Marine Water Pollution Research Articles

Evaluation on Total Amount Control of Marine Water Pollution based on ANN and Genetic Algorithm

Evaluation on Total Amount Control of Marine Water Pollution based on ANN and Genetic Algorithm

USE OF MODERN METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON CONTAINING MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CASPIAN SEA

Currently, the problem of the negative impact of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea has become catastrophic. Intensive pollution of marine waters by oil and oil products, from production, transportation and storage of hydrocarbons leads to the oppression of the sea ecosystem. Mechanical and physico-chemical methods for cleaning the marine environment are characterized by low efficiency, secondary pollution and high cost. The most promising is the use of microbiological methods for cleaning waters from oil pollution. In the article presents the results of the identification of reactive oxidizing bacteria isolated from the marine environment of the Caspian Sea, for further use in new biopreparation from oil pollutions. From the sea water in bulk berths Aktau sea port and the port of Bautino (North Caspian) allocated 27 hydrocarbon isolates of microorganisms having the ability to oil degradation of these strains selected the 4 most active cultures, which were identified as Bacillus cereus (2 strains), strain Bacillus sr.13 and Acinetobacter sr.10. Article is written by results of the scientific project of grant financing of Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Activization of the self-clearing ability of sea water of the Caspian Sea from oil products". Article is issued thanks to the international project Tempus of IV IEMAST of "Establishing Modern Master-level Studies in Industrial Ecology".

Spatial Vulnerability Analysis of Marine Water Resources Pollution in Urban Socio-Economic Context

Cao, J.N., 2020. Spatial vulnerability analysis of marine water resources pollution in urban socioeconomic context. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 67–71. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In view of the low accuracy and long time consuming of traditional methods for analyzing the spatial vulnerability of marine water resources, this paper proposes an analysis method for the spatial vulnerability of marine water resources under the socio-economic background of city. According to the selection principle of evaluation index of marine water resources pollution spatial vulnerability, the evaluation index of marine water resources pollution spatial vulnerability is determined; the evaluation index system of marine water resources pollution spatial vulnerability is established; the normalized processing method is used to process the data in the above-mentioned evaluation index system of marine water pollution spatial vulnerability, and entropy difference calculation is introduced. On this basis, the Bayesian network method is used to construct the spatial vulnerability assessment model of marine water resources pollution, and the spatial vulnerability characteristics of marine water resources pollution under the urban socio-economic background are analyzed. The experimental results show that the accuracy of extracting the spatial vulnerability index of marine water resources pollution is the highest, which is about 98%, and the evaluation time is about 2 s.

Chemicals of emerging concern in marine specimens of the German Environmental Specimen Bank

BackgroundDescriptor 8 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (Directive 2008/56/EC) addresses the good environmental status with regard to pollution of marine waters by chemical contaminants. Commission decision (EU) 2017/848 lays down the criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters. Member States, in regional or subregional cooperation, shall establish lists of relevant contaminants beside those already covered by the Water Framework Directive (WFD). To provide information on emerging contaminants in marine biota, the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) has compiled data of blue mussels and eelpouts from coastal sites in the North and Baltic Seas. Substances identified by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) as of emerging concern for the marine environment have been used as a starting point.Results and conclusionsThe study presents data of 19 emerging flame retardants and degradation products, 40 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and three cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS). Among the emerging flame retardants, only Dec 602 was detected in all samples of 2015. Dec 604, Cl10-antiDP, 1,5-DPMA, EH-TBB, PBEB, TBP-AE, BATE, BTBPE and HBBz were constantly < limit of quantification (LOQ). Time trends were barely detected. Legacy PBDE still dominates in most samples. PFAS concentrations were usually higher in samples from the North Sea sites compared to samples from the Baltic Sea. PFOS dominated in most samples. Increasing trends over time were detected for PFNA, PFDA and PFDoDA at the Baltic Sea site and for PFDA at one North Sea site. Concentrations of the cVMS D4, D5 and D6 were below the detection limit at the ESB sampling sites. Based on the results, it should be considered to include the emerging flame retardants DP and Dec 602 and the long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFDoDA in a regular monitoring in the North and Baltic Seas.

Analisis Pertanggungjawaban Pencemaran Lingkungan Akibat Tumpahan Minyak (Studi Kasus: Kebocoran Pipa Minyak di Teluk Balikpapan)

Environmental pollution in marine waters has a very broad impact on all life both at sea and on land. The oil spill not only affects the ecosystem, but also affects the health and economy of the surrounding community. This study aims to determine the extent of efforts to resolve cases of marine pollution due to oil spills in Balikpapan Bay. This research method uses this type of research is a normative juridical approach method which is done by examining library materials or secondary data as a basis for research by searching the regulations and literature relating to research problems. Qualitative analysis, which uses literature as a source of research data. Liability for oil spill cases in Balikpapan Bay can be carried out through civil lawsuits against parties related to pollution. In addition, it is important to immediately make arrangements regarding RZWP3K to realize harmony and synergy in the utilization of coastal areas and small islands between regional governments and related sectors.

Microplastics in ballast water as an emerging source and vector for harmful chemicals, antibiotics, metals, bacterial pathogens and HAB species: A potential risk to the marine environment and human health.

Microplastic pollution in marine waters around the globe is increasing exponentially. This is the first comprehensive review which focuses on microplastics as a source and vector for metals, antibiotics, toxic chemicals, pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae), and Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellates across the continents through ballast water. Microplastics in ballast waters serve as 'hotspots' for the development and spread of multiple drug-resistant human pathogens through co-selection mechanisms. Microplastic inoculation at distant countries through ballast water may pose a serious threat to human health due to higher incidences of bacterial disease outbreaks and HABs. The 2017 ballast water management convention lacks a provision for on-board treatment of microplastic-contaminated ballast water. We conclude that there is a pressing need to include microplastics in the ballast water management convention as a hazardous material. Efficient on-board ballast water treatment strategies and effective limits for microplastics in ballast waters need to be developed.

Characterization and Optimization of Level Measurement by an Ultrasonic Sensor System

The problem of environmental disasters due to oil spills has characterized recent history from the early ‘900, still being an important risk factor for environmental protection. Aim of this research is designing and implementation of a non-contact ultrasonic sensor system capable of providing the water level in the marine environment. This system is part of a very low-cost device developed to detect water pollution by non-conductive liquids (i.e., hydrocarbons floating in the sea), exploiting the different conductivities of fluids involved. While equipment and techniques currently used for monitoring marine water pollution are very expensive, this paper focuses on the characterization of a low-cost SRF05 ultrasonic sensor and on its implementation inside a floating organ as a result of data obtained from laboratory tests. A number of experimental tests were conducted using a micrometric linear stage, a triangulation laser, a digital oscilloscope, and a post-processing software. Moreover, changes of climatic conditions, such as temperature and humidity, were monitored in a climatic chamber, aiming to establish the best operating range in terms of sensor resolution and the architecture of a buoy. The sensor showed signal anomalies at regular distance intervals due to anticipated flight times, which led to the adoption of a sensor system consisting in the combination of more SRF05 sensors to optimize the measurement system. In addition, it is presented an analytical method based on ultrasonic signal reconstruction, with the aim to improve the accuracy of the measurement method. The final device is managed to have a sensibility of about 1 mm.

Pollution of Arctic Waters Has Reached a Critical Point: an Innovative Approach to This Problem

One of the most important problems in the Arctic Basin is the pollution of its waters and the assessment of its impact on the ecological system of this region. In this paper, we recommend using the geoecological information-modeling system (GIMS) as one of the Big Data tools to address this problem. Specifically, the GIMS includes a series of specific models describing ecological, hydrological, climatic, and hydrochemical processes in Arctic waters. The synthesis of GIMS with the Arctic Basin Ecosystem (ABE) model provides the GIMS-ABE coupled model that takes into account various sources of pollutants, including river runoffs, long-range atmospheric transport, and anthropogenic activities in the coastal zone, as well as ships. In the simulation experiments performed in the present study, heavy metals, oil hydrocarbons, and radionuclides are considered as primary contaminants. In addition, the biocomplexity and survivability indicators were considered as information values to predict the status of the Arctic ecosystem. The results showed a high sensitivity of the Arctic ecosystem to pollution that is currently close to a tipping point. In particular, it emerged that the current state of pollution intensity leads to increased accumulation of pollutants in marine waters at different rates ranging from 7 to 23% depending on the Arctic aquatic environment.

Responsibility of Local Government Against Sea Pollution, Plastic Waste In Sea Waters, Sorong City

This study aims to determine the impacts arising from the handling of waste (waste plastic) which is not effective in urban areas. Waste in urban areas that are not handled properly will be wasted into rivers and ends at sea. Increasing the amount of plastic waste in the marine waters of Sorong City can cause disruption to the convenience of sea users, especially for fishermen and tourists who aim to Raja Ampat regency. The wider impact due to increased waste of plastics in the marine waters of Sorong City is able to threaten the marine ecology. Pollution of marine waters of Sorong City is the responsibility of local government that is local government of Sorong City. Efforts to overcome the pollution can be done by streamlining waste management in urban areas by socializing the use of government-provided waste containers provided by local government with color variations to distinguish types of organic waste and non-organic waste and wet garbage. Adjustment needs to be made between the number of residents with the availability of waste disposal facilities and including the janitor so that the waste can be handled up to the landfill (Final Disposal Place).

Toxicity of manganese to various life stages of selected marine cnidarian species

Manganese (Mn) pollution in marine waters is increasing and sensitivities to this metal vary widely among marine species. The aims of this study were to characterise Mn chemistry in seawater, and evaluate the toxic effects of Mn on various life stages of two scleractinian corals – the branching sp. Acropora spathulata and massive sp. Platygyra daedalea, and the anemone Exaiptasia pallida. Analytical and theoretical characterisation experiments showed that 97–100% of Mn (II) additions ≤ 200 mg/L in seawater were soluble over 72 h and largely assumed labile complexes. Concentrations estimated to reduce coral fertilisation success by 50% (5.5-h EC50) were 237 mg/L for A. spathulata and 164 mg/L for P. daedalea. A relatively low 72-h LC50 of 7 mg/L was calculated for A. spathulata larvae. In a pilot test using fragments of adult A. spathulata, intact coral tissue rapidly sloughed away from the underlying skeleton at very low concentrations with a 48-h EC50 of just 0.7 mg/L. For E. pallida, survival, tentacle retraction and reproduction were unaffected by prolonged high exposures (12-d NOEC 54 mg/L). This study provides important data supporting the derivation of separate water quality guidelines for Mn in systems with and without coral – a decision recently considered by Australian and New Zealand authorities. It demonstrates the high sensitivity of coral larvae and adult colonies to Mn and the potential risks associated with relying on other early life stage tests and/or E. pallida as ecotoxicological representatives of critically important scleractinian corals.

&lt;b&gt;Ecology of marine macro algal flora of Visakhapatnam coastal areas, Bay of Bengal, India&lt;/b&gt;

An ecological study was conducted on species composition, vertical distribution and monthly variations of marine macro algae along the Visakhapatnam coast, Bay of Bengal, India between May 2013 and April 2014. A total of 48 species was recorded, 18 species belonging to phylum Chlorophyta, nine species to Phaeophyta and 21 species to Rhodophyta. The phylum Rhodophyta was the most dominant group with the highest number of species composition (44.0%) followed by Chlorophyta (37.0%) and Phaeophyta (19.0%). Monthly seaweed distribution data showed the dominance of Rhodophyta members (43.75%) during November to February, when compared to that of Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta members. In addition, the data also revealed that the months from June to August contributed favourable conditions for the growth of Chlorophyta members (29.16%) when compared to that of other months. The present study has recorded two new species (Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha intestinalis). Thirty-five species once recorded are absent from the Visakhapatnam coast. These changes are attributed to the impact of marine water pollution and climate change.

The Environmental Factor of Economic Development in the Russian Arctic

Russia has announced ambitious development plans for its Arctic zone, but they inevitably involve environmental risks for which the Russian Arctic is not always prepared. These are climate change, pollution of marine waters from oil and chemical compounds, and degradation of the ecosystem. The ideas relating to plans to develop the Arctic region and, above all, the construction of offshore fields should be revised, taking into account the environmental hazards, which should resonate not only with environmental organizations but also with economists. The current moment is economically and politically unfavorable for this activity.

Detection of human fecal contamination by nifH gene quantification of marine waters in the coastal beaches of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The identification of fecal pollution in aquatic ecosystems is one of the requirements to assess the possible risks to human health. In this report, physicochemical parameters, Escherichia coli enumeration and Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH gene quantification were conducted at 13 marine waters in the coastal beaches of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and conductivity, carried out by mobile equipment, revealed varied levels due to specific conditions of the beaches. The bioindicators' enumerations were done by defined substrate method, conventional, and real-time PCR. Six marine beach sites (46%) presenting E. coli levels in compliance with Brazilian water quality guidelines (<2500 MPN/100mL) showed nifH gene between 5.7×109 to 9.5×1011 copies. L-1 revealing poor correlation between the two approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first inquiry in qPCR using nifH gene as a biomarker of human-specific sources of sewage pollution in marine waters in Brazil. In addition, our data suggests that alternative indicator nifH gene could be used, in combination with other markers, for source tracking studies to measure the quality of marine ecosystems thereby contributing to improved microbial risk assessment.

A Method of the Detection of Marine Pollution Based on the Measurement of Refractive Index

For marine water pollution problems, According to the phenomenon that the refractive index of the seawater will change after been polluted .we designed a new fiber optical sensor, and completed a marine pollution monitoring automatic warning system with the sensor. One S (single mode)-M (multimode)-S-M-S structural optical fiber sensor based on the theory of M-Z Interference was made. Due to de refractive index of the fiber cladding will be affected by the environmental solution. We can determine the relationship between the movement of interference spectrum and the refractive index of the solution. With a center wavelength of 1553nm fiber Bragg grating and a coupler to obtain the change of the intensity of the light, then though the specific circuit, we can change the light intensity into the voltage values. Then enter the computer through the acquisition card, real-time reporting of environmental refractive index size, and according to the software set threshold alarms. The refractive index in the range of 1.330-1.390, the system of measurement error is less than 1%.

Management of land-based sources of marine pollution

The coastal waters of Kuwait Bay have been extensively used for the disposal of domestic wastewater, increasing the level of pollution. Recent studies indicated that the amount of waste discharged into Kuwait Bay is expected to grow further, from raw sewage, illegal disposal of partially treated sewage, and industrial waste. These sources play significant roles in heavy metal, hydrocarbon, and fecal coliform bacteria inputs to Kuwait's coastal waters, which impact the marine environment and lower water quality. This article introduces information relating to pollution levels in Kuwait's marine environment from land-based sources, and compares the level of pollutants in marine waters with water quality standards. This study also recommends an environmental waste management procedure to control waste discharges to the marine environment with a view to future aspects of sustainable development.

Presence of hepatitis E RNA in mussels used as bio-monitors of viral marine pollution

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), collected from a harvesting area approved by European Community Regulation, were transplanted to four polluted sites located in the Northwestern Mediterranean area (Tuscany). They were used as bio-monitors to test the quality of the marine water pollution. At different times after the transplantation, mussels were withdrawn and tested for presence of phages and enteric viruses by molecular tests. 52.4% of the transplanted mussel samples were positive for at least one enteric virus. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was identified in each site (17/37; 45.9%). Three samples were positive for hepatitis E virus (HEV) (8.1%) and two (5.4%) for norovirus (NoV) genogroup I. Coliphages and RYC 2056 phages were detected in all sites, while HSP 40 phages were detected in three sites. Results demonstrate the ability of transplanted mussels in accumulating and retaining different species of enteric microorganisms. Their utility as bio-monitor organisms enables testing for viral marine pollution.

Constrains on mangrove forests and conservation projects in Pakistan

Mangroves forests are facing serious stresses which jeopardize their sustainability and their existence in Pakistan. Theses coastal forests are found in the Indus delta in Sindh and the coastal areas of Sonmiani, Kalmat and Gawatar bay in Balochistan. A significant reduction in the fresh water supply and increased marine water pollution in from industries as well as over harvesting of mangroves and fishes by the local peoples, sedimentation, population stress and coastal erosion are usually considered to be the immediate causes of mangrove loss in Pakistan. Various Projects have been under taken in the past and in current scenario to conserve the resources of mangrove areas. Strong planning with the collaboration of the local institutes at the grass-root levels will be helpful to strengthen their capacity and to achieve the targets easily, and they will also help in achieving the conservation goals in a sustainable manner. It is predictable that large-scale plantation of this mangroves species in these areas would increase the resources in coastal areas, resulting economic benefit to the local people.

Coagulation and sedimentation of particulate pollutants in marine waters after wastewater outfall discharge

Outfall discharge to seawater is generally used as a practical means of wastewater disposal in many coastal cities. However, deposition of solid pollutants from the wastewater on the seabed would affect the benthic communities. In the present study, both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were carried out on the role of particle coagulation in the transport and sedimentation of sewage solid materials in marine waters after outfall discharge. Actual sewage samples were collected from two treatment plants in Hong Kong for the experimental study. A flocculator-imaging system was developed for characterization of the particle size distribution (PSD) dynamics during flocculation and dilution of sewage particles in seawater. The system consisted of an external flow-through cell, a microscopic CCD video recorder and an image analyzer. The laboratory results demonstrated that coagulation played an important role in regulating the transport of solid pollutants in marine waters. Flocculation of 30–45 min could shift the PSD considerably, transforming small particles to larger, fast-settling particle aggregates. With a growth in particle size by flocculation, the average settling velocity of the sewage particulates increased by a factor of 2 or more. In addition to the laboratory study, a mathematical model was developed to simulate the transport dynamic of wastewater particles in seawater after outfall discharge. The results of numerical simulations compared well with the experimental observations. Both laboratory and simulation results suggest the important role of coagulation in the transport and sedimentation dynamics of sewage particles in marine waters, especially in the early phase of outfall discharge. As a result, suspended solids from the wastewater discharge would deposit more closely in the vicinity of the outfall sites.

Monitoring DNA damage in indigenous blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis) sampled from coastal sites in Denmark

Damage to DNA detected by use of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay was monitored in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, sampled from coastal waters in Denmark. Mussels from five locations in Køge Bay, an area receiving wastewater from many industries and municipalities, were collected five times during 1999 and six times in 2001. In 1999, both gill cells and haemolymph cells were examined, and sediments were sampled on three dates from the same five locations. In the autumn of 1999, mussels were also collected at six reference sites without known pollution. Results showed a significantly higher level of DNA damage in gill cells compared with haemolymph cells. Because of this, only gill cells were sampled for the monitoring in 2001. Levels of DNA damage, expressed as tail moments, were significantly higher for the mussels in Køge Bay when compared with levels of DNA damage in mussels from the non-polluted coastal areas. No clear seasonal variation was demonstrated. Analysis of the correlation between chromium, nickel, cadmium and mercury in sediments and tail moments in haemolymph and gill cells from the five sites showed a statistically significant positive correlation between tail moments and chromium, nickel and cadmium ( P < 0.01). The overall conclusion was that the comet assay on blue mussels could be useful for screening of genotoxic pollution in marine waters.

Diversity of Salmonella spp. and fungi in northern Greek rivers and their correlation to fecal pollution indicators

The prevalence and diversity of Salmonella spp., filamentous fungi, and yeasts and their correlation with fecal pollution indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, enterococci) and total heterotrophic bacteria counts were investigated in 95 water samples from the northern Greek rivers Aliakmon and Axios. Salmonella spp. were isolated in 27.4% of the samples and a total of 19 serotypes were identified. The frequency of Salmonella isolation was higher in the Axios (36.8%) than in the Aliakmon (21.0%) river. Significantly ( P<0.001) more Salmonella spp. were recovered during warm (41.4%) than cold (5.4%) months. Salmonella-positive samples showed significantly higher counts of total heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms. Filamentous fungi were isolated from 98.9% and yeasts from 17.9% of the samples with respective mean counts of 2.36×10 3 and 1.28×10 2 cfu/100 mL. Totals of 23 genera of filamentous fungi and 3 genera of yeasts were identified. The most frequent filamentous fungi were Penicillium and Aspergillus, while Candida was the most prevalent yeast. A significant ( P<0.001) positive correlation of the fecal pollution indicators was demonstrated only for filamentous fungi. The results of this study indicate that these rivers may be potential pathways for human and other animal contamination with Salmonella spp., filamentous fungi, and yeasts, which contribute to the pollution of marine waters and the surrounding environment.