oculus-christi, Salvia dumetorum and Staphylea pinnata. For once, 3 new alien species have been introduced for the flora of Poltava region: Anthriscus caucalis, Lonicera × notha and L. ruprechtiana. The research revealed new locations of invasively active foreign plants, including ergasiophygophytes: Phytolacca acinosa, Silphium perfoliatum, Vitis riparia, Zizania latifolia etc., and quarantine xenophytes: Cenchrus longispinus and Eriochloa villosa. Progressive distribution of xenophytes with primary sub-Mediterranean and Central Asian habitats has been noted. Population growing of foreign plants emphasizes the existing negative trend of adventitia of the flora.The issues of naturalization of ergasiophytes are discussed, in particular the presence of mass selfseeding in the centers of their primary introduction, which is the impetus for their further spread. Provided information on spontaneous seed reproduction of species such as: Castanea sativa, Catalpa ovata, C. speciosa, Pilosella aurantiaca, Verbesina encelioides, Viola sororia and other cultivated plants. The above and similar information is an considerable element of comprehensive floral research.

ЗАХВОРЮВАНІСТЬ ТА ПОШИРЕННЯ ВІРУСІВ ЗЛАКОВИХ КУЛЬТУР У 2020–2021 РОКАХ В УКРАЇНІ

Cereals play a significant role in the Ukrainian economy and agriculture. Viral diseases can cause a serious reduction in yields. Aim. The aim of the work was to identify and determine the spread of grain viruses in the main cereal-growing regions of Ukraine in the period 2020–2021 using different methods of virus detection. Methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to identify viruses using commercial test systems by for wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), wheat dwarf virus (WDV), High Plainswheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV), barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), barley yellow dwarf virus-MAV (BYDV-MAV), andcereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV). Transmission electron microscopy was used for direct virus detection. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify viruses by molecular methods. Results. Summarizing the results obtained by different methods, we can say about the circulation of WSMV, HPWMoV, BSMV, BYDV-PAV, and BYDV-MAV in the Ukrainian agrocoenoses in 2020–2021. Significant prevalence and the dominant role of WSMV have been shown, with the degree of damage to symptomatic plants reaching 52 %. The spread of HPWMoV in Kyiv and Poltava regions has been established, although previously the virus was detected only in the eastern part of our country. WSMV was more likely to induce monoinfection (70 %). Conclusions. During the testing of symptomatic plants in the agrocenoses of Ukraine in 2020–2021 the most common were WSMV and HPWMoV (52 % and 19 %, respectively), also found BYDV-PAV in winter wheat and BYDV-MAV in oats.

Methods and models of generalization of hydrographic network objects

The purpose of the article is to study the spatial geodetic, cartometric characteristics of the hydrographic network (including artificially created objects) in Kharkiv and Poltava regions at different scales (1: 200000 1: 1000000) for further generalization. Main material. To objectively reflect the surrounding reality, it is necessary to study the terrain, its topographic and geodetic characteristics, identify patterns on the basis of this study, followed by approximation. The above calculations make it possible to systematize the cartometric indicators of the river basins and water bodies, to reveal the patterns of their development, and to create an objective picture of their state. The use of the models, developed in the article, greatly simplifies the selection of cartographic objects during generalization, which, as you know, is the central problem of technical control of maps. The study allowed the authors to develop the legend of the cartographic symbols of hydrographic objects, using various additional data. In this case, information is reflected both through cartographic symbols as well as their combination. The given correction factors, obtained from several administrative districts, help to reduce the unavoidable distortions. Based on the method of analogies and analysis of the artificial reservoirs effect on the landscape, the authors determined functional regularities of such systems. Using the method of analogy, they systematized data on water bodies, which is the basis for their further generalization. Conclusions and further research. The article proposes a generalization technique of the hydrographic network. Criteria have been developed for generalizing the reservoirs of Kharkiv and Poltava regions. The study proved the necessity to carry out cartometric works in generalizing the elements of the river network. The proposed conventions significantly improve the perception of cartographic information and are applied in the educational process. The prospect of this study is to identify the dynamics of changes in the plane of the river basin and display it on maps of different scales.

MORAL METHODS OF ENCOURAGEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF PRESCHOOL STAFF (RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS)

Modern humanistic tendencies of development of higher pedagogical education put forward high requirements to pedagogical staff in general and preschool teachers in particular, their independence, creativity, responsibility for own professional growth. These provisions are regulated by the State National Program "Education" ("Ukraine of the XXI Century") (1993), the Laws of Ukraine "On Education" (2017), "On Preschool Education" (2001), the National Doctrine for the Development of Education in Ukraine (2002), the Basic component of preschool education in Ukraine (2012). Both methods of material and moral encouragement of preschool workers have a great influence on their professional growth.
 The article identifies the following main methods of encouragement of preschool staff: moral – an honorary certificate, a badge of honour, announcement of gratitude, receiving an honorary title, awarding the employee at meetings and others. Among the main methods of material encouragement there is the method of awarding preschool specialists, providing preschool workers with extra days off, rewarding them with valuable gifts and others. The leading methods of professional encouragement included sending preschool staff to problem conferences, methodological seminars, exhibitions which were illustrated with materials on the most topical issues of preschool education; providing assistance to preschool workers in printing manuals, permission to develop and implement author's programs, demonstration lessons, etc.
 It has been established that the further development of the issue of encouragement of preschool staff to professional activities was facilitated by the adoption of a special resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Council of Ministers of Ukraine "On measures for further development of children's institutions to improve education and health care" which became a kind of impetus for the spread of forms and methods of motivating preschool workers to professional development.
 The analysis of scientific and pedagogical sources suggests that the success in addressing the issues of the encouragement of preschool staff to professional development through education contributed to the creation of an extensive network of preschool institutions in different regions of Ukraine (Cherkasy, Kherson, Khmelnytsky, Mykolaiv, Kirovohrad, Volyn, Kyiv, Ternopil, Zaporizhia, Poltava regions) where the total number of preschool teachers increased 2.5 times.
 Thus, the conducted historical and pedagogical analysis of the works of scholars shows that the main methods of moral stimulation to the professional activity of preschool staff in the 50-60s of the XXth century included inviting teachers to participate in courses, seminars and meetings, the organization of self-education of these employees by studying the best pedagogical experience and scientific and pedagogical literature; rewarding them with vouchers to the sanatorium, free issuance of manuals; announcement of gratitude; studying and spreading advanced pedagogical experience; awarding preschool workers with badges, medals and awarding them honorary titles; patronage of kindergartens of the city, rural institutions of preschool education; expressing gratitude to the employee at meetings of different levels, etc.

MEDIEVAL COINS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE. “BRUSH STROKES” TO THE MONETARY CIRCULATION (I)

During the past two decades, with the development of private search using a special equipment, the number of known coins has increased dramatically, opening up the new opportunities for researchers.
 The aim of the study. Some of these finds, mainly treasures, have been the subject of the specialized research or have been the part of various numismatic publications, which cannot be said of isolated finds that have only been partially covered in the scientific literature. At the same time, the individual finds are not inferior to informative treasures, allowing a reconstructing the monetary circulation of a single settlement or city, its economic potential, interregional trade relations and many other aspects that contribute together to the restoration of the historical past. Over the last 10-15 years, the authors of this article have been systematically collecting information about the medieval coins found in Ukraine, some of which have an exact location. Thus, the purpose of this article is the gradual introduction into scientific circulation of the numismatic material originating from the territory of modern Ukraine with its full description, illustrations and outlines, references to current works and catalogues. It opens a series of articles on issues of the XV and XVII centuries, namely the Moldavian coins of Alexander I the Good, Stephen III the Great and one piece of the crown solidus of Sigismund III, found with them. Within the 22 coins described in the article, about 10 were found: 6 coins originate from Chernivtsi region, 1 piece of Moldovan coins were founded in Vinnytsia, Poltava, Volyn and Lviv regions. Other coins were also found on the territory of modern Ukraine, the authors do not know the exact places of their discovery. The Conclusions. The topographic distribution of the finds indicates that the main zone of concentration of Moldavian coins falls on the Chernivtsi region, which is quite natural, given that these lands, mentioned in written sources under the name of Shipinska land (terra Sepenicensis), were was included the part of the Moldavian principality since the end of XIV century. The distribution of Moldovan coin finds in Ukraine corresponds to the same international trade routes that connected Central Europe with the Crimean Peninsula, passing through the territory of modern Ukraine and Moldova, known as «Tatar» and «Moldovan» trade routes; and the mediating the role played by the lands of the Principality of Moldavia in this trade.

Analysis of the number of registered patients whis rare diseases in some regions of Ukraine

Rare (orphan) diseases (RD) are a global priority for health systems. In Europe, including Ukraine, the disease is considered rare with a prevalence of 1 patient per 2,000 population. To date, by the orphanet data, 6,172 unique rare diseases have been discovered. An important issue today is the understanding and analysis of data on the prevalence of RD in Ukraine, which will effectively plan the need for therapy and predict its cost.
 Aim of the investigation was to analyze the available data on the of the registered cases of orphan diseases among children and adults in all Ukraine’s regions and determining the share of each disease in the overall structure in terms of age group of patients.
 The object of the in vestigation are data of the Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Health on the cases of rare diseases, that were registered in Ukraine as of January 2020 and Medical Genetics Center’s data. The study was conducted using informative methods of analysis (collection and data processing), systematization and generalization, mathematical and statistical calculations.
 According to the Сenter’s of Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health data the total number of registered patients was 10786 patients, of whom children accounted for 54%. Among given diseases the largest proportion of patients had been registered with a diagnosis of «juvenile rheumatoid arthritis» – 2,291 patients, most of whom, almost 80%, are children. Among 18 rare diseases, 11%, were registered only among pediatric patients: Pump's disease, Fabri's disease. It has been established that Kyiv, Poltava, Dnipro, Ivano-Frankivsk and Kharkiv regions had been characterized by the highest total number of orphan patients. Regions with the lowestregistered number of orphan patients – are Luhansk, Lviv, Kherson, Sumyand Volyn. There was no information on registered RDs in Chernivtsi, Odesa, Zakarpattia regions and Kyiv city from the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health, but it was indicated the cases of four RDs in Odessa region and Kyiv city by newborn screening program in 2020, that has shown problems in the collection, centralization and coordination of the statistic information of RDs and needs to be resolved in the future at the state and regional levels.

Dermatovenerological service of Ukraine in the context of ongoing reform

The problems of preserving the dermatovenerological health of the population are extremely relevant for Ukraine, where diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue occupy the 5th place in the structure of morbidity. 
 Objective — study of the structure of the dermatovenerological service in the context of reforming the healthcare system at this stage (end of 2021) and its characteristics.
 Materials and methods. The results of the analysis of the state of resources of medical institutions of communal ownership of dermatovenerological profile in Ukraine are presented. 
 Results and discussion. Today, in Ukraine, the number of hospital beds for 24-hour hospitals for adults is 188 in the regions (Zaporizhzhia, Rivne, Kharkiv, Cherkasy) and 220 beds in Kyiv city, which is extremely insufficient. There are 24 beds for the pediatric patients in the regions (Luhansk, Rivne, Cherkasy) and in the city of Kyiv — 60. The number of day hospital beds for adults has significantly decreased — to 248 in the regions (Dnipropetrovs’k, Zaporizhzhia, Kyiv, Lviv, Poltava, Kherson, Cherkasy, Chernivtsi and Kramatorsk city), for pediatric patients — 61 (Dnipropetrovs’k, Kropyvnytskyi, Mykolaiv, Poltava regions). In 2021, 11 dermatovenerologic dispensaries were liquidated. Instead of them, dermatovenero­logic centers and subdivisions subordinate to regional hospitals were formed. Thus, there is an unfavorable restructuring of the bed fund of institutions providing dermatovenerological care.
 Conclusions. A decrease in the number of state and municipal institutions providing free dermatovenerological care will lead to the worsening of the epidemic situation, the spread of sexually transmitted infections and reduction of the availability of specialized dermatovenerological care for the population in a difficult economic and social situation.

New finds of the Carboniferous cephalopods on the territory of Ukraine

Formulation of the problem. Carboniferous sediments are widespread in Ukraine. Cephalopods remains are not rare in these deposits. However, they are poorly studied. Cephalopods have great importance for the dismemberment and correlation of Carboniferous sediments, as well as for paleogeographic reconstructions. For this reason, their study is very relevant. The history of the study. Mississippian cephalopods of the Donets Basin and Don-Dnipro Downwarp are poorly studied. At the moment, few ammonoids and one nautilid have been determined from the Mississippian of the Don-Dnipro Downwarp. Numerous Mississippian ammonoids are known from the Donets Basin. Nautilids are known only from the Samara Formation (Lower Serpukhovian). Material and research methods. This article is based on the results of a study of Mississippian cephalopods collection from the Donets Basin (Ukraine: Grabove Village and Dokuchayivs’k in the south of the Donetsk Region) and the Don-Dnipro Downwarp (Ukraine: Sumy and Poltava Regions, Bugrovate and Gubs’ke Villages). In addition, allochthonous remains of cephalopods from the moraine of the Dnipro glacial maximum were studied (Ukraine: Poltava Region, Pyvykha Hill nearby Hradyzk Town). Statement of the main material. Orthocerids, oncocerid Culullus sp., actinocerid Antonoceras balaschovi Shimansky, nautilids Pseudostenopoceras sp. and Liroceras sp. have identified from the limestone boulders in the moraine of the Dnipro glacial maximum (Hradyzk). The age of these limestones from the Late Viséan to Serpukhovian. The geographical origin of the limestone debris can be determined by studying the fossils in these rocks. The results of the study of chaetetids and corals (Victor Ohar), brachiopods (Vladystav Poletaev) and cephalopods (author) show that the source of the limestone boulders with Carboniferous fossils situated in the southern part of the Moscow Syneclise. Fragments of conchs of the orthocerids Brachycycloceras scalare (Archiac et Verneuil) are occurred in the black mudstones of the Upper Viséan opened by the boreholes Bugrovativs’ka-160 (depth is 3650.0-3654.0 metres; Bugrovate Village, Okhtyrka District, Sumy Region) and Gubs’ka-2 (depth is 4740.0-4745.0 metres; Gubs’ke Village, Lubny District, Poltava Region). This species is known from the Namurian of Belgium, Viséan of the Czech Republic and Poland and Mississippian of Germany. The collection also contains a fragment of a large conch of actinocerid Rayonnoceras sp. This specimen comes from the limestone B81 of the Mezha Formation (Upper Viséan) exposed in the vicinity of the Grabove Village on the Kalmius River (Donetsk Region). This genus is very widespread in the Mississippian sediments of North America, Western Europe, European part of Russia and China. Previously actinocerids in the Carboniferous of the Donets Basin were not known. Fragments of conchs of indeterminate orthocerids find in the dark gray fine-crystalline Viséan limestones (Dokuchayivs’k, borehole no. 51, depth is 88.0 metres). Conclusions. The study of new finds of Carboniferous cephalopod remains in Ukraine allowed us to confirm the approximate location of the source of the clastic material of the Dnipro glacial maximum moraine. In addition, expand the systematic diversity of the Mississippian cephalopods of the Donets Basin and Don-Dnipro Downwarp.

HETEROLOCHA LAMINARIA (HERRICH-SCHÄFFER, 1852) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) — A NEW SPECIES FOR THE UKRAINIAN FAUNA

The first records of Heterolocha laminaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Ukraine are presented. Until the recent past, the European registrations of H. laminaria had been only reported from Rostov Region of Russia. New records were made at several localities within Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa and Poltava regions, in Southern, South-Western, South-Eastern and Central Ukraine. These findings were revealed from mid-June to mid-August in various habitat types: steppes, artificial deciduous and mixed forests, agrocenosis. The current records significantly shift westward the range limits of H. la­mi­na­ria. Thus, a newly-discovered locality in Savran Forest is the westernmost point in the entire species range. Most likely the westward expansion of this species has occurred in recent decades. The habitats, adults, and male genitalia of H. laminaria are illustrated.