Pollution Emergency Research Articles

Microplastics transport in a low-inflow estuary at the entrance of the Gulf of California

Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as a global emergent pollution impact, which can affect all food chains. Estimating MPs transport pathways in coastal ecosystems is needed to assess their likely effects. Here, we studied MPs accumulation and transport pathways in the Estero de Urias lagoon system (low-inflow estuary) using field data and a 3D particle model. Field results showed that the MPs present similar abundances throughout the study area during the dry and rainy seasons. Model simulations indicated that i) morphology and tidal currents caused the MPs discharged in the lagoon to remain inside, and ii) wind-induced currents caused the MPs in the coastal area to be transported to the southwest. These transport processes may be responsible for homogenizing MPs concentrations through the studied area. In addition, model simulations suggested that EUL-dense waters can export MPs from the coastal area to the sea bottom.

Environmental Impact Assessment of a Wharf Oil Spill Emergency on a River Water Source

In recent years, there have been frequent water pollution emergencies, which seriously threaten the environment of water supply sources and affect the safety and quality of the water supply. These emergencies have aroused concern from the public and the government and highlight the necessity of plans for the emergency treatment of the affected water sources. In this paper, a sudden pollution of a river drinking water source is used as the research object. A mathematical simulation method was used to investigate the water quality near and downstream of a wharf in the state of a sudden oil spill. The wharf is located 1.34 km upstream of the water intake position of this river water source. Based on our investigation, we have established a risk assessment method for an oil spill emergency pollution event. Our aim was to provide a basis for the assessment of the water intake quality and water safety status of a river-based water plant and to provide technical support for developing an effective treatment plan in the event of a sudden environmental pollution accident.

Acceptable risk assessment and management of environmental pollution emergency events base on distance model

Existing environmental management regulations and assessment methods can help understand and relieve pollution problems greatly affecting the natural world. However, what is lacking is awareness and targeted recommendations for environmental pollution emergency events (EPEEs). Here we analyzed a total of 2164 EPEEs in China from 2000 to 2021 in terms of annual variations, spatial distributions, phases of regional development, and pollution sources. The findings showed that regional economies can have significant impacts on the occurrence of EPEEs. Regarding the four causes of pollution, the contribution from industrial sources was above 80 %, especially water pollution events, for which it accounted for 84 %. The probability of pollution events specifically relates to regional GDP and it was highest in those provinces with the highest GDP rankings, albeit there were marked differences in the industrial structure. In order to better manage EPEEs, an Environment-Emergency Distance Model (EEDM) is proposed. This model uses the Multidimensional psychological distance to quantitatively evaluate the acceptable public risk level after the occurrence of EPEEs. This method provides a basis for pollution prevention and remediation by visualizing the risk acceptable for the public and provides guidance for sustainable environmental development.

Association Between PM2,5 Wood Dust Exposure and Acute Respiratory Infection on Plywood Industry Workers in PT. Muara Kayu Sengon, Jatilawang District, Banyumas Regency

The plywood processing industry is one of the fastest growing industries. However, this has a negative impact and may cause the emergence of air pollution by dust produced from the plywood processing industry. Air pollution caused by the plywood processing industry can trigger problems such as the atmosphere, the economy, and health. The plywood processing industry has potential to create a source of pollution in the form of dust which is harmful to the environment and the health of workers. This study aimed to determine and analyze the assosiation between PM2,5 wood dust exposure and the case of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in plywood industry workers. The research method used is cross-sectional with a total sample of 142 female workers at 17 locations PM2,5 wood dust measurement and using a standardized Questionnaire British Medical Research Council (QUES BMRC -86). PM2,5 wood dust measurement using tools DustTrak. Based on the results of the study showed that the average of PM2,5 at 17 points of 5.23 mg/m3 which exceeds the Threshold Value according to the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Threshold Value of Chemical Factors in the Air of the Work Environment for Types of Softwood Dust, namely 5 mg/m3 who are at risk of experiencing the case of acute respiratory infection. The results of the analysis and the results of the logistic regression test show that there are 4 significant variables is a assosiation between with the case of acute respiratory infection, for exposure to PM2,5 dust (p = <0.001; RP = 12,757; 95% CI = 1,819 - 89,477), working period (p value = <0.001; RP = 13.048; 95% CI = 4.217 – 40.377), use of personal protective equipment (p value = <0.001; IDR 7,568; 95% CI = 2.453 – 23.352), and age (p value = <0.001, RP = 5.582, 95% CI = 2.323 – 13.413). The conclusion of this study is that there is a assosiation between exposure to PM2,5, wood dust, years of service, use of personal protective equipment, age and the case of acute respiratory infection in plywood industry workers. Therefore, to prevent the occurrence of acute respiratory infection, workers are advised to use complete personal protective equipment when doing work in the plywood industry of PT. Muara Kayu Sengon, Jatilawang District, Banyumas Regency.

Quantifying Risk to Flight Attendants from Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Airline Cabins Using Pharmacokinetic Modeling: A Case Report

Background: Several studies of the health problems incurred by flight attendants flying during the smoking years concluded that they suffered elevated rates of chronic bronchitis, heart disease, skin cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, reproductive cancers, middle ear infections, hearing loss, asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, various pulmonary function abnormalities, plus depression and anxiety. Aims: Systematic review of secondhand smoke risks to flight attendants, exemplified using a specific case involving a deceased flight attendant who suffered from a multiplicity of tobacco-smoke-related diseases, including asthma, breast cancer, carotid artery stenosis, cataracts, cervical cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, laryngeal cancer, pneumonia and chronic myeloid leukemia. The decedent died in 2014 at age 68, losing an estimated 18.5 years of life expectancy. Methods: Pharmacokinetic modeling was used for the first time to estimate the risk from secondhand smoke for flight attendants on typical passenger aircraft flown by the decedent during an 18 year period ending in 1988. Results: Based on in-flight cotinine dosimetry measured in an Air Canada study, typical flight attendants would have inhaled a dose-equivalent of fine particle air pollution exceeding the “Air Pollution Emergency” levels of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality Index. The secondhand smoke cotinine dose for typical flight attendants in aircraft cabins is estimated to have been 6-fold that of the average US worker and 14-fold that of the average person. Thus, ventilation systems massively failed to control secondhand smoke air pollution in aircraft cabins, and led to extreme exposures. The decedent’s estimated lifetime cancer risk from secondhand smoke was 18 times U.S. OSHA’s Significant Risk of Material Impairment of Health level of 1 per 1000 per working lifetime. Conclusions: In-flight exposure to toxic and carcinogenic tobacco smoke in smoky passenger cabins was the major risk factor leading to the decedent’s multiple smoking-related diseases, and her premature death. This has implications for the extant and future health of the cohort of surviving flight attendants exposed to secondhand smoke on aircraft during the 20th Century Era.

Large chocked lagoon as a barrier for river–sea flux of dissolved pollutants: Case study of the Azov Sea and the Black Sea

The Don River is among the largest rivers in the Eastern Europe and is heavily polluted. This river inflows into small and semi-isolated Sea of Azov, which is connected with the Black Sea by a narrow strait. Generally, the Sea of Azov is a large choked lagoon, which serves as a barrier for river-borne constituents. Using numerical modeling, we reveal that presence of the choked lagoon significantly slows down the estuary-seawater flux of dissolved pollutants and slackens its discharge-induced seasonal variability. In particular, the Sea of Azov delays the 5 % and 95 % of the total flux of riverine pollution to the Black Sea by 9 and 36 months, respectively. The obtained results are important for assessment the influence of background and emergency pollution accidents at the Don River on water quality in the study region. Moreover, these results could be applied to many other chocked lagoons in the World Ocean.

Prediction of long-term water quality using machine learning enhanced by Bayesian optimisation

Water quality assessment is critical to better recognise the importance of water in human society. In this study, a new framework to predict long-term water quality is proposed by using Bayesian-optimised machine learning methods and key pollution indicators collected from monitoring stations in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangdong, China. The optimised stacked generalisation (SG-op) model achieved the best performance with the highest accuracy (0.992) and Kappa coefficient (0.987). Feature importance of the prediction model was consistent with key pollution indicators. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the significance level of the variation trends of different pollution indicators. The results show that the total phosphorus (TOP), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and petroleum (PET) among the key pollution indicators were on an upward trend in the study area. This framework can be applied to efficiently predict future water quality and to provide technical support for emergency pollution control.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK TANAMAN HUTAN RAWA SEBAGAI BIOINSEKTISIDA DALAM MENGENDALIKAN Spodoptera litura F. PADA SKALA LABORATORIUM

To overcome the emergence of environmental pollution due to the control of pests and plant diseases from the use of chemical pesticides, preventive measures are needed by exploring the potential of endemic and non-endemic plants as the main ingredients for making organic insecticides. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of extracts from plant materials from Tanjung, Belimbing Wuluh, Jingah, Jelatang, Gambir, Ketapang, Kemang, and Pulai to be used as the main ingredients of insecticides to control the mortality of armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) in vivo in the laboratory of Balai Penelitian Lahan Rawa. To obtain the purpose of this study, the data were analyzed by means of variance to determine the significance of the value of the treatment, if there were at least two pairs of different treatments, then it was continued with the mean difference test using the BNJ 5% model. The results showed that the 8 types of swamp plant extracts were effective in controlling armyworm pests because their mortality was above 60% in a period of ≤ 48 hours. The highest pest mortality occurred in the application of feed with Pulai plant extract, which was around 84.0% after 60 hours of application.

Theoretical Investigation of Forming Process of Aluminum Alloy Rail Vehicle Side Window

With the vigorous development of rail transit trains around the world and the emergence of global environmental pollution and energy shortages, the world has an urgent need for manufacturing technology for lightweight aluminum alloy rail transit train components. This paper mainly studied the superplastic forming law of 5083Al for rail transit. Through the high-temperature tensile test and blowing forming experiments, the superplastic properties of 5083Al were determined. Based on this, the die design, finite element simulation, and forming experiment of the rail vehicle side window were carried out. In order to study the superplastic deformation behavior of industrial 5083Al under complex stress conditions, the influence of the depth, area ratio, and friction coefficient of the pre-forming die on the part thickness distribution is simulated. The side window is made of a high-strength 5083Al sheet in the form of bending at both ends to ensure the strength of the connection between the overall side window and the side wall skeleton. The variation law of the side wall forming height of 5083Al box-shaped parts was studied. The efficient manufacture of parts that meet quality standards was made possible by the optimization of the pressure profile. The microstructure changes of the material after superplastic forming were studied by Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD).

Identifying a suitable model for predicting hourly pollutant concentrations by using low-cost microstation data and machine learning

Accurately predicting the concentration of PM2.5 (fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) is essential for health risk assessment and formulation of air pollution control strategies. At present, there is also a large amount of air pollution data. How to efficiently mine its hidden features to obtain the future concentration of pollutants is very important for the prevention and control of air pollution. Therefore we build a pollutant prediction model based on Lightweight Gradient Boosting Model (LightGBM) shallow machine learning and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. Firstly, the PM2.5 pollutant concentration data of 34 air quality stations in Beijing and the data of 18 weather stations were matched in time and space to obtain an input data set. Subsequently, the input data set was cleaned and preprocessed, and the training set was obtained by methods such as input feature extraction, input factor normalization, and data outlier processing. The hourly PM2.5 concentration value prediction was achieved in accordance with experiments conducted with the hourly PM2.5 data of Beijing from January 1, 2018 to October 1, 2020. Ultimately, the optimal hourly series prediction results were obtained after model comparisons. Through the comparison of these two models, it is found that the RMSE predicted by LSTM model for each pollutant is nearly 50% lower than that of LightGBM, and is more consistent with the fitting curve between the actual observations. The exploration of the input step size of LSTM model found that the accuracy of 3-h input data was higher than that of 12-h input data. It can be used for the management and decision-making of environmental protection departments and the formulation of preventive measures for emergency pollution incidents.

An approach to sustainable control of mosquitoes

Arthropods are most dominant being, as they have highest number of species and most ancient group of animal kingdom. Mosquitoes are most diverse group of arthropods that are carriers of human diseases viz. dengue, malaria, chikungunya etc. which are not fully cured yet (in the manner of vaccinations or medications). For this purpose mosquito vector control is still the primary method of avoidance. Broad-spectrum use of conventional insecticides (larvicides along with the adulticides) during disease transmission times, are the main stays of control methods. Due to the drawbacks of conventional tactics, specifically the emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution, major attempts have been made to explore new eco-friendly techniques. Therefore, biological control use as an alternative strategy that target a variety of mosquito species without causing harm to the environment or adding unnecessary risks to human health. Here in this review, we discussed biological tactics that have been used or are being tried out to control mosquito vectors.

One-step synthesis of ZIF-8 and anchoring it on SCB for rapid and high-capacity capture of mercury from aqueous solution

Developing a special kind of material for rapid and efficient capture of Hg(II) in emergency pollution events or industrial wastewater has always been a headachy task. Herein, porous ZIF-8 with a high surface area was prepared via a facile method for the ultra-fast removal of Hg(II) from diverse water bodies, and anchoring it on the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) could address its separation problem. ZIF-8 was wider pH adaptable (2−7), of which the conspicuous adsorption performance was insensitive to ionic strength (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-) even at an extremely high level (10,000 mg/L, Re>98.73 %). ZIF-8 can efficaciously enrich a large amount of Hg(II) in a short period (1 min, 519.6 mg). The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 estimated from the Langmuir isotherm was 2195.10 mg/g, which was endowed by that the Hg(II) with higher ionization energy was capable of replacing the Zn(II) to form more stable metal-ligand complexes with dimethylimidazole. Meanwhile, ZIF-8 can also achieve excellent affinity to Hg(II) in binary and multi-metal mixed solutions, and it can maintain high performance (86.25 %) after 5 cycles, the leaking Zn(II) in the treated water could be utilized as the raw material to synthesize ZIF-8. Noteworthy, the as-preparing ZIF-8 can efficiently capture Hg(II) in complex environments such as natural water and artificial industrial wastewater in a short time (t<60 min, Re>99.63 %). Therefore, the as-prepared material possesses outstanding adsorption performance and could be a promising candidate in the broad practical applications for ultra-fast and high-capacity capture of high mercury levels.

Merchandising for Sustainable Fashion: A Systematic Literature Review

With the emergence of environmental pollution and the excessive waste of resources, the traditional development of the pure pursuit of economic growth has encountered challenges. More and more people are advocating for the concept of sustainable development, which makes sustainable merchandising an urgent necessity. Clothing brands should adhere to the brand sustainability concept and sustainable management in the merchandising process, which can truly improve the competitiveness of the brand. For this reason, a series of studies on sustainable merchandising strategies has been conducted by apparel companies and academia. The existing reviews on sustainability aspects focus on material, recycling, and life-cycle aspects. However, less attention has been paid to the sustainable merchandising aspects of apparel. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic literature review of this topic. We summarize the relevant research on sustainable merchandising from a merchandising perspective and systematically review the relevant theories and cases of sustainable merchandising for the relatively blank field of sustainable brand merchandising for apparel. We have achieved the purpose of integrating the analysis of factors influencing sustainable merchandising, and merchandising strategies. Additionally, on this basis, we discuss how brands can combine social responsibility with merchandising to develop and enjoy the profit space brought by merchandising while assuming and promoting their own brand responsibility. This literature review is based on journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers from the Web of Science (WOS) database and Google Scholar. Through an in-depth analysis of the existing literature, this paper provides an overview of the research topic, the sustainable merchandising of apparel, from a merchandising perspective and discusses the shortcomings of existing merchandising strategies. The findings reveal that there are drawbacks to the current apparel merchandising strategies such as low feasibility, ignoring the driving power of the market, weak consumer awareness, consumer culture, and lack of government intervention and support. This has resulted in the slow development of clothing brands in the sustainable merchandising market. The results of this study provide direction for the development of future sustainable merchandising strategies. It guides policymakers and practitioners to develop relevant strategies for sustainable merchandising in order to provide better market space for sustainable merchandising of apparel.

Numerical Modeling of COD Transportation in Liaodong Bay: Impact of COD Loads from Rivers Flowing into the Sea

Pollution loads pose a major threat to the health of the marine environment and the long-term viability of the coastal economy. The present study developed a coupling model to simulate the chemical oxygen demand (COD) transport in upper rivers (1D) and subsequent diffusion in the coastal zone (2D) in Liaodong Bay, based on the HydroInfo system. Three main seagoing rivers, including Daliao, Liao, and Daling Rivers, were selected and investigated for hydrodynamic and hydrochemical analyses. The mathematical model was evaluated by monitoring data from state-controlled cross-sections scattered along the three rivers, and the observation data showed good agreement with simulated values, confirming the model’s accuracy in terms of spatial and temporal distribution. The transport and propagation process of COD in inlet rivers, such as Daliao, Liao, and Daling, including the sea area of Liaodong Bay, were simulated and analyzed. Simulated results revealed that the pollution range of COD in Liaodong Bay was 258–391 km2 in different seasons. The pollutant leakage scenarios for the three rivers entering the sea were simulated utilizing the developed mathematical model. The study simulated and predicted that, in the event of a sudden water pollution accident (e.g., sneak discharge and leakage at various sections of sea-entering rivers, such as Daliao, Liao, and Daling), pollutants might take 2–11 days to reach the sea-entering mouth, and the sea area would take 8–32 days to reach the maximum pollution range. Our numerical modeling may be used to analyze and make decisions on pollution control in Liaodong Bay and major sea-entry rivers, and be useful to water environment management in sea-entry rivers and Liaodong Bay, and water pollution emergency responses.

Overview.

South Africa (SA) faces multiple health challenges. Quantifying the contribution of modifiable risk factors can be used to identify and prioritise areas of concern for population health and opportunities for health promotion and disease prevention interventions. To estimate the attributable burden of 18 modifiable risk factors for 2000, 2006 and 2012. Comparative risk assessment (CRA), a standardised and systematic approach, was used to estimate the attributable burden of 18 risk factors. Risk exposure estimates were sourced from local data, and meta-regressions were used to model the parameters, depending on the availability of data. Risk-outcome pairs meeting the criteria for convincing or probable evidence were assessed using relative risks against a theoretical minimum risk exposure level to calculate either a potential impact fraction or population attributable fraction (PAF). Relative risks were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) study as well as published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden was calculated for each risk factor for 2000, 2006 and 2012 by applying the PAF to estimates of deaths and years of life lost from the Second South African National Burden of Disease Study (SANBD2). Uncertainty analyses were performed using Monte Carlo simulation, and age-standardised rates were calculated using the World Health Organization standard population. Unsafe sex was the leading risk factor across all years, accounting for one in four DALYs (26.6%) of the estimated 20.6 million DALYs in 2012. The top five leading risk factors for males and females remained the same between 2000 and 2012. For males, the leading risks were (in order of descending rank): unsafe sex; alcohol consumption; interpersonal violence; tobacco smoking; and high systolic blood pressure; while for females the leading risks were unsafe sex; interpersonal violence; high systolic blood pressure; high body mass index; and high fasting plasma glucose. Since 2000, the attributable age-standardised death rates decreased for most risk factors. The largest decrease was for household air pollution (-41.8%). However, there was a notable increase in the age-standardised death rate for high fasting plasma glucose (44.1%), followed by ambient air pollution (7%). This study reflects the continued dominance of unsafe sex and interpersonal violence during the study period, as well as the combined effects of poverty and underdevelopment with the emergence of cardiometabolic-related risk factors and ambient air pollution as key modifiable risk factors in SA. Despite reductions in the attributable burden of many risk factors, the study reveals significant scope for health promotion and disease prevention initiatives and provides an important tool for policy makers to influence policy and programme interventions in the country.

The Drug H+ Antiporter FgQdr2 Is Essential for Multiple Drug Resistance, Ion Homeostasis, and Pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum.

Increased emergence of drug resistance and DON pollution pose a severe problem in Fusarium head blight (FHB) control. While the H+ antiporter (DHA) family plays crucial roles in drug resistance, the characterization of DHA transporters has not been systematically studied in pathogenetic fungi. In this study, a systematic gene deletion analysis of all putative DHA transporter genes was carried out in Fusarium graminearum, and one DHA1 transporter FgQdr2 was found to be involved in multiple drug resistance, ion homeostasis, and virulence. Further exploration showed that FgQdr2 is mainly localized in the cell membrane; its expression under normal growth conditions is comparatively low, but sufficient for the regulation of drug efflux. Additionally, investigation of its physiological substrates demonstrated that FgQdr2 is essential for the transport of K+, Na+, Cu2+, and the regulation of the membrane proton gradient. For its roles in the FHB disease cycle, FgQdr2 is associated with fungal infection via regulating the biosynthesis of virulence factor deoxynivalenol (DON), the scavenging of the phytoalexin, as well as both asexual and sexual reproduction in F. graminearum. Overall, the results of this study reveal the crucial roles of FgQdr2 in multiple drug resistance, ion homeostasis, and pathogenicity, which advance the understanding of the DHA transporters in pathogenetic fungi.

Evaluating the performance of chemical transport models for PM2.5 source apportionment: An integrated application of spectral analysis and grey incidence analysis.

Evaluating the performance of source apportionment (SA) models is difficult due to the non-observable nature of source contribution in reality. Here we propose a new approach to assess the performance of Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) for SA based on wavelet time-frequency spectral analysis and Grey Incidence Analysis (GIA). For each source category, certain species that better reflect the periodic characteristics of the emission sources were selected as the chemical tracers. The consistency of the time series between the simulated source contributions and the observed source-specific chemical tracers was then examined using a GIA model based on the perspective of similarity, and characterized by the GIA scores. By applying this method to six typical pollution episodes, we evaluated the performance of the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions-Particle Source Apportionment Technology (CAMx-PSAT) model for PM2.5 SA from different temporal and spatial scales. The source- and episode-dependent optimal average time and main source regions were obtained. This approach is robust for facilitating a relatively meticulous evaluation of the performance of CTMs for PM2.5 SA, and provides additional insight for decision-making for heavy pollution emergencies.

Quantitative evaluation of impacts of the steadiness and duration of urban surface wind patterns on air quality

The complexity and heterogeneity of urban land surfaces result in inconsistencies in near-surface winds, which in turn influence the diffusion and dispersion of air pollutants. In this study, we classified urban surface wind fields, quantified their steadiness, duration, and influence on air quality using hourly wind observations from 50 meteorological stations, as well as hourly PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations from 18 monitoring stations during 2017–2018 in Shenzhen, a mega city in southern China. We found that the K-means clustering technique was reliable for distinguishing surface wind patterns within the city. Urban surface-wind patterns greatly affected pollutant concentrations. When dominated by calm, northerly wind, high PM2.5/NO2 concentration episodes occurred more frequently than those during other surface wind patterns. The urban surface transport index (USTI) was used to quantify the steadiness of surface wind classes. High pollutant concentrations were present during both high wind speed periods with a large USTI, indicating external pollutant transport, and during low wind speed periods with a small USTI, indicating pollutant accumulation. The threshold durations for surface wind fields (TDSWF) was proposed to quantify the impacts of surface wind persistence on air quality. We found that poor air quality occurred during the first several hours of a dominant wind pattern, indicating that transitions between wind patterns should be a particular focus when assessing air-quality deterioration. USTI and TDSWF are potentially applicable to other urban areas, owing to their clear definitions and simple calculation. In combination with wind speeds, these indices are likely to improve air quality forecasting and strategic decisions on air pollution emergencies, based on long time series of multiple wind and pollutant concentration observations.

CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS

In recent years, industrial as well as municipal wastewater discharges have caused great damage to water resources. Water pollution not only brings about imbalance in the ecological environment, but directly also affects human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for scientists to develop effective wastewater purify technology to solve these significant issues. It is an essential to control and prevent unsystematic discharge of wastewater into the environment.Few of the reported strategies such as adsorption, filtration, centrifugation, catalysis, biological treatment and electro-coalescence, have been widely applied in wastewater treatment. But heavy energy utilization, non-repeatable usage and emergence of secondary pollution still seem to be inevitable. In this context some of the advanced, effective, and more reliable techniques have been discussed by showing their potency in removing different categories of pollutants which are present in respective type of wastewater. It has been shown that these advanced methods exhibited better performance than those of pre-existing conventional treatment methods with successfully overcoming the limitations associated with them. This review shows the potency of advanced methods which makes them suitable for getting integrated with those of conventional methods or else could be used singly in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to tackle the current scenario.

Inflammatory memory and tissue adaptation in sickness and in health.

Our body has a remarkable ability to remember its past encounters with allergens, pathogens, wounds and irritants, and to react more quickly to the next experience. This accentuated sensitivity also helps us to cope with new threats. Despite maintaining a state of readiness and broadened resistance to subsequent pathogens, memories can also be maladaptive, leading to chronic inflammatory disorders and cancers. With the ever-increasing emergence of new pathogens, allergens and pollutants in our world, the urgency to unravel the molecular underpinnings of these phenomena has risen to new heights. Here we reflect on how the field of inflammatory memory has evolved, since 2007, when researchers realized that non-specific memory is contained in the nucleus and propagated at the epigenetic level. We review the flurry of recent discoveries revealing that memory is not just a privilege of the immune system but also extends to epithelia of the skin, lung, intestine and pancreas, and to neurons. Although still unfolding, epigenetic memories of inflammation have now been linked to possible brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease, and to an elevated risk of cancer. In this Review, we consider the consequences-good and bad-of these epigenetic memories and their implications for human health and disease.