Water Pollution Research Articles

Source apportionment and influencing factors of surface water pollution through a combination of multiple receptor models and geodetector

In line with sustainable development goals (SDGs), precise quantification of water pollution and analysis of environmental interactions are crucial for effectively safeguarding water resources. In this study, Nemerow's pollution index was used to evaluate water quality, three receptor models were used to identify pollution sources, and Geodetector analysis was applied to explore environmental interactions in the North Shangyu Plain, Southeast China. Using 5207 surface water samples from September 2023 with 11 physicochemical parameters, the results showed that surface rivers in the North Shangyu Plain exhibited varying degrees of pollution: slight pollution upstream, moderate pollution in midstream and downstream, and concentrated high pollution in certain areas, with TN, CODCr, and TP as the primary pollutants. Multimethod source apportionment significantly improved the accuracy of pollution source attribution and identified five main sources: domestic sewage (1.42%–3.54%) characterized by NO3-N, phytoplankton source (38.43%–50.05%) indicated by chl and PC, agricultural cultivation (16.1%–17.63%) marked by TP and CODMn, industrial wastewater (17.64%–25.1%) primarily associated with TN, and natural source (10.32%–13.26%) characterized by DO, NH3-N, and CODCr. Influencing factor analysis validated the source identification. Natural factors had minor impacts on water parameters, while pollution control from agricultural activities was suggested to diversify fertilizer types rather than merely reduce quantities. The combined effects of industrial and aquaculture activities intensified pollution from TN, chl, and PC, underscoring the need for targeted management practices. This study showed the objectivity and reliability of using a combined approach of multiple receptor models and Geodetector to evaluate the river water quality status, which helps assist decision-makers in formulating more effective water resource protection strategies.

Fouling of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes by Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds (LMWOCs), Part 1: Fundamentals and Mechanism.

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are ubiquitous technologies in modern water treatment, finding applications across various sectors. However, the availability of high-quality water suitable for RO/NF feed is diminishing due to droughts caused by global warming, increasing demand, and water pollution. As concerns grow over the depletion of precious freshwater resources, a global movement is gaining momentum to utilize previously overlooked or challenging water sources, collectively known as "marginal water". Fouling is a serious concern when treating marginal water. In RO/NF, biofouling, organic and colloidal fouling, and scaling are particularly problematic. Of these, organic fouling, along with biofouling, has been considered difficult to manage. The major organic foulants studied are natural organic matter (NOM) for surface water and groundwater and effluent organic matter (EfOM) for municipal wastewater reuse. Polymeric substances such as sodium alginate, humic acid, and proteins have been used as model substances of EfOM. Fouling by low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWOCs) such as surfactants, phenolics, and plasticizers is known, but there have been few comprehensive reports. This review aims to shed light on fouling behavior by LMWOCs and its mechanism. LMWOC foulants reported so far are summarized, and the role of LMWOCs is also outlined for other polymeric membranes, e.g., UF, gas separation membranes, etc. Regarding the mechanism of fouling, it is explained that the fouling is caused by the strong interaction between LMWOC and the membrane, which causes the water permeation to be hindered by LMWOCs adsorbed on the membrane surface (surface fouling) and sorbed inside the membrane pores (internal fouling). Adsorption amounts and flow loss caused by the LMWOC fouling were well correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficient (log P). In part 2, countermeasures to solve this problem and applications using the LMWOCs will be outlined.

Quantifying the effects of size exclusion on colloidal particle transport in porous media at a pore scale and column scale

AbstractColloid‐facilitated transport has been widely acknowledged as a significant contributor to surface water and groundwater pollution. Compared to water‐dissolved solutes, colloids are subject to a size exclusion effect (SEE) due to their inherent size when transported through porous media. However, only a few studies have quantitatively assessed SEE on colloid transport in porous media. In this study, we conducted dynamic observation experiments (in a quartz sand micro‐model) using a high‐speed camera and directly observed the size exclusion phenomenon of colloid transport in pores. Moreover, we further performed column experiments to quantitatively characterize the breakthrough curves of silica colloids with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 5 µm through different‐size sands. Silica colloids displayed a distinct SEE, as demonstrated by their earlier breakthroughs compared to the NaNO3 tracer. This observation served as a quantitative indicator of the SEE. The breakthrough curves were fitted using the advection‐dispersion equation to quantify this phenomenon, allowing for calculating the water saturation that is inaccessible to mobile colloids (γ). It was determined that γ exhibited a significant negative linear correlation (p < 0.01) with the average grain size (d50) of porous media. Additionally, power–law correlations were identified between γ and the colloid diameter (dp) and dp/d50. When the grain size of porous media remained below 1031 µm, an increase in the colloid diameter (from 0.1 to 5 µm) resulted in a more noticeable SEE, leading to the proportion of inaccessible pore regions to all pores increasing from 0.017 to 0.098, with this change following a power–law trend. These findings provide valuable insights into quantifying the SEE on silica colloids during transport in porous media. Furthermore, they provide theoretical support for future quantitative research on the mechanisms underlying colloid‐facilitated transport.

A Hybrid Model Combined Deep Neural Network and Beluga Whale Optimizer for China Urban Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Forecasting

The dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) is an important indicator of water quality. Accurate DOC predictions can provide a scientific basis for water environment management and pollution prevention. This study proposes a hybrid DOC forecasting framework combined with Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO) algorithm. Specifically, the original DOC sequences were decomposed using VMD. Then, CNN-GRU combined with an attention mechanism was utilized to extract the key features and local dependency of the decomposed sequences. Introducing the BWO algorithm solved the correction coefficients of the proposed system, with the aim of improving prediction accuracy. This study used 4-h monitoring China urban water quality data from November 2020 to November 2023. Taking Lianyungang as an example, the empirical findings exhibited noteworthy enhancements in performance metrics such as MSE, RMSE, MAE, and MAPE within the VMD-BWO-CNN-GRU-AM, with reductions of 0.2859, 0.3301, 0.2539, and 0.0406 compared to a GRU. These results affirmed the superior precision and diminished prediction errors of the proposed hybrid model, facilitating more precise DOC predictions. This proposed DOC forecasting system is pivotal for sustainably monitoring and regulating water quality, particularly in terms of addressing pollution concerns.

Roles of ESIPT and TICT in the Photophysical Process of a Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor for Al3.

Precise detection of Al3+ with the aid of a fluorescence sensor is of fundamental importance in the fields of water pollution control and food safety. A comprehensive understanding of the photophysical process of the sensor as well as its underlying detection mechanism is a precondition for the design of highly efficient sensors. This contribution performs a thorough investigation of the ratiometric fluorescence sensing mechanism of an Al3+ sensor with the aid of density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. Two excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) processes are observed on the S1 state potential energy surface, which leads to emission around 565 nm. A twisted intramolecular charge transfer state is observed after one of the ESIPT processes via cis-trans isomerization of the C═N bond. However, the large energy barrier hinders its occurrence, which is quite unusual. Al3+ is found to form three strong coordination bonds with the sensor, which eliminates ESIPT processes and induces a significant blue shift of the emission spectrum to 480 nm. The origination of the sensor's selectivity is also uncovered by investigating the interaction between the sensor and interfering metal ions.

Seasonal Rise in the Contents of Microcystin-LR and Odorous Substances Due to Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Drinking Water Reservoir Supplying Xinyang City, China.

Cyanobacterial blooms have become a serious water pollution problem in many parts of the world, and the monitoring and study of the impacts of biotoxins on human health are of vital importance. In this study, the contents of microcystin-LR, 2-methylisoborneol, and geosmin were measured in water and sediment samples from Nanwan Reservoir, China, by means of bimonthly sampling between February and December 2023. The physicochemical and hydrochemical factors and phytoplankton dynamics in the reservoir were also investigated. The results showed that the overall mean concentration of microcystin-LR (0.729 μg/L) in summer approached the guiding standard (1 μg/L) set by the WHO for drinking water. Furthermore, the content of 2-methylisoborneol (143.5 ng/L) was 14 times higher than the national standard (10 ng/L). The results of laboratory cultures showed that lower light levels and medium temperatures were suitable for the growth of Microcystis and Planktothricoides but higher temperatures promoted the synthesis and release of microcystin-LR and 2-methylisoborneol. In addition, the results of co-cultures showed that the growth of Planktothricoides was inhibited by Microcystis. Our results suggest that cyanobacterial bloom and the presence of the metabolites 2-methylisoborneol and microcystin-LR can decrease the drinking water quality of Nanwan Reservoir.

Exploring spatial and seasonal water quality variations in Kelani River, Sri Lanka: a latent variable approach.

Water quality degradation poses a significant challenge globally, especially in developing nations like Sri Lanka. Extensive monitoring programs designed to address escalating river pollution collect multiple water quality parameters over extended periods and varied locations. However, the sheer volume of data can be overwhelming, making it difficult to process effectively and interpret accurately using conventional methods. In this study, latent variable (LV) and unsupervised machine learning techniques were used to investigate spatial and seasonal variations of surface water quality for 17 parameters across 17 locations along the Kelani River, Sri Lanka, using monthly water quality parameters from 2016 to 2020. Pearson's correlation matrix identified 10 parameters significantly affecting water quality variations and factor analysis (FA) generated five LVs, accounting for 77% of the total variance in the dataset. The identified LVs showed multiple methods of river pollution.Hierarchical clustering analysis and self-organizing mapping methods clustered stations in a closely analogous manner. Stations near industrial zones and the river mouth showed higher water quality variance, often exceeding national guidelines. Correlation testing revealed strong relationships between water quality and catchment hydrometeorological variations during monsoonal seasons. Spatial analyses showed increased LV variance in the Lower Kelani River Basin, indicating higher pollutant levels in different seasons. Industrial effluents (LV-2 and LV-4) and domestic and municipal sewage (LV-3 and LV-5) exhibit greater seasonal fluctuations. The results showed that the proposed LV approach has the potential to assist authorities in addressing water pollution amidst the complexity of multiple water quality parameters.

Effects of Sublethal Exposure to Three Water Pollutants on Scototaxis in Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)

The biological early warning system with fish behavior as the detection index is an efficient and rapid early warning technology for the ecological damage caused by water pollutants. However, the attempt to apply the scototaxis (dark preference) behavior of fish to biological early warning is still relatively lacking. In this study, we delved into the dark and light preferences of the rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus), employing three distinct tank configurations. Additionally, we systematically examined the modulating effects of environmental illumination, nutritional status, and the number of test subjects on this behavior, aiming to establish optimal experimental parameters for its observation. Furthermore, cadmium ions [Cd2+], tricaine methanesulfonate [MS222], and p-chloroaniline were employed as representative heavy metal ions, neuroactive agents, and organic toxicants, respectively, to test the impact of chemicals on scototaxis in gradient concentrations. The results demonstrated that the rare minnow exhibited a clear scototaxis (dark preference), and this behavior was not affected by the nutritional status of the test fish, the illumination, or the number of subjects. While the dark chamber was consistently the preferred location of rare minnows during the chemical exposure tests, the degree of scototaxis by the rare minnow significantly decreased at Cd2+ ≥ 3 mg/L, MS222 ≥ 11 mg/L, and p-chloroaniline ≥ 29 mg/L, suggesting a potential disruption of their innate behavioral patterns by these chemicals. These findings underscore the sensitivity of rare minnows to water pollutants. Therefore, the scototaxis behavior of rare minnows can be a potential and useful behavioral indicator for biological early warning, which can be used for early biological warning of sudden water pollution caused by chemicals such as Cd2+, MS222, and p-chloroaniline.

The Effects of Montmorillonite–Humic Acid Composite Particles on the Photolysis of Tetracycline in Water

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is an important component of natural water bodies and can significantly influence the photolytic behavior of water pollutants. A comprehensive understanding of the photochemical behavior of water pollutants in natural waters requires consideration of the presence of SPM. In this study, montmorillonite–humic acid (MMT-HA) composite particles were synthesized to simulate SPM in natural waters and their effects on the photolysis of tetracycline (TC) were investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of MMT-HA composite particles in water significantly enhanced the photolysis of TC, with the photolytic kinetics following a pseudo-first-order model. Electron spin resonance spectra and free radical quenching experiments indicated that the photoactive components (MMT and humic acids) in the composite particles induced the generation of reactive oxygen species under light exposure, further contributing to the enhanced photolysis of TC. Comparative analysis of the free radical signals and adsorption experiments revealed that the accelerated photolysis of TC was also related to the interfacial interaction between the MMT in the composite particles and the TC molecules. The formation of surface complexes between TC molecules and the negatively charged sites on the MMT surface facilitated light absorption and electron transfer, thereby accelerating the photolysis of TC. Photoproduct analysis indicated that the primary degradation pathways of TC in the composite particle systems included the addition of hydroxyl radicals to the aromatic ring, as well as demethylation, deamination and dehydration in the side chains. This study shows that SPM in water bodies can affect the photochemical behavior of pollutants and should be taken into account when assessing the phototransformation of pollutants in natural waters.

Prussian Blue Analogue‐Based Materials: Synthesis and Their Application in Peroxymonosulfate Activation for Wastewater Treatment

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective in degrading refractory organic pollutants in water. The unique internal chemical tunability of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), a type of metal‐organic framework materials (MOFs), makes them promising catalysts for PMS‐AOPs. However, the pristine PBA is limited in practical application due to its structural instability and easy leaching of metal ions. To this end, various methods have been developed to enhance the catalytic performance of PBAs. In this paper, the recent advances in the modification and composite strategies of PBA catalysts are systematically reviewed. PBA modification by the regulation of synthesis conditions and post‐synthesis treatment, along with composite strategies involving metal and non‐metal based materials are introduced. The structural morphology improvement, physical and chemical property adjustment, vacancy design and crystal surface modulation of PBAs induced by these modification and composite strategies are discussed in depth. In addition, the performance of the modified and composite catalysts to activate PMS for organic pollutant degradation is demonstrated. The radical pathway via SO4•‐, •OH and O2•‐, non‐radical pathway through 1O2, electron transfer process and high‐valence metal‐oxygen species, or a combination of radical and non‐radical pathways are revealed in PMS‐AOPs with PBAs and their derivatives as catalysts.

The designing of magnetic nanomaterials synthesis and applications in dye degradation: a review.

Numerous activities, including rapid industrialization, population increase, and agricultural practices, have continuously contaminated freshwater resources. One of the main risks to aquatic life and human health is water pollution, which can lead to a number of extremely dangerous illnesses, includingcancer, asthma, and gastrointestinal problems. The contaminated wastewater could be cleaned using a variety of traditional and cutting-edge techniques. In order to solve these problems, scientists have been investigating a number of treatment techniques, such as adsorption, which uses adsorbents to effectively and selectively remove particular pollutants. Adsorption is the most widely used economical and effective method for treating wastewater and eliminating dangerous contaminants. The surface characteristics of the adsorbents utilized, such as their surface area and availability of functional groups, are what primarily determine the efficacy of adsorption. Since different carbon derivatives derived from waste are used as adsorbents to remove harmful pollutants, nanomaterials have been used as effective adsorbents in recent times because of their superior surface qualities. Particularly magnetite (Fe3O4), magnetic adsorbents have shown great promise as an adsorbent material for water filtration. It is appropriate for the adsorption of numerous pollutants due to its large surface area, supermagnetism, and simplicity of functionalization. In order to eliminate harmful contaminants including heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wastewater, this review paper critically examined the synthesis of nanomaterials, with a focus on green synthesis. It is anticipated that this kind of multidisciplinary research would lead to more advancements in advanced nanotechnology and nanoscience in the water treatment industry.

Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Corporates in Polluting Sectors

Corporate sustainability performance is gaining ever greater importance. The negative impact of climate change is manifested through heavy air, water and soil pollution. Polluting sectors, as the major players, are characterized by large amounts of emissions, waste and consumption of resources, and therefore have a larger negative impact on the environment. Companies operating in polluting sectors are recognized globally as the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions; thus, their performance is widely debated. Despite their character, such companies strive for higher profitability, better financial performance and operational efficiency. However, higher financial resources create the potential for innovation investments in companies. It is widely accepted that research and experimental development (R&D) expenditures enable new business ideas, models, products, services, and processes. However, while pursuing sustainability targets, financial results could be directed towards sustainability performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the financial and innovation results of companies in polluting sectors interact with sustainability performance scores. For it, we have identified three essential pillars of sustainability: environmental, governance, and social. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions, models were developed for each pillar of sustainability, including corporate financial performance indicators and R&D expenditures. The obtained results provide the insights that a company operating in polluting sector size and turnover significantly interacts with all pillars of sustainability. However, we also found that the corporate debt ratio, earnings ratio, and current liquidity have a significant relation only with environmental and social sustainability indicators.

Simultaneous and High-Throughput Analytical Strategy of 30 Fluorinated Emerging Pollutants Using UHPLC-MS/MS in the Shrimp Aquaculture System.

This study established novel and high-throughput strategies for the simultaneous analysis of 30 fluorinated emerging pollutants in different matrices from the shrimp aquaculture system in eastern China using UHPLC-MS/MS. The parameters of SPE for analysis of water samples and of QuEChERS methods for sediment and shrimp samples were optimized to allow the simultaneous detection and quantitation of 17 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 13 fluoroquinolones (FQs). Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection of 30 pollutants for water, sediment, and shrimp samples were 0.01-0.30 ng/L, 0.01-0.22 μg/kg, and 0.01-0.23 μg/kg, respectively, while the limits of quantification were 0.04-1.00 ng/L, 0.03-0.73 μg/kg, and 0.03-0.76 μg/kg, with satisfactory recoveries and intra-day precision. The developed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of multiple samples collected from aquaculture ponds in eastern China. PFASs were detected in all samples with concentration ranges of 0.18-0.77 μg/L in water, 0.13-1.41 μg/kg (dry weight) in sediment, and 0.09-0.96 μg/kg (wet weight) in shrimp, respectively. Only two FQs, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, were found in the sediment and shrimp. In general, this study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of fluorinated emerging contaminants, assisting in the monitoring and control of emerging contaminants in aquatic foods.

Removal of the nalidixic acid antibiotic from aqueous solutions using bovine serum albumin nanoparticles

The presence of antibiotic pollutants in water and wastewater can cause significant risks to the environment in different aspects. Therefore, antibiotics need to be removed from water. This study investigates the adsorption of nalidixic acid (NA), a common antibiotic, using bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs). These NPs were synthesized via desolvation technique and characterized using SEM, DLS, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The effects of adsorbent dosage (0.02–0.9 mg), initial NA concentration (30–80 mg L− 1) and contact time (0.5–24 h) on adsorption efficiency were considered. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were determined experimentally. The Freundlich isotherm best described the adsorption equilibrium, while the pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately represented the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of NA adsorption onto BSA NPs. Under optimal conditions, BSA NPs achieved a removal efficiency of 75% for NA with a maximum adsorption capacity of 240 mg g− 1. These results demonstrate the potential of BSA NPs as an effective adsorbent for removing NA from aqueous solutions.

Microbial fuel cells: A potent and sustainable solution for heavy metal removal

The global water pollution problem is becoming increasingly crucial. One of the major contributors to water pollution is the presence of heavy metals. Heavy metals pose significant threat to both humans and all ecosystems. Various factors influence the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, including pH, temperature, natural organic matter (NOM), and ionic strength, which vary based on the chemical properties of the pollutants. More effective and modern approaches receive attention and extensively researched to substitute traditional methods such as adsorption, membrane filtration, and chemical-based separation. Among these methods, Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are particularly intriguing. This review article focuses on MFCs and their potential applications in various fields, including clean water production. MFCs represent an innovative technology that not only generates electricity, but also demonstrates significant potential for heavy metal removal from wastewater. Cathodic chamber of MFCs effectively reduces heavy metals, while organic substrates act as carbon and electron donors in the anodic chamber. Through various mechanisms, including direct and indirect metal reduction, biofilm formation (metal sequestering), electron shuttling, and synergistic interactions among microbial communities, microorganisms exhibit remarkable efficiency in removing metals. Studies showed that dual- and single-chamber MFCs could efficiently remove a range of heavy metals, including chromium, cobalt, copper, vanadium, mercury, gold, selenium, lead, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and sodium, while simultaneously generating electricity, achieving high removal efficiencies ranging from 25% to 99.95%. This range of efficiency varies depending on the specific contaminant being targeted, the concentration of the contaminant, as well as the operating conditions such as pH and temperature. Moreover, MFCs demonstrated a wide range of power outputs, typically ranging from 0.15 W/m² to 6.58 W/m², depending on the specific configuration and conditions. These findings underscore the potential of MFCs as a sustainable and efficient approach for both wastewater treatment and energy generation.

(Re)presenting nature: contrasting field and media communication of environmental experts in a Hungarian context

The present study interviewed 16 epistemic workers involved in creating and disseminating environmental knowledge and explored how experts communicate and present environmental issues in the field and news media in Hungary. Results show that both forums of communication face (re)presentational problems when communicating and presenting biodiversity, air pollution, and water pollution. Although climate change has become easily visualizable, it is overutilized in media. Conversely, presenting climate change in the field is challenging. This paper underscores the need for effective communication that mediates local issues affecting everyday life and reports the facts irrespective of whether they evoke positive or negative emotions. Such an approach will bring nature close to people and empower local communities within the context of increasing anti-environmentalism in Hungary.

Analysis of the Effects of Securing Baseflow and Improving Water Quality through the Introduction of LID Techniques

Rapid climate change and increasing water use have led to various problems in small- and medium-sized urban streams during dry periods, such as stream drying, water pollution, and ecological degradation, reducing their physical and ecological functions. Ensuring adequate baseflow and improving water quality during these critical periods are essential for maintaining urban stream health. While previous studies have explored the effects of Low Impact Development (LID) techniques (e.g., green roof, rainwater harvesting system, permeable pavement, infiltration trench) on infiltration and groundwater recharge, they have primarily focused on general flow regimes rather than dry and low-flow periods. This study specifically evaluates the effects of LID techniques on securing baseflow and improving water quality during dry periods, utilizing the SWAT-MODFLOW model and the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT) system. The results show that LID techniques reduce peak flow by an average of 27% and secure an additional 43% of baseflow during dry periods. Suspended solids (SS) and total phosphorus (T-P) concentrations were reduced by 15% and 41%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of LID techniques not only in managing stormwater runoff during flood events but also in maintaining baseflow and water quality during dry periods, thus providing valuable insights for sustainable urban watershed management.

Evaluation and pollution analysis of water environment of state-controlled river in Zaozhuang City from 2016 to 2022

The quality of water environment is closely linked to the survival and development of human beings. Thanks to the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, the quality of the water environment has improved significantly. However, challenges remain in the surface water environment due to human activities in the basin. We analyze the surface water quality of the six state-controlled rivers in Zaozhuang City, which are key tributaries to the Nansi Lake and the water storage and distribution area of the South-to-North Water Diversion East Project. Physical-chemical parameters and metal pollutants were detected from 2016 to 2022. The Various indices were used for evaluating the surface water environmental quality and pollution issue. Although there were significant inter-year differences in each river, the results of Water quality index and Nemerow composite index analysis indicated that the water quality of the six rivers has continuously improved over the years. Nevertheless, as this research reports, such as considerable annual fluctuations in pollution factors, obvious pollution characteristics in river basins, and difficulty in controlling non-point source pollution, which still restrict the further improvement of the water environment. Each river presents various water environment problems due to differences in industrial structures within its basin. Through the analysis of production and lifestyle in each basin, the main pollution sources of each river were evaluated and determined. Based on the type and characteristics of pollution sources, control measures and optimization strategies are proposed for the improvement of the water environment.

SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TRANSITION TO THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the study of the legal aspects of the European Green Deal implementation in Ukraine, in particular in the context of the energy sector transformation the by increasing the share of renewable energy sources. There have been examined the key trends in the legal development of renewable energy and determines the environmental challenges caused by climate change and other negative factors affecting the environment, as well as analyzes the potential possibilities of adapting national environmental legislation to European legal standards in the field of renewable energy use. The author emphasizes the economic, social and environmental benefits of achieving the goals of the European Green Deal on the way to ensuring the sustainable development of Ukraine, calling for the creation of a clear and coherent system of legislation dedicated to the legal regulation of renewable energy in Ukraine. The results of the study points the urgency of creating an effective legal framework for the economy green transformation and the adaptation of energy and environmental policies to European requirements and standards. In the context of modern global environmental problems related to climate change, excessive pollution of atmospheric air, water and forest ecosystems, soil degradation as a result of both increasing anthropogenic load on natural resources and due to the development of objective laws of nature, one of the key priorities European environmental policy outlined the transition to the principles of sustainable development, which, in turn, generated the need to search for optimal mechanisms and concepts for ensuring such a transition. The European Green Course, adopted by the EU in 2019, is an ambitious and progressive strategy for the transformation of the European continent into a climate-neutral one by 2050. As a comprehensive conceptual package of legislative initiatives, to achieve this goal, the European Green Course includes not only the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, but also a significant increase in the share of renewable energy sources, an increase in the energy efficiency of European countries, and the integration of the energy markets of individual countries with the EU energy market. For Ukraine, the issue of implementing a policy of sustainable development by transitioning to the use of renewable energy sources is not only part of its European integration obligations, but also a time-tested necessity, taking into account the state of the country’s energy sector both during the war period and in the context of the post-war reconstruction of our country.

In-situ growth of Fe-MOF on magnetic materials by self-template method to enhance practicality and removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solution

In this work, core–shell structured Fe3O4@PCN-333 (Fe) composite was constructed using a self-template method, in which Fe3O4 microspheres not only serve as magnetic centers but also provide Fe (III) for the preparation of PCN-333 (Fe). PCN-333 (Fe) uniformly grew as a shell on the surfaces of the microspheres, and the shell thickness was approximately 38 nm. The composite exhibited high adsorption performance, with maximum adsorption capacities of 471.7, 303.3 and 314.5 mg/g for chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline, respectively. The adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) was based on the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order model, and external diffusion and pore diffusion were the rate-limiting steps in adsorption. The strong adsorption capacity was attributed to the mechanism of π–π interaction, coordination bonds, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals force. Fe3O4@PCN-333 (Fe) composite displayed good stability in the aqueous solution, strong TCs adsorption capacity, high selectivity, anti-interference performance for adsorbing TCs, fast recovery with external magnetic field, reusability, thus effectively reducing the cost for removing water pollutants. These features make the composite a potential material for removing TCs in the environment.