Pollution Of Water Bodies Research Articles

Adsorption of Zinc(II) Ion by Spent and Raw Agaricus bisporus in Aqueous Solution

A significant environmental concern globally is the pollution of water bodies as a result of heavy metals. To date, various attempts have been made to effectively remove heavy metals, such as those that use synthetic and biogenic materials to abate and control water pollution. The biological removal of pollutants from water is an efficient and environmentally friendly technique. In this study, we evaluated the biosorption characteristics of Zn2+ ions from aqueous solution by spent composed of raw Agaricus biosporium (RAB) and A. biosporium (SCAB). We added different biosorption doses, metal ions, and initial concentrations of pollutants to explore the adsorption of Zn2+ by RAB and SCAB. We applied pseudo-first- and second-order models to investigate the biosorption kinetics. According to our results, the rate of Zn2+ removal from the aqueous solution using raw biomass was significantly lower than that using sodium citrate-treated biomass of SCAB. When the Zn2+ concentration increased from 10 mg L−1 to 200 mg L−1, the rate of removal of RAB decreased from 73.9% to 38.4%, and that of Zn2+ by SCAB decreased from 99.9% to 75.9%. As we increased the biosorbent dose, the rate of Zn2+ removal by SCAB increased. Interestingly, Zn2 biosorption was inhibited by heavy co ions (Cu2+ and Pb2+) and light metals (e.g., Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+). When treating wastewater polluted with Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+, SCAB showed good potential. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for an environmentally sound approach to controlling water pollution.

Methodology for collecting initial data to assess diffuse agricultural pollution of water bodies (the case of the Lake Onego catchment)

Methodology for collecting initial data to assess diffuse agricultural pollution of water bodies (the case of the Lake Onego catchment)

Calibration, validation and uncertainty analysis of a SWAT water quality model

Sediment and nutrient pollution in water bodies is threatening human health and the ecosystem, due to rapid land use changes and improper agricultural practices. The impact of the nonpoint source pollution needs to be evaluated for the sustainable use of water resources. An ideal tool like the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) can assess the impact of pollutant loads on the drainage area, which could be beneficial for developing a water quality management model. This study aims to evaluate the SWAT model’s multi-objective and multivariable calibration, validation, and uncertainty analysis at three different sites of the Yarra River drainage area in Victoria, Australia. The drainage area is split into 51 subdrainage areas in the SWAT model. The model is calibrated and validated for streamflow from 1990 to 2008 and sediment and nutrients from 1998 to 2008. The results show that most of the monthly and annual calibration and validation for streamflow, nutrients, and sediment at the three selected sites are found with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values greater than 0.50. Furthermore, the uncertainty analysis of the model shows satisfactory results where the p-factor value is reliable by considering 95% prediction uncertainty and the d-factor value is close to zero. The model's results indicate that the model performs well in the river's watershed, which helps construct a water quality management model. Finally, the model application in the cost-effective management of water quality might reduce pollution in water bodies due to land use and agricultural activities, which would be beneficial to water management managers.

Synthesis and characterization of Ni@UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework for fluorescence detection of heavy metal ions in the aqueous phase

The toxicity of clean fresh water has become a major concern in the 21st century. The pollution of fresh and marine water bodies via anthropogenic activities introduces fatal chemicals like heavy metal ions into the environment causing disastrous impacts on human life as well as floral-faunal biota. Hence, it is crucial to develop a nanomaterial that can probe on these lethal heavy metal ions feasibly as well as with low detection limits. Metal-Organic Frameworks are frequently employed in optics as fluorescence sensors for detecting heavy metal ions. Therefore, in this study, Ni(II) was doped into the UiO-66 network, and the fluorescent characteristics of the obtained MOF structure were observed. The morphological characterizations were conducted via PXRD and SEM while the optical tests based on fluorescent spectroscopy were given more attention. The as synthesized MOF i.e., Ni@UiO-66 gave excellent fluorescent detection exhibiting “Turn-Off” for Hg(II) and Fe(III), while “Turn On” for Cr(VI), and Al(III) analytes. In aqueous phase, the lowest detection limit values of 7.98 x 10−7 M for Hg(II) ions is observed. The former's sensing mechanism was attributed to the inner filter effect (IFE), while the latter's mechanism could potentially be linked to the chelation-enhanced fluorescent (CHEF) effect. These findings imply that the Ni@UiO-66 metal-organic framework has the potential to be used for the detection for minute quantities of Hg(II), Al(III), Cr(VI), and Fe(III) ions.

Construction of a Visible-Light-Response Photocatalysis-Self-Fenton Degradation System of Coupling Industrial Waste Red Mud to Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis-self-Fenton technology is a sustainable strategy for treating organic pollutants in actual water bodies with high-fluent degradation and high mineralization capacity, overcoming the limitations of the safety risks caused by adding external iron sources and hazardous chemicals in the homogeneous Fenton reaction and injecting high-intensity energy fields in photo-Fenton reaction. Herein, a photo-self-Fenton system based on resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) resin and red mud (RM) was established to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in situ and transform into hydroxy radical (•OH) for efficient degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation. The capturing experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) confirmed that the hinge for the enhanced performance of this system is the superior H2O2 yield (499 μM) through the oxygen reduction process (ORR) of the two-step single-electron over the resin and the high concentration of •OH due to activation effect of RM. In addition, the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycles are accelerated by photoelectrons to effectively initiate the photo-self-Fenton reaction. Finally, the possible degradation pathways were proposed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This study provides a new idea for environmental recovery in a waste-based heterogeneous photocatalytic self-Fenton system.

Enhanced bioremediation of organically combined contaminated soil by white rot fungal agent: physiological characteristics and contaminants degradation

ABSTRACT Microbial remediation of organically combined contaminated sites is currently facing technical challenges. White rot fungi possess broad-spectrum degradation capabilities, but most of the studies are conducted on polluted water bodies, and few research focus on the degradation of combined organically contaminated soils. This study aimed to investigate the physiological changes in Trametes versicolor to enhance its simultaneous degradation ability towards benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and TPH. The results demonstrated that Trametes versicolor, when subjected to liquid fermentation, achieved an 88.08% degradation of individual BaP within 7 days. However, under the combined contamination conditions of BaP and TPH, the BaP degradation rate decreased to 69.25%, while the TPH degradation rate was only 16.95%. Furthermore, the degradation rate of BaP exhibited a significant correlation with the extracellular protein concentration and laccase activities. Conversely, the TPH degradation rate exhibited a significant and positive correlation with the intracellular protein concentration. Solid-state fermentation utilizing fungal agents proved to be the most effective method for removing BaP and TPH, yielding degradation rates of 56.16% and 15.73% respectively within 60 days. Overall, Trametes versicolor demonstrated a commendable capability for degrading combined PAHs-TPH pollutants, thereby providing theoretical insights and technical support for the remediation of organically combined contaminated sites.

Experiments and modeling to develop a Pistia stratiotes based Floating Vegetated System (FVS) for the removal of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni)

Floating Vegetated System (FVS) emerged as a green and sustainable technology, presenting a viable solution for treating heavy metals (HMs) contaminated water without disrupting the food web. Pistia stratiotes has been used in the design of FVS due to its abundance of aerenchyma tissues, which contribute to its ability to remain buoyant. FVS exhibited significant HMs removal efficiencies, with Pb top at average 84.4 %, followed by Zn (81.1 %), Cr (78.5 %), Cu (76.5 %) and Ni (73 %). Bio-concentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) values evaluated the plant's adeptness in metal uptake. For plants treated with Cu, the highest post-treatment chlorophyll content of 9 ± 1 mg.ml−1 was observed while Zn induced plant shows the lowest content of 7.1 ± 0.4 mg.ml−1. Using Box-Behnken Design (BBD), the system achieved 81.48 % Pb removal under optimized conditions such as initial Pb conc. of 9.25 mg. l−1, HRT of 24.49 days and a water depth of 26.52 cm. ANOVA analysis highlighted the significant impact of all the factors such as initial HM conc., HRT and wastewater depth on FVS performance. Kinetic analysis estimated a closer observance to the zero-order model, supported by high determination coefficient (R2) values. In conclusion, the FVS, as one of the most eco-friendly technologies, demonstrates higher potential for treating polluted water bodies, offering a sustainable remedy to global metal pollution challenges. Research on FVS for HMs removal is an area of ongoing interest and there are several potential future studies that could be pursued to further understand and optimize their effectiveness such as optimization of plant species, enhancement of plant-metal interactions, effects of environmental factors, economic feasibility studies, disposal of heavy metals accumulated plant, scale-up and application in real-world settings, etc.

Characterization Analysis of Mudstone and Study of Its Pb (II) Adsorption Characteristics in Polluted Water Bodies

In order to explore a medium material for the efficient treatment of Pb(II) pollutants in groundwater, in this paper, mudstone is selected as the medium material, and the morphological structure of the mudstone is characterizes via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses to study the feasibility of the mudstone adsorbing Pb(II) ions. Then, static adsorption experiments are carried out to investigate the removal effect of mudstone on Pb(II) in aqueous solutions under different conditions and to determine the optimal adsorption conditions. Finally, the results are fitted and analyzed using a thermodynamic model to explore the adsorption mechanism of the mudstone. The main results of this study are as follows. The main mineral composition of the mudstone used in the experiments includes CaCO3, SiO2, CaAl2O4·10H2O, and CaFe4O7. The specific surface area of the mudstone is as high as 23.027 m2·g−1, the pore size is 9.145 nm, and its surface structure is rough, with pores and fissures developed. The pore space and adsorption capacity of the mudstone were enhanced. When 1 g·L−1 of mudstone was added, the pH value of the solution was 6, the reaction time was 60 min, and the initial concentration of Pb(II) was 30 mg·L−1. The removal efficiency of Pb reached 84.5%, and the adsorption amount was 25.352 mg·g−1. For the removal of Pb(II) from the aqueous solution by the mudstone under different concentrations of Pb(II), the reaction was in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption amount reached 54.975 mg·g−1. The relationship between the removal of Pb(II) and the reaction time was in accordance with the pseudo-second-order rate model. The results of this study suggest that mudstone can be used for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous media.

Compartmental Equations Hybrid Model for Modelling Water Pollution Transmission

Water pollution has been identified as one of serious environmental problem that has a negative impact on aquatic animals and plants, terrestrial plants and animals, and human health. Effective pollution management and decision-making require an understanding of the intricate dynamics of water contamination in our environment. There are many workable measures that can be adopted to control the menace. Mathematically, water pollution can be modelled using differential equations through management. In order to describe the pollution of water bodies using a system of differential equations. We deployed compartment models to capture the dynamic of pollution in lakes, rivers, and other water bodies. The model compartmentalizes various forms of water pollution and combines them with purification measures. With this strategy, we showed how water pollutants behave in diverse environmental contexts by providing useful knowledge for putting pollution management measures into practice by solving the compartmental model using the Euler method and the Runge-Kutta of Order 4 numerical method (RK4). The quality of results obtained by applying the two mentioned numerical methods is queried based on how they respond to different values of step size (h), which represents the interval at which the numerical methods approximate the solution trajectory. Our findings demonstrate that both numerical approaches are viable for solving compartmental equations by computing compartment values over a specified time interval. Despite the practicability of both methods, it is noteworthy that Runge-Kutta of order 4 consistently emerges as the more effective numerical method in solving our compartmental model when compared with Euler formula, particularly when step sizes are moderately large. The Runge-Kutta method's robustness and efficiency in accurately approximating solutions over the specified time range make us conclude that it is more preferable to the Euler method for practical implementations of compartmental models with moderately large time steps.

Morphological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Toxicological Mechanism and Risk of Nitrate Exposure in Bufo gargarizans Embryos.

In recent years, nitrate (NO3-N) pollution in water bodies has been increasing due to the excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. Exposure to NO3-N during the development of amphibian embryos may have lasting effects on the growth and development of individuals and even threaten their survival, but the toxicity mechanism of NO3-N in amphibian embryos prior to thyroid morphogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, Bufo gargarizans was selected as the model organism to investigate the toxic effects of 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L NO3-N exposure (N10 and N100) on amphibian embryos using methimazole (MMI) and exogenous thyroxine (T4) as the reference groups. We found that T4, MMI, N10 and N100 inhibited B. gargarizans embryo growth and development, with MMI and N100 showing the earliest and strongest effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed that MMI and NO3-N (especially N100) significantly downregulated genes related to thyroid morphogenesis and cholesterol metabolism, while upregulating genes related to inflammation and apoptosis. Together, these results contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms by which NO3-N disrupts B. gargarizans embryonic development, reveal the potential risks of NO3-N pollution to other aquatic organisms, and provide insights into the conservation of a broader ecosystem.

Biochar-fortified Sil-KAB: Environment Friendly Briquette Technology to Improve Growth, Yield and Economics of Paddy

Paddy is one of the most important staple foods in the world. The area under paddy cultivation is 43.79 million hectares and the production is 116.43 million tons in 2018-19. It is an important staple food consumed by 65 percent of the country's population. However, paddy cultivation is also associated with an unbalanced use of fertilizers. A balanced use of fertilizers is essential to increase the productivity of the harvest. Broadcast application of fertilizers during the Kharif season (In India, Kharif season is popularly considered to start in June and end in October.) leads to losses due to the dissolution of fertilizers in water and leaching from the field with the flooded water, thereby increasing the fertilizer requirement. Improper application of fertilizers leads to pollution of water bodies and is not environment friendly. Applying fertilizers through deep placement reduces the loss of fertilizers and is environmentally friendly. The field trial was conducted in Bhor during the Kharif season of 2022 to study the effect of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes on growth, yield, economics and reduction of methane emissions from the paddy field. The biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes have the potential to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use. The experiment was conducted with two treatments consisting of a conventional fertilizer application and biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes. The experiment was replicated with 14 farmers in two villages of Bhor, Pune. The results of the trial showed that the application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly increased the height of the paddy at tillering, panicle initiation and at the harvest stage. Significantly highest number of tillering hill-1, number of productive tillering hill-1, panicle length, number of filled grains panicle-1, number of total grains panicle-1, percentage of grain filling, grain yield, straw yield and net return of paddy were observed in biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes treatment. The application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly reduced methane emissions from the paddy field. The application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly improves the growth, yield and profitability of paddy in the Kharif season.

Transition-state defect structure: A new strategy for TiO2-based porous materials to enhance photodegradation of pollutants

The aim of this paper is to investigate the derived structure and properties of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8), and the effect of residual structural on the catalytic properties after loading with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2). For this purpose, we ingeniously prepare C-ZIF-8@TiO2 with a transition-state defect structure and apply it for efficiently degrading organic dye wastewater represented by Rhodamine B (Rh–B). Thanks to the transition-state defect structure loaded with TiO2 and ZIF-8 self-derived Carbon (C) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO), the catalytic performance of C-ZIF-8@TiO2 is superior to that of TiO2 and normal TiO2/ZIF-8 composites, and it is effective in degrading a variety of antibiotics and dyes. The related characterization also shows good photovoltaic properties and long-term durability for C-ZIF-8@TiO2. The mechanism on free radical action is elucidated and the possible degradation pathway for Rh–B is speculated. Therefore, C-ZIF-8@TiO2 provides a new strategy for the degradation of organic pollutants in water bodies.

The effectiveness of wastewater treatment of waste treatment facilities of milk processing enterprise and its assessment of by hydrochemical indicators

Despite the attempts made in developed countries to improve production and treatment technology, it has not yet been possible to change the trend of increasing volumes of various wastes. Today, for 5 % of waste there is no effective processing technology at all, and for 60 % it is necessary to organize processing at existing capacities, introducing waste upgrading limits into the process or create new capacities. In this case, waste from one industry will become raw materials or materials for enterprises in other industries. Therefore, today the issue of implementing resource-saving technologies in the field of wastewater treatment from industrial enterprises is relevant. The purpose of the work was to estimate the eff ectiveness of wastewater treatment of waste treatment facilities of milk processing enterprise by hydrochemical indicators. The studies were carried out at treatment facilities into which industrial wastewater from the milk processing enterprise of varying degrees of contamination is constantly discharged. In order to assess the technological effi ciency of the implemented biological treatment system in the filtration fields, wastewater indicators were monitored in the period 2021–2023. It was found that the purification efficiency for some substances has improved. For example, BOD5 from 47,3 % in 2022 to 78,6 % in 2023; ammonium nitrogen from 55,5 % in 2022 to 64,4 % in 2023; chlorides from –12,1 % in 2022 to –0,8 in 2023. However, the results obtained indicate the insuffi cient effi ciency of treatment facilities (filtration fields) and, as a consequence, an unsatisfactory degree of wastewater treatment, which in their turn are a source of pollution of water bodies. Although biological resource-saving treatment systems are the cheapest and most environmentally friendly way to treat wastewater from enterprises, the question of improving such systems remains. This must be done based on the conditions of each specific enterprise.

The Environmental Oxidation of Acetaminophen in Aqueous Media as an Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutant Using a Chitosan Waste-Based Magnetite Nanocomposite

Clean water is a precious and limited resource that plays a crucial role in supporting life on our planet. However, the industrial sector, especially the pharmaceutical industry, significantly contributes to water consumption, and this can lead to water body pollution. Fenton’s reagent was introduced in the current investigation to oxidize acetaminophen as an emerging pollutant in such effluents. Therefore, we employed a straightforward co-precipitation method to fabricate chitosan-coated magnetic iron oxide, which is referred to in this study as Chit@Fe3O4. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to characterize the sample. It is crucial to treat such effluents due to the rapid increase in emerging pollutants. In this study, a photo-Fenton system was introduced as a combination of a Chit@Fe3O4 catalyst augmented with hydrogen peroxide under ultraviolet (UV) illumination conditions. The results reveal that only 1 h of irradiance time is efficient in oxidizing acetaminophen molecules. Doses of 20 and 200 mg/L of Chit@Fe3O4 and H2O2, respectively, and a pH of 2.0 were recorded as the optimal operational conditions that correspondingly oxidize 20 mg/L of acetaminophen to a 95% removal rate. An increase in the reaction temperature results in a decline in the reaction rate, and this, in turn, confirms that the reaction system is exothermic in nature. The sustainability of the catalyst was verified and deemed adequate in treating and oxidizing acetaminophen, even up to the fourth cycle, achieving a 69% removal rate. A kinetic modeling approach is applied to the experimental results, and the kinetic data reveal that the oxidation system conforms to second-order kinetics, with rate constants ranging from 0.0157 to 0.0036 L/mg·min. Furthermore, an analysis of the thermodynamic parameters reveals that the reaction is exothermic and non-spontaneous, predicting an activation energy of 36.35 kJ/mol. Therefore, the proposed system can address the limitations associated with the homogeneous Fenton system.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Current Status, Risk Assessment and Management Strategies

With the expansion of the scope and diversity of agricultural non-point source (AGNPS) pollution, environmental pollution in water bodies and soils has intensified, seriously affecting the quality of life of urban and rural residents. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the current status of AGNPS pollution from five aspects: fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural films, livestock and crop residues. The study also includes a comprehensive risk assessment of the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, microplastic pollution, and heavy metal contamination attributed to the current AGNPS pollution in China. The findings reveal widespread nitrogen and phosphorus pollution across provinces in China, a low risk of microplastic pollution, and acute contamination with heavy metals such as As, Cd and Hg, notably in Hubei, Gansu, Liaoning, Guizhou, and Hunan. Additionally, the study reveals that in Chinese provinces currently facing severe heavy metal pollution, heavy metal contamination constitutes a significant carcinogenic risk to adult health and a serious non-carcinogenic risk to child health. Consequently, guided by the ‘3R theory’ principles of source reduction, interception, and remediation, this paper suggests an array of expanded strategies for AGNPS pollution management. These strategies are proposed to aid in the sustainable advancement of AGNPS pollution control.

Enriched removal of cationic and anionic dyes using 4-nitro cinnamaldehyde loaded hydroxyapatite with hematite nanocomposites

The inadvertent release of dyes from the industrial manufacturing sector has significantly affected water ecosystems. The pollution of water bodies with harmful dyes has direct and indirect consequences, disrupting the entire biosphere. This study evaluated a novel adsorbent material (4NC-PVP-HAp-FeO nanocomposite) designed to remove anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. The investigation targeted the adsorption efficiency of this synthesized material in decontaminating water polluted with Congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) dyes at room temperature. The 4NC-PVP-HAp-FeO nanocomposite was characterized using various instrumental techniques. A comprehensive examination of the factors influencing the adsorption equilibrium was conducted under optimized conditions. Fitting the experimental data to various models revealed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics to be the extremely fit for explaining the adsorption isotherm and kinetics mechanism, respectively. In particular, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (Qmax= 156.56 mg) for methylene blue adsorption highlighted the superior performance of the absorbent. In addition, the 4NC-PVP-HAp-FeO nanocomposite was easily retrievable and reusable for up to five cycles. As a result, the characterization and experimental findings affirm the potential application of the 4NC-PVP-HAp-FeO nanocomposite in effectively decontaminating wastewater.

Visual Observation to Detect Macroplastic Object in River: A Review of Current Knowledge

Currently, the world is facing the problem of plastic pollution in water bodies. Plastic waste has become an abundant pollutant in the marine, coastal and river environments, making it a major threat to aquatic life. Visual Observation in plastic monitoring is a popular method used to measure quantity, composition, and distribution, identify emerging trends, and design preventive measures or mitigation strategies. This study attempts to review recent studies regarding visual observation for detecting macroplastic objects in terms of current research trends and methodologies and suggests promising future research directions. This study used a systematic method with a bibliometric approach and qualitative content analysis to identify and review 108 articles on detecting litter objects in the water. The study results show that automatic object detection is starting to become a trend in visual Observation by relying on artificial intelligence (AI) with UAV devices and cameras that are processed using Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods which provide promising accuracy results.

Three kinds of apatite adsorbents prepared by co-precipitation for Pb (II) and Cd (II) removal from wastewater: performance, competitive effects and mechanisms

Heavy metal pollution in water bodies is a serious environmental problem continuously, which requires urgently seeking an efficient and cost-effective solution. Apatite as the most abundant phosphate on earth exhibits remarkable adsorption effect on heavy metals. Based on this, three kinds of apatite adsorbents were prepared in this study by titration co-precipitation method for the removal of heavy metals Pb (II) and Cd (II) from water. In the single system, the maximum adsorption capacity of hydroxyapatite (Hap), chlorapatite (Clap), and fluorapatite (Fap) for Pb (II) was 1597.16 mg/g, 1477.82 mg/g, and 1455.99 mg/g, for Cd (II) were Hap (107.18 mg/g), Clap (79.08 mg/g) and Fap (15.8 mg/g). Pb (II) was more competitive than Cd (II) in binary metal system. Apatite adsorbents mainly remove Pb (II) and Cd (II) from solution by dissolution precipitation, electrostatic attraction, surface complexation and ion exchange. The results of this study show that the three kinds of apatite adsorbents exhibited excellent adsorption performance for Pb (II), and also had a certain removal effect for Cd (II). Therefore, the three kinds of apatite have certain application prospects in heavy metal wastewater treatment.

Non-targeted screening and photolysis transformation of tire-related compounds in roadway runoff

Roadway runoff serves as a crucial pathway for transporting contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from urban environments to receiving water bodies. Tire-related compounds originating from tire wear particles (TWPs) have been frequently detected, posing a potential ecological threat. Yet, the photolysis of tire-related compounds within roadway runoff remains inadequately acknowledged. Addressing this deficit, our study utilized high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to characterize the chemical profile of roadway runoff across eight strategically selected sites in Guangzhou, China. 219 chemicals were identified or detected within different confidence levels. Among them, 29 tire-related contaminants were validated with reference standards, including hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), dicyclohexylurea (DCU), and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazol-amine (DCMA). HMMM exhibited with the abundance ranging from 2.30 × 104–3.10 × 106, followed by DPG, 1.69 × 104–8.34 × 106. Runoff sample were exposed to irradiation of 500 W mercury lamp for photodegradation experiment. Photolysis results indicated that tire-related compounds with a low photolysis rate, notably DCU, DCMA, and DPG, are more likely to persist within the runoff. The photolytic rates were significantly correlated with the spatial distribution patterns of these contaminants. Our findings underscore TWPs as a significant source of pollution in water bodies, emphasizing the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and assessment strategies.

Safeguarding ecosystems using innovative approaches to manage animal wastes

Animal wastes (AWs) are excreta or discarded materials associated with animal production industries. It could be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form, such as animal dung or droppings, discarded feed, feathers, fur, decayed bodies of dead animals, blood waste, effluent from animal farms, milk wastes, urine, and fart. Animal wastes are generated in high quantity, even beyond the control of animal farmers, due to the increase in animal production globally. These wastes pollute the ecosystem. They release greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere through anaerobic fermentation which deplete ozone layer. Nitrogen and phosphorus constituents of Aws alter soil texture and pollute water bodies through run-off and direct disposal into water systems. The resultant effects of the pollution include climate change, degradation of soil and burning of crops, death of aquatic biota, release of offensive odour, especially ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and cause diseases of public health concern to human beings and animals. These consequences are due to the emission of harmful gases and compounds and the presence of pathogens in the waste. Animal wastes are potential sources of income and resources, and their environmental consequences could be reduced if farmers could use innovative approaches such as vermicomposting, production of biogas using wastes, membrane filtration, liquid – solid separation, thermal treatment and chemical treatment approaches to manage animal wastes. Government regulation and policies against indiscriminate disposal and application of animal wastes, coupled with the sensitization of people to the benefits and dangers associated with animal waste, could also prevent environmental challenges.