Pollution Control Strategies Research Articles

Quantification of smelter-derived contributions to thallium contamination in river sediments: Novel insights from thallium isotope evidence

Thallium(Tl), an extremely toxic metal, is posing great hazards to water safety through anthropogenic activities (e.g., Pb-Zn smelter) and natural weathering in riverine systems. However, the relative contribution from each source remains obscure. This study investigated enrichment pattern of Tl and its isotopic compositions in sediment profiles from a recipient river, which was continuously collecting various Tl-bearing wastes discharged from a large Pb-Zn smelter in South China. Results show that high Tl content and ultra-fine particles (~ μm) of Tl-bearing mineral assemblages, probably derived from Pb-Zn smelting wastes, were ubiquitously observed in both of the depth profiles. In addition, the sediments generally yielded intermediate ε205Tl values of –3.76 to 1.01, which resembled those found in smelting wastes. A ternary mixing model was for the first time proposed for quantifying relative Tl contributions from each possible source. The calculation suggests that the smelter wastes are the major contributors, contributing approximately 80% of Tl contamination. All these results indicate that Tl isotope can be used as powerful proxies for quantitatively identifying potential different contributors in the environment. This is of critical importance to further implementation of pollution control and remediation strategy for the riverine systems in the near future.

Associations between long term exposures to outdoor air pollution and indoor solid fuel use and depression in China

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Effects of air pollution from outdoor and indoor on depression were inconsistent. We assessed 30,139 participants from Northeast China to explore the associations between long term exposures of outdoor and indoor solid fuel use and depressive symptoms. Multiple logistic regressions models as well as multiplicative interaction and additive interaction analysis were used. Outdoor exposures to air pollutants of particulate matter (with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm, [PM2.5], odds ratio [OR] = 1.98 per standard deviation [SD], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78, 2.19; with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm, [PM10], OR = 1.83, 95% CI:1.68, 2.00), sulfur dioxide (SO2, OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.52), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2, OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.49, 1.76) were significantly associated with higher occurrence of depressive symptoms. A significant linear trend for increased occurrence of depressive symptoms was observed in participants using both solid fuels for cooking and heating (P = 0.04). Indoor air pollution exposures from solid fuel use for heating (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.35) and high cooking frequency (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.37) were significantly associated with increased occurrence of depressive symptoms. We observed significant interactions of indoor solid fuel use and outdoor air pollution exposures on depressive symptoms (indoor fuel use for cooking and SO2, P value = 0.04; solid fuel use for heating and NO2, P value = 0.02). Solid fuel use for cooking weakened the associations between SO2(relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] = −1.37, 95% CI: −1.88, −0.86) and depressive symptoms. Solid fuel use for heating weakened the associations between NO2 (RERI = −1.91, 95% CI: −2.55, −1.27) and depressive symptoms. Compared with individual associations, antagonistic interactions of outdoor air pollution and indoor solid fuel use on depressive symptoms might exist. Our findings contribute to better understandings for the associations between air pollution and depressive symptoms, which might be useful for developing effective strategies for depression prevention and air pollution control.

Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China

Soil pollution due to toxic elements (TEs) has been a core environmental concern globally, particularly in areas with developed industries. In this study, we sampled 300 surface (0–0.2 m) soil samples from Yuyao City in eastern China. Initially, the geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk index, single pollution index, and Nemerow composite pollution index were used to evaluate the soil contamination status in Yuyao City. Ordinary kriging was then deployed to map the distribution of the soil TEs. Subsequently, indicator kriging was utilized to identify regions with high risk of TE pollution. Finally, the positive matrix factorization model was used to apportion the sources of the different TEs. Our results indicated that the mean content of different TEs kept the order: Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Pb &gt; Cu &gt; Ni &gt; As &gt; Hg ≈ Cd. Soil pollution was mainly caused by Cd and Hg in the soil of Yuyao City, while the content of other TEs was maintained at a safe level. Regions with high TE content and high pollution risk of TEs are mainly located in the central part of Yuyao City. Four sources of soil TEs were apportioned in Yuyao City. The Pb, Hg, and Zn contents in soil were mainly derived from traffic activities, coal combustion, and smelting. Meanwhile, Cu was mainly sourced from industrial emissions and atmospheric deposition, Cr and Ni mainly originated from soil parental materials, and Cd and As were produced by industrial and agricultural activities. Our study provides important implications for improving the soil environment and contributes to the development of efficient strategies for TE pollution control and remediation.

Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown in a European Regional Monitoring Network (Spain): Are We Free from Pollution Episodes?

The impact of the lockdown, during the period from March to June in 2020, upon the air quality of the Basque Country in northern Spain is analyzed. The evaluation accounts for the meteorology of the period. Daily and sub-daily analysis of aerosol and ozone records show that the territory was repeatedly affected by episodes of pollutants from outer regions. Three episodes of PM10 and ten of PM2.5 were caused by transported anthropogenic European sulfates, African dust, and wildland fires. The region, with a varied orographic climatology, shows high and diverse industrial activity. Urban and interurban road traffic of the region decreased by 49% and 53%, respectively, whereas industrial activity showed a lower reduction of 20%. Consequently, the average concentrations of NO2 in the cities during the period fell to 12.4 µg·m−3 (−45%). Ozone showed up to five exceedances of the WHOAQG for the daily maximum 8-h average in both rural and urban sites, associated with transport through France and the Bay of Biscay, under periods of European blocking anticyclones. However, averages showed a moderate decrease (−11%) in rural environments, in line with the precursor reductions, and disparate changes in the cities, which reproduced the weekend effect of their historical records. The PM10 decreased less than expected (−10% and −21%, in the urban and rural environments, respectively), probably caused by the modest decrease of industrial activity around urban sites and favorable meteorology for secondary aerosol formation, which could also influence the lower changes observed in the PM2.5 (−1% and +3% at the urban and rural sites, respectively). Consequently, in a future low NOx traffic emission scenario, the inter-regional PM and ozone control will require actions across various sectors, including the industry and common pollution control strategies.

Urban air pollution control policies and strategies: a systematic review.

A wide range of policies, strategies, and interventions have been implemented to improve air quality all over the world. This systematic review comprehensively appraises the policies and strategies on air pollutants controls enacted in different countries, worldwide. Three databases, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus, were used for the search. After screening, a total of 114 eligible manuscripts were selected from 2219 documents for further analysis. Selected articles were divided into two categories: (1) articles focusing on introducing the policies and strategies enacted for controlling air pollution in different countries, and (2) articles which focused on different policies and strategies to control one or more specific pollutants. In the former one, urban air pollution control strategies and policies were divided into four categories, namely, general strategies and policies, transportation, energy, and industry. In case of latter category, policies and strategies focused on controlling six pollutants (PM, SO2, NO2, VOCS, O3 and photochemical smog). The results indicated that, the most common policies and strategies enacted in most countries are pertinent to the transportation sector. Changing energy sources, in particular elimination or limited use of solid fuels, was reported as an effective action by governments to reduce air pollution. Overall, most policies enacted by governments can be divided into three general categories: (a) incentive policies such as implementing a free public transportation program to use fewer private cars, (b) supportive policies such as paying subsidies to change household fuels, and (c) punitive policies such as collecting tolls for cars to enter the congestion charging areas. Depending on the circumstances, these policies are implemented alone or jointly. In addition to the acceptance of international agreements to reduce air pollution by governments, greater use of renewable energy, clean fuels, and low-pollution or no-pollution vehicles such as electric vehicles play an important role in reducing air pollution.

Modeling the spatial relationship between rice cadmium and soil properties at a regional scale considering confounding effects and spatial heterogeneity

Most previous studies have indicated inconsistent relationships between rice cadmium (Cd) and the soil properties of paddy fields at a regional scale under the adverse effects of confounding factors and spatial heterogeneity. In order to reduce these effects, this study integrates Geodetector, a stepwise regression model, and a hierarchical Bayesian method (collectively called GDSH). The GDSH framework is validated in a large typical rice production area in southeastern China. According to the results, significant stratified heterogeneity of the bioaccumulation factor is observed among different subregions and pH strata (q = 0.23, p < 0.01). Additionally, the soil-rice relationships and dominant factors vary by the subregions, and the available soil Cd and pH are found to be the dominant factors in 64% and 50% of subregions, respectively. In the entire region, when the pH < 6, the dominant factors are organic matter and available Cd, and when pH ≥ 6 they are organic matter, pH, and available Cd. Furthermore, these factors presented different sensitivity to the spatial heterogeneity. The results indicate that, at the subregional level, the GDSH framework can reduce the confounding effects and accurately identify the dominant factors of rice Cd. At the regional level, this model can evaluate the sensitivity of the dominant factors to spatial heterogeneity in a large area. This study provides a new scheme for the complete utilization of regional field survey data, which is conducive to formulating precise pollution control strategies.

Urban river pollution in the densely populated city of Dhaka, Bangladesh: Big picture and rehabilitation experience from other developing countries

Rapid urbanization and economic development caused urban river pollution globally. In the developing countries' megapolis, the situation is especially critical in response to the United Nation's sustainable development goal for 2030. Dhaka, Bangladesh, is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Around 21 million people are living in this city of 1464 km2. Currently, 98% of untreated domestic sewage as well as significant amounts of industrial wastewater discharge from over 7000 industries are contributing to the presence of black and foul water in the urban rivers. In this study, a driving force-impact-challenge-response (DICR) framework is formed to create a big picture of urban river pollution situation, which incorporates nine factors of social, environmental, and governmental aspects. Using this framework, a comparative study was performed between Dhaka rivers and other rivers in developing countries with successful rehabilitation experiences. Accordingly, a strategy for Dhaka's urban river pollution control was developed, which included improvement of sewerage systems, appropriate planning of industrial enterprises, construction of hydraulic structures to modify and improve the water flow, and an efficient management framework and finance investments for river rehabilitation. The key actions necessary to further improve the river water quality in the far future are also suggested, under the condition that dry-weather black and foul occurrence in the Dhaka rivers could be eliminated. The river assessment framework and associated strategies may also help policymakers, the government, and researchers to develop a plan for the rehabilitation of seriously polluted rivers in other developing countries.

In-situ preparation of zinc sulfide adsorbent using local materials for elemental mercury immobilization and recovery from zinc smelting flue gas

Exploiting a cheap and readily available adsorbent for elemental mercury (Hg0) immobilization from zinc smelting flue gas has become an urgent requirement to ensure the sustainable development of zinc smelting industry. Herein, a novel protocol of using intermediate products derived from zinc smelting process to synthesize porous ZnS adsorbent is proposed in this study to provide a practicable support for efficient capture of Hg0. The as-prepared ZnS-300℃-120 min adsorbent exhibits an outstanding performance for Hg0 capture. Approximately 100% of Hg0 can be entrapped even under the extreme conditions of high gaseous hourly space velocity (GHSV) values and wide temperature ranges. Additionally, its saturated adsorption capacity and average adsorption rate reach 3.6 mg/g and 1.3 μg/g/min, respectively, much higher than common adsorbents. The in-situ Raman spectra and XPS spectra results confirm that the unsaturated short-chain Sn2- is dominant adsorption site. The active Sn2- site would be formed on the surface of ZnS during the calcination process. The formed Sn2- ligand would promptly and selectively react with Hg0 to form stable HgS, consequently achieving the efficient immobilization of Hg0. After Hg0 capture, the spent ZnS adsorbent can be safely disposal of by thermal desorption, simultaneously realizing the recycling of zinc and mercury resource. The purposefully synthesized ZnS adsorbent can provide a practical and yet easy-to-adopt strategy for mercury pollution control of zinc smelting industry, while opening a new path to recycle valuable metal from smelting waste.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 EVENT ON AIR POLLUTANTS OF PM2.5 AND PM10 IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA

As the capital city of Indonesia, the Province of Jakarta encounter a problem seriously of decreasing air quality. This study analyzes the air quality of two cities in Jakarta Province, Central Jakarta and South Jakarta, from March to June 2016–2020, and the impact of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control actions on air quality. The combined air quality index (AQI) for two cities from 2016–2019, in the wet season, indicated that it has the lowest AQI with an average of 79, and the highest AQI occurred in the dry season with averaged 118. The distribution of the six AQI classes for two cities in dry season were 2%, 24%, 63%, 11%, 0%, and 0%, and in wet season, they were 10%, 48%, 39%, 3%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. The concentrations for PM2.5 and PM10 in March, April, May, and June 2016–2019 and those for 2020 were also analyzed in this study. Based on the data from the two cities, during March, April, May, and June 2020, the average PM2.5 decreased by 23.6%, 39.5%, 41.5%, and 13.3%, respectively, and the average PM10 decreased by 22.2%, 29.9%, 36.9%, and 29.8%, respectively, compared with that in March, April, May, and June 2016–2019. It is obvious that air quality greatly improved during the COVID-19 epidemic. This study presents beneficial information to policymakers for developing scientific air pollution control strategies and is a useful reference for future research in improving urban air quality.

Metal concentration, source, and health risk assessment of PM2.5 in children's bedrooms: Rural versus urban areas

The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the metal characteristics, sources, and health risks of children's exposure to PM2.5 and related metals in children's bedrooms in urban and rural areas. PM2.5 personal environmental monitoring samplers were used to collect both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in urban and rural areas in Taiwan. Al, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, V, and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Source apportionment of metals in PM2.5 was carried out with factor analysis (FA). Health risk assessment of metals was performed on children via inhalation. The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations were 11.9 ± 5.2 μg/m3 and 11.9 ± 4.7 μg/m3 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The most predominant metal indoors in urban areas was Al, followed by Zn, Pb, Mn, V, Cr, and Cd, with a similar result in rural areas. The results from FA indicated that traffic emission and oil combustion in the outside environment were major pollution sources to indoor Mn, V, and Zn; corrosion of building material could be a contributor to Al, Cd, and Pb; pollution sources were different to Cr in two areas. The carcinogenic risk for indoor Cr(VI) via inhalation was higher in urban areas (boy: 6.61E-06; girl: 6.18E-06) than that in rural areas (boy: 2.80E-06; girl: 2.62E-06). These findings will help us to further understand the pollution sources, health risks, and control strategies for metals in PM2.5 in children's bedrooms for reducing adverse health effects, including in rural areas.

Strategies towards PM2.5 attainment for non-compliant cities in China: A case study

The northern part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China suffers from high concentrations of fine particular matter (PM2.5) during the past years yet received much less attention compared to the other parts of the YRD region. In this study, we integrated observational data, control policies and strategies, and air quality simulations to develop PM2.5 attainment demonstration by year 2030 for the city of Bengbu, which represents a typical non-compliant city in the northern YRD region. In 2018, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in Bengbu was 51.8 μg/m3, which was 48 % higher than the standard of 35 μg/m3 set by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Different future emission scenarios were developed for year 2025 as mid-term and year 2030 as long-term. Integrated meteorology and air quality modeling system together with monitoring data was applied to predict the air quality under the future emission scenarios. Results show that when a conservative emission reduction ratio of 40 % was assumed for surrounding regions, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in Bengbu could meet the target value by 2030, in which case emissions of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, VOCs, and NH3 need to be reduced by 70.6 %, 43.5 %, 47.2 %, 33.4 %, and 47.5 %, respectively. PM2.5 concentration in Bengbu is not only controlled by local emission reductions but also affected by emission reductions of surrounding regions as well as contribution from long-range transport. More attentions need to be paid to the control of VOCs emissions in the near future to avoid increase of ozone concentrations while reducing PM2.5. Our results provide scientific support for the local government to formulate future air pollution prevention and control strategies, sub-regional joint-control among surrounding cities, as well as trans-regional joint-control between the north China and the YRD region.

Sensitivity analysis of isoprene and aerosol emission in a suburban plantation using long short-term memory model

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which undergo photochemical reactions to generate secondary organic aerosols and cause ozone (O3) accumulation; thus, they are the focus of urban pollution control strategies. Although some studies on biogenic VOCs and aerosols have been conducted, their environmental effects at the community scale are uncertain, particularly in suburban areas where abundant vegetation and pollutants coexist. Simple data processing methods cannot well address complex environmental conditions, whereas the long short-term memory (LSTM) model can learn relationships between research objects autonomously, thus enabling the analysis of influencing factors. Therefore, we collected 11 indicators of isoprene and submicron aerosol (PM1) concentrations, as well as other pollutants and meteorological factors, for six consecutive months in a suburban plantation in Shanghai. On the basis of correlation and redundancy analyses, LSTM was used to determine the main environmental factors influencing isoprene and PM1 concentrations. The results showed that nitrogen oxides (NOX), O3, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and temperature had the highest influence. The reactions between NOX, O3, and isoprene, PM1 are complex, and high levels of both isoprene and NOX in suburban areas may favor O3 production. PAR and temperature control the emission and photooxidation of isoprene and influence their conversion from a gaseous state to a particulate state. Considering the complex atmospheric environment, this study analyzed the sensitivity of isoprene and PM1 to environmental factors by artificial intelligence method. It demonstrated the effectiveness of LSTM for analyzing complex time-series data with unknown mapping relationships, which provided solutions for large-scale studies. And the results provided a scientific basis to further explain the mechanism through which influencing factors affect suburban communities and to control suburban air pollution.

Polyethylene terephthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in surface and core sediments of Bohai Bay, China: Occurrence and ecological risk

Bohai Bay, a typical semi-enclosed bay, is close to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the economic center of north China. The release of emerging contaminants was considerably increasing with the fast urbanization and industrialization along the coastline. However, such data, e.g. plastic polymers, are still limited. Here, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in surface sediments and sediment cores from the coastal area of Bohai Bay were investigated. The ranges of PET and DEHP concentrations in surface sediments are 1.49–13.90 mg/kg and 0.23–19.26 mg/kg, respectively. The relatively high contents of PET and DEHP were found near the Haihe River estuary, indicating the importance of riverine input. The PET and DEHP profiles in the cores dated by the 210Pb method showed increasing trends with time. The PET in Bohai Bay was low risk evaluated by the potential ecological risk assessment. Low ecological risks of DEHP to the benthic organisms were found in the sediments, using the environmental risk limits, risk quotient, threshold effect level and probable effect level methods. The pollution levels of PET and DEHP in Bohai Bay obtained in this study may provide important data for making pollution control strategies.

Effects of road grade on real-world tailpipe emissions of regulated gaseous pollutants and volatile organic compounds for a Euro 5 motorcycle

Road grade is an important variable that affects engine power demand and hence the fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions of vehicles. However, no prior works have evaluated the effects of road grade on tailpipe volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of motorcycles. This study investigated the effects of road grade on real-world tailpipe emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), total hydrocarbons (THC), nitric oxide (NO), and speciated VOCs for a Euro 5 motorcycle. Real-world emissions of CO, CO2, THC, and NO were measured in real-time using a miniature portable emissions measurement system (mini-PEMS), while VOCs were measured in integrated exhaust samples collected during real-world driving. PEMS tests (n = 20) were conducted on urban (UR), suburban (SU), uphill (UH), and downhill (DH) routes. The road grade range encountered in this study was approximately −14 % to +14 %. The mean UH emission factors of CO, THC, and ΣVOC were 9890 ± 1619, 101.0 ± 6.7, and 18.81 ± 4.31 mg/km, respectively. Likewise, the DH emission factors were 202 ± 197 mg/km for CO, 10.3 ± 2.9 mg/km for THC, and 1.49 ± 0.68 mg/km for ΣVOC. The emission factors of all measured pollutants on the UH route were significantly higher than the DH and baseline (mean of UR and SU) emission factors. The results of the present study may help identify emission hotspots along the roads and formulate traffic air pollution control strategies.

Exploration of O3-precursor relationship and observation-oriented O3 control strategies in a non-provincial capital city, southwestern China

To investigate photochemical ozone (O3) formation and provide localized control strategies, an intensive sampling of O3 and its precursors (i.e. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2)) were conducted at an urban site in Leshan, Sichuan province during 4–13 August 2019. The mixing ratios of O3, total VOCs (TVOCs) and NOx were 40.0 ± 5.3, 22.5 ± 2.6 and 14.6 ± 3.8 ppbv, respectively (±95% confidence intervals). O3 and its precursors existed a well negative correlation, indicating intensive local O3 formation. To further explore the O3-precursors relationship and observation-oriented O3 control strategies, a photochemical box model coupled with master chemical mechanism (PBM-MCM) was adapted. The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) calculated by model results showed that Leshan was in the VOCs-limited and O3 production was most sensitive to alkenes. Moreover, O3 isopleth diagram was drawn using the PBM-MCM simulation results and seven reduction scenarios were evaluated in Leshan. The reduction ratio of VOCs/NOx on 3:1 was proposed to be the best solution, which can be achieved effective reduction on local O3 formation. At last, since VOCs were the key precursors of O3 in Leshan, VOC sources and their potential contributions to O3 formation were investigated by using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. Seven sources were identified, and traffic related emissions (including vehicle exhaust and gasoline evaporation, 29.9%) and fixed combustion (27.7%) had the large contribution to ambient VOCs. Among anthropogenic sources, fixed combustion and solvent usage in painting were the large contributors to O3 formation, accounting for 30.9% and 18.3%, respectively, which should have high priorities on source reduction. This study provides scientific advices for future O3 pollution control strategies in Leshan, which can be extended to other cities.

PM2.5-associated risk for cardiovascular hospital admission and related economic burdens in Beijing, China

BackgroundThe study of ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5)-associated health and economic burdens of cardiovascular disease are crucial for air pollution control and disease prevention strategies. Quantified evidence remains inadequate. ObjectivesThis study aimed to estimate the PM2.5 associated risk in cardiovascular hospital admission as well as attributable health burdens and economic costs. MethodsA total of 2,202,244 hospital admission records of cardiovascular disease and six common clinical subtypes in Beijing were included. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied to estimate the associations and the concentration-response curve. Then, the annual average additional hospital admissions, days of hospital stay, and hospital expenditures were evaluated from 2013 to 2017 and compared between 2017 and 2013. ResultsThe results showed that each 10 μg/m3 increase in previous-day PM2.5 concentration was associated with a risk increase of 0.44% (95%CI: 0.40%, 0.47%) for cardiovascular disease, 0.66% (95%CI: 0.58%, 0.73%) for angina pectoris, 0.53% (95%CI: 0.39%, 0.66%) for chronic ischemic heart disease, 0.48% (95%CI: 0.34%, 0.63%) for myocardial infarction, 0.44% (95%CI: 0.29%, 0.60%) for hypertensive heart disease and 0.40% (95%CI: 0.27%, 0.52%) for ischemic stroke. There were 1938 PM2.5 attributed additional hospital admissions, resulting in 21,668 additional days in hospital, along with 5527.12 and 1947.04 ten-thousand of additional total hospital cost and self-afforded cost, respectively. Compared with 2013, the above-mentioned four burdens decreased by 18.17%, 28.80%, 18.90% and 13.72% in 2017, respectively. ConclusionPM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with substantial burdens of cardiovascular hospital admission and economic expenditures. The results highlight the necessity of continuous PM2.5 control from the perspective of healthy and sustainable city development in urban China.

Forecasting Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Heavy Vehicles: A Case study of Semarang City

In Indonesia, transportation sector, specifically road transport consumed most energy compared to other sectors. Eventually, the energy consumption will increase due to the growth of vehicle number that also escalate emission. Vehicle emissions had been recognized as a significant contributor to atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution. Heavy-duty vehicles are considered as main sources of vehicular emissions in most cities. Therefore, it is crucial to take into account heavy-duty vehicle emission projections in order to support policymakers to identify vehicle emissions and develop pollution control strategies. The aim of this study is to forecast heavy-duty vehicle population, vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT), fuel consumption, and heavy-duty vehicle emissions using data of Semarang City to illustrate greenhouse gas emission of big cities in Indonesia. Business as Usual (BAU) and The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method were incorporated to determine vehicle emission projection. Heavy-duty vehicle emissions increase from 2021 to 2030 by 12.317 to 22.865 Gg CO2/year with amount trucks and buses emissions of 21.981,5 Gg CO2/year and 884,2 Gg CO2/year, respectively.

Correlation Analysis of Landscape Structure and Water Quality in Suzhou National Wetland Park, China

The newly issued “Guideline of General Planning of Wetland Parks”, China, reclassified the functional zoning of national wetland parks into three categories: conservation areas, restoration and reconstruction areas, and rational utilization areas. Therefore, the country is facing a new round of revision and compilation of the general planning of national wetland parks. The purpose of this paper was to provide information to guide wetland park functional zoning and to formulate the water pollution prevention and control strategy. In this study, 53 sampling points of 6 national wetland parks in Suzhou City were selected. Pearson’s correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression analysis, redundancy analysis, single factor, and comprehensive water quality identification index methods were used to analyze the effects of wetland landscape types and landscape configuration on water quality. (1) Lakes and rivers in the wetland park had positive ecological effects and should be distributed in each functional zone. (2) Grassland ecology is fragile. Grasslands should be distributed in conservation areas and in restoration and reconstruction areas. (3) Woodland and cultivated land have both ecological and economic benefits. They can be used as ecological buffer and entertainment zones, which are respectively distributed in the restoration and reconstruction areas and in the reasonable utilization areas. (4) Built-up land is highly disturbed by humans. It should only occur in the rational utilization areas and far away from the conservation areas.

Factors Underlying Spatiotemporal Variations in Atmospheric PM2.5 Concentrations in Zhejiang Province, China

Fine particulate matter in the lower atmosphere (PM2.5) continues to be a major public health problem globally. Identifying the key contributors to PM2.5 pollution is important in monitoring and managing atmospheric quality, for example, in controlling haze. Previous research has been aimed at quantifying the relationship between PM2.5 values and their underlying factors, but the spatial and temporal dynamics of these factors are not well understood. Based on random forest and Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) algorithms, this study analyses the spatiotemporal variations in selected key factors influencing PM2.5 in Zhejiang Province, China, for the period 2000–2019. The results indicate that, while factors influencing PM2.5 varied significantly during the period studied, SHAP values suggest that there is consistency in their relative importance as follows: meteorological factors (e.g., atmospheric pressure) &gt; socioeconomic factors (e.g., gross domestic product, GDP) &gt; topography and land cover factors (e.g., elevation). The contribution of GDP and transportation factors initially increased but has declined in the recent past, indicating that economic and infrastructural development does not necessarily result in increased PM2.5 concentrations. Vegetation productivity, as indicated by changes in NDVI, is demonstrated to have become more important in improving air quality, and the area of the province over which it constrains PM2.5 concentrations has increased between 2000 and 2019. Mapping of SHAP values suggests that, although the relative importance of industrial emissions has declined during the period studied, the actual area positively impacted by such emissions has actually increased. Despite developments in government policy, greater efforts to conserve energy and reduce emissions are still needed. The study further demonstrates that the combination of random forest and SHAP methods provides a valuable means to identify regional differences in key factors affecting atmospheric PM2.5 values and offers a reliable reference for pollution control strategies.

Pollution Control Strategy to Prevent the Degradation of River Water Quality (Case Study of Talawaan River, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province)

This research was conducted to analyze and describe the Pollution Control Strategy for Preventing Degradation in the Water Quality of the Talawaan River in Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. This research used the descriptive-quantitative method. This research was carried out in the Talawaan River, North Minahasa Regency. The data were analyzed using SWOT analysis and an analytical hierarchy process. The results showed that the increase in water quality as a control over the contamination of the Talawaan River with a diversification strategy (Strength - Threats strategy) has the highest total weight in the effort to compile a complete information system to support water pollution control policies. Thus, the alternative strategic priority is to develop a complete information system to support water pollution control policies and then invite community participation in controlling river water pollution and controlling waste that enters the river.