Political Ethics Research Articles

MORAL POLITIK CANAKYA DALAM ARTHASASTRA

A leader needs to have political morals in running the government, so as not to abuse the authority and power that causes suffering for the people. In many cases, they use their control to reap personal benefits while ensnaring the people. This article uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach related to Canakya's political morals. Canakya presents politics in a complex way in his Arthasastra. He did not treat politics arbitrarily with power but formed a great leadership candidate by prioritizing the happiness and welfare of his people. For the sake of its continuity, this leadership task must be carried out for every born ksatriya. Katriya is not just birth, and profession but ksatriya is attitude, principle, stance, character, and all of them combined.

杜亞泉과 陳獨秀 논쟁의 검토

This thesis examines the debate between Du yaquan, Editor-in-chief of 『Eastern Miscellany(東方雜誌)』 and Chen duxiu, leading figure in the New Culture Movement-. In Spetember of 1918, Chen raised suspicion and argued through the pages of 『New Youth(新靑年)』, that 『Eastern Miscellany』 is supporting the idea of revival of hereditary monarchy. Du countered this suspicion on 『Eastern Miscellany』 three months later. This exchange of arguments through the pages of their own magazine is often regarded as starting point of ‘East-West (Cultural) Debate’ in later studies.BR In 1990s’, studies on Du yaquan began, From the early 1910s’, media activities of Du yaquan were mainly focused on political proposals. He was concentrating on how to establish constitutional politics in China. After the establishment of the Republic of China, Du focused on developing discussions on the relationship between individuals, society and state, during this process he often emphasized the importance of Chinnese civilization. On the other hand, one of the main activities of the New Culture Movement was a critique on Chinese civilization, especially Confucianism political ethics. Among them, Chen duxiu was the one who had the most severe criticism on effect of Confucianism ethics in republic of China.BR Previous studies on this debate, mainly focused on how Du and Chen had differed in understanding of the Chinese civilization. In this thesis, by I pointed out that ‘debate’ between Du and Chen was not a result of their diffenrence in understanding of Chinese civilization, but it was rather Chen portraying Du as a person opposed to republican politics in order to emphasize the discussion he had argued through his journalism activities. In this process, Chen formed his argument by ignoring the context of Du’s media activity. Du was one who constantly supported the idea of settling republican politics in China. But in the debate, Du only pointed out the logical fallacies of Chen. In response to Du’s argument, Chen raised the question again and labelled Du as one who opposed republican politics. Image of Du yaquan, as an opposer of Chen duxiu and New culture movement was maintained for a quite long time.

Discourses of “Europeanness” in Asylum Practices in the Postcolonial Context

This article examines the impact of ethno-racial factors on perceptions of refugees and asylum practices in the European postcolonial context. Using Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) the authors analyse “Europe for Europeans” public discourse against the backdrop of the 2015-2016 migration crisis, the humanitarian disaster on the Polish-Belarusian border in 2021 and asylum seekers’ influx in spring 2022. The study shows that attitudes to refugees and their “right” to asylum in a European country are impacted by ethno-racial markers of applicants. Such discursive practices call into question one of the understandings of Europeanness, namely Europe as the embodiment of advanced political ethics, since European political discourse has recently positioned a refugee from the Middle East and North Africa as an “alien” “non-European,” thus normalizing threats to human life in allegedly “uncivilized” parts of the world. This normalization is consequently affecting the decision making in asylum process. The problematization of discursive aspects of asylum allows us to expand DHA to the international sphere, where different national models and cultural contexts collide, allowing us to talk about the influence of discursive practices on the political decisions in international relations. The evolution of the concept of asylum in the postcolonial context is considered in connection with the ideology of Europeanism, which is currently in the process of formation. Although ideas about Europeanness have undergone major transformations, this study shows that a systematic study of the entire range of conceptual meanings of this discursive object has not yet been carried out. Thus, Europeanness is either interpreted as a set of desired social ideals and values, or, reductively, as a quality associated exclusively with European institutions in their current form. Both interfere with the postcolonial debate about the nature of “Europe” and “Europeanness” in the postcolonial world.

TYPES OF MORAL BEHAVIORS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS: PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY ETHICS RESEARCH

The mentality for Turkish political morality, based on the structural diseases of the Turkish public administration inherited from the Ottoman Empire, has its own peculiarity. Studies on political and administrative ethics within the discipline of public governance in Turkey, date back to after 1980. This study aimed to explain which moral behavior that the executives exhibit in Turkish public governance. For this purpose, an questionnaire was conducted on a sample group of 110 people consisting of Pamukkale University administrators, based on the case studies of Steinberg and Austern. The results analyzed after the research were evaluated according to these analyzes, the executive personnel in Turkish public management exhibit a more duty-ridden moral attitude.

Pancasila as a Political Ethic

Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PPKn) is strategic in the introduction and penetration of democratic principles, the spirit of nationalism, participation in the development of the country and character, schools through civic education in schools, and the wider community (community citizenship). Political education is part of the formation of concepts and conditions for building civil society, including the rights and responsibilities of citizenship that sustain the democratic life of a democratic state. The political competence of citizens must be accompanied by supporting ethics as the disposition or character of the development of previous competencies (knowledge and competence). The concept of ethics as a guideline and action in carrying out the democratic life of the Indonesian nation also contributes to this. Positioning in line with ethics and the concept of Pancasila as a view of life and philosophy in society, nation, and state.

“Humans bring food to their mouths, animals bring their mouths to food”—The morality politics of school-lunch sporks in 1970s Japan

We are not only what we eat, but how. This article examines the 1970s’ morality politics of spork usage that accompanied the rollout of rice in school lunches. I argue that these discourses about the material culture and etiquette of eating reflect the economic and political context of 1970s Japan and (re)emergent tensions about national identity and the role of children’s diet and table manners in determining Japan’s future. Japan’s national school lunch program is a critical site of “making Japan.” Schoolchildren and teachers generally eat identical meals in their classrooms, serving and cleaning up after each other. Revived in 1946 by the Occupation, the program was nearly universal in public elementary and middle schools by the 1960s. Meals were mostly bread, milk, and soup, stew, etc. The spork was the standard utensil. Cheap, multipurpose, and hygienic, it was a rational mass-catering solution. In the mid-1970s, simultaneous to the introduction of rice to the menu, the spork became the villain in a morality play about children’s eating habits and the nation’s fate. Culturalist pundits warned that sporks hindered development of the special dexterity, cleverness, and sensitivity that made Japan superior among the nations of the world.

Rethinking Ethics in International Affairs: Reshaping Civilizational Discourse

The notion and applicability of ethics in the public sphere have become a relatively obscure matter with the prevailing incursion of political secularism. The functioning model of contemporary polity leads us to believe that ethics play no role in politics, whether at the national or international levels. Ethics is not a predominant concept in the leading international relations theories, such as realism and liberalism. Pacing these theories, for which the power struggle is a more central concept, this article argues that ethics play a significant role in politics and remains an essential element in understanding and analyzing foreign policy. Neglecting or ignoring ethics limits our appraisal and hinders us from perceiving the whole picture in analyzing international affairs. This article proposes a way forward through more responsible politics in dealing with and understanding global affairs. Responsible ethical politics means taking the best potentially ethical actions that circumstances permit at the national and international levels. This paper employs an interpretative approach with qualitative research via secondary published materials to engage the debate on ethics. In this study, the theoretical framework is the conception of al-Murūʼah (sense of honor), which presents a normative foundation for dealing with others nationally and internationally. Three sub-concepts develop from al-Murūʼah, First, al-Mu’āzarah (assistance without expecting compensation,) second, al-Miyāsrah (relieving others from discomfort or crises), and third, al-Ifḍāl generosity.

Populism in Peru: Populist attitudes and perception of the populist offer and its relationship with political cynicism and attitudes toward democracy.

Populism is a phenomenon that is gaining attention in Political Psychology. The goal of the current study was to determine the relationship between populist attitudes, based on the populist demand and the perception of the populist offer, and several indices of political cynicism and attitudes toward democracy in Peru. To do this, a quantitative correlational study including 391 participants from diverse Peruvian locations was carried out. Both populist attitudes and critical perception of the populist offer are found to be directly related to Political Cynicism in its dimensions of Political Distrust, Political Hopelessness, and Political Moral Laxity, and inversely related to the dimension of Political System Change. Similarly, both dimensions of populism are directly related to Democratic Support and inversely related to Democratic Satisfaction. The findings support the notion that populist attitudes emerge in the context of distrust of the system and express an ambivalent relationship with democracy. Furthermore, the various approaches developed by the social sciences to address the populist phenomenon are discussed in terms of their strengths and limitations.

Entrepreneurial activism

AbstractAgainst what they considered the immoral politics of sectarianism, leading activists in Lebanon in the 2010s combined entrepreneurialism and activism to animate systemic change and build an effective nation‐state. In doing so, they created an ethicopolitical subjectivity that I call entrepreneurial activism. Entrepreneurial activists articulated an ethical politics that celebrated patriotic citizens who work autonomously on both individual moralities and political structures. Examining activist biographical accounts that tied entrepreneurialism to imaginations of change and revolution in Lebanon, this ethnography reveals both the possibilities and limitations of the middle‐class politics of entrepreneurial activism. Translocal encounters between the middle class, the aspirational middle class, and the returning diaspora entangled globalized projects of active citizenship and social entrepreneurship with lived experiences of war and leftist legacies in Lebanon. Fostering social mobilization and new ways of doing politics, entrepreneurial activism is a compelling case in which moral and political imaginations co‐constitute each other, and in which entrepreneurialism cannot be reduced to neoliberalism.

Political Power and Politic Ethical Integrity Of Election Organizers (A Study Of The Development Of The Philosophy Of Science)

Political power and ethical politics are closely related to morals in the philosophy of science because they are part of ethics and aesthetics. Meanwhile, the integrity of election administrators is one of the goals of the philosophy of science in terms of ontology, epistemology, axiology. This study discusses the development of the philosophy of science towards political power and ethical politics in elections and why the philosophy of science considers the integrity of election administrators needed. This research method is in the form of normative legal research called literature study. How to examine library materials in the form of legal research (legal research) is analyzed using ontology, epistemology, and axiology. The results of this study are that the development of the philosophy of science towards political power and ethical politics shouldpower and leadership can be used in a civilized and ethical manner because the purpose of power in the philosophy of science is to create justice and benefit society. Keywords ; political power, ethical politics, philosophy of science

Linguistic Image of Death (LID): The Representation of President Emil Hácha’s Death in the Czech Press of the Period

This paper explores the linguistic image of death (LID) of President Emil Hácha in selected Czech newspapers published in June and July 1945 (in Rudé právo and Svobodné slovo). The author verifies certain methods of cognitive linguistics studying the linguistic image of the world in articles thematically related to the passing of this representative of Czech national politics and his funeral. The following aspects are considered to be important: conceptual metaphors, the opposition of I versus the other, and the study of stereotypes and political ethics (conservative versus progressive: the model of the strict father morality versus the model of a caretaker). Before analysing president Hácha's LID, the author tries to place the president's death in a broader context, summarizing characteristic features of LID of imminent Czechoslovak presidents who governed the country in politically critical periods of its history: of T. G. Masaryk and E. Beneš.

GOLPUT DAN PEMILU 2024

General elections are a means of upholding people's justice and this is the only process to build a country's political ethics. In elections, citizens are given as much freedom as possible and guaranteed by the constitution to express their political aspirations. Through elections, citizens will come to the polls and have been regulated by the state through special regulations regarding general elections. Citizens will give their political rights so that in the future a government structure will be created that will organize state governance for public services and accelerate development. The problem is, is an election valid if the citizen's participation is minimal or far from what we expect? Like the term white group (abstentions) where citizens are very passive and do not give their political rights. We will enter the political year and the 2024 elections are getting closer. Can the abstentions increase or decrease? This is certainly a very relevant question so that the legality of elections can be better because every citizen's political election participation is a supporting factor for the success of elections.

Legal Authority and the Dead Hand of the Past. Dworkin's Law's Empire and Plato's Laws on Legal Normativity

According to Ronald Dworkin's mature views on jurisprudence, legal normativity depends on judges’ views about political morality. Plato's own mature views on this subject seem to take the contrary position as he claims that the law is expected to be authoritative in order to preserve a given state of affairs. Therefore, in Plato's view judges are not expected to interpret the law ubiquitously according to their own standards of political morality. In what follows, the discussion starts off by offering a brief account of Dworkin's interpretivism and some of its shortcomings. We shall then move on to Plato's account of legal normativity, especially his views on the authority of law, law as preservation, and finally the politics of law in the light of the debate between conservatism and progressivism.

Local Government Policy In Distribution Of Healthcare Workforce During The Covid-19 Pandemic (Kebumen Regency)

The main responsibility of the Indonesian government is to protect its citizens, including in the healthcare sector. However, the Government of Kebumen Regency has not fully implemented the responsibility. The research questions are (1) what were the policies of the local government of Kebumen Regency concerning the distribution of healthcare workforce during the COVID-19 Pandemic? (2) How do legal theories address any issues related to the local government policies concerning the distribution of healthcare workforce during the COVID-19 Pandemic? This was a qualitative descriptive study which used a sociological or empirical non-doctrinal method. The study was carried out in Kebumen Regency and the sources consisted of the Head of the Healthcare Agency, one human resource analyst, and one healthcare worker. This study operated under various theories, including Aristotelian political ethics and the will to power by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. This study found that the regent of Kebumen Regency had not demonstrated concern in distributing healthcare workforce to healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The policy issued by the government of Kebumen Regency concerning the distribution of healthcare workforce is considered inappropriate. The political ethics theory shows that local government could issue policies concerning the distribution of healthcare workforce regardless of the existing needs for healthcare human resources. The will to power theory shows that local government policies can be considered as either appropriate or inappropriate policy.

Bridging Gender Divides: Toward a Transcendentalist Feminism

AbstractHow can we build a path from the binary of gender to the unity of common humanity? What kind of difference can the “different voice” of feminism make as a human voice? In this article, Naoko Saito argues that the way we talk about the difference of a “different voice” needs to be radically transformed. To envision a route to such a transformation, she explores an alternative possibility of feminism in the American transcendentalism of Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson. First, Saito critically examines the politics of recognition and suggests a susceptibility to binary thinking in its approach. Second, as a way of transcending the binary mode of thinking, Saito introduces the humanist feminism of the nineteenth‐century American transcendentalist Margaret Fuller. Third, as a way of elucidating the radicality of Fuller's transcendentalist feminism, Saito introduces the feminine voice of two male philosophers — Ralph Waldo Emerson and Stanley Cavell — as her conversational partners. By radically converting the way we talk about difference of voice, the transcendentalist feminism of Fuller, Emerson, and Cavell provides a third way that lies beyond the politics of recognition and care ethics. In conclusion, Saito proposes that the cultivation of the feminine subject requires an alternative political education that resists assimilation into political realism. This would realize our common humanity and, in its crossing of divides between men and women, would create democracy from within.

War and Sanctions. Some Economic and Political Lessons to be Learned From Materialist Anthropology

Abstract The political field seems to prefer the intellectual resources offered by Political Sciences and Economic Sciences because they fit well into the habits created by the daily practice of power. Assuming that it is not just about self-censorship, the current perspective offered by these scientific fields has some blind spots, and risks legitimizing an unfounded optimism regarding the effectiveness of the means used in the crisis generated by the Russian-Ukrainian war. That is why I consider the perspective offered by materialist anthropology to be very useful for describing the complexity of the power relations, and for a fine-tuning of what-is-at-stake. This perspective, which looks at long-term trends, can highlight the differences between imagined power (given by habits, abstractions and the assumption of continuities) and real power (given by the technologies and resources that matter, real scarcity and international competition). I concluded that the imagined power relations of today are a survival of the real power relations from the near past (when the GDP in the Western world was correlated with powerful local manufacturing and a complete dominance in high-tech research). Our mindset, habits and biases created a blind-spot that made difficult to grasp the complexity of the situation and to react accordingly.

Fair and Equitable Treatment and Human Rights: A Moral and Legal Reconciliation

ABSTRACT A central challenge to the legitimacy of international investment law is its failure to take account of a state’s commitments to its people under international human rights law—duties that stand on a special moral plane. The vortex of this challenge is the fair and equitable treatment standard, where tribunals protect the ‘legitimate expectations’ of investors but disregard these preeminent moral commitments. This article develops a new framework for integrating those commitments into fair and equitable treatment decision-making and treaty-drafting. Deploying an interdisciplinary approach that draws on political philosophy as well as extant law and doctrine, I argue that the current international political morality requires putting human rights on a higher plane than commitments to investors. As a result, tribunals should give great deference to state measures that negatively affect investors if the state justifies them based on its international human rights law obligations and lesser but still significant deference for measures based on encouragements or permissions in international human rights law. It operationalizes this approach for tribunals by recasting the doctrine of legitimate expectations and provides examples of how it would work in specific disputes. This article concludes with suggestions for integrating states’ human rights mandates into future investment agreements.

The Principles of Worldly Life in the Books of Pathinenkilkanakku

The ancient Tamil scholars thought with a rich sense of knowledge and a sense of self-ownership of the disciplines and ethics of life which are beneficial to the life of human society. They have meticulously studied the various aspects of human life and the objects of the world and classified them as Agam, Puram, etc. Even before the time of Tolkappiyar, there were many books on charity written in Tamil based on dharma. The Tolkappiyam refers to them as ‘Muthumozhi (adage)', 'Vayurai Vaazhthu (Minor Literary Genre)' and 'Seviarivuruvu (a part of Purananooru)’. They could not have been well-developed in justice and moral literature. In this context, many moral books have appeared and developed in Tamil from time to time. The epic and the minor genres of literature refer to the four concrete objects of virtue, wealth, happiness, and home. However, in the history of Tamil literature, books that originated with the aim of conveying only justice are regularly found. From the third century A.D. to the 6th century A.D., such jurisprudence appeared in abundance during the Sangam period. The purpose of this article is to classify the worldly and ethical way of life that has been studied in the moral books and moral texts, as well as the individual social and political ethics of the time, and to understand the social and political ethics of the time.

Silapathikaram from the Point of view of Literary Theory

The literary principles of the Tamils can be understood through Sangam literature and epic literature. The epic literature of great eminence has demonstrated to the world the culture and erudition of the Tamils. The thoughts of the creator are embodied in the literature he creates. We also find that they are capable of giving some ideas to the people living in society. An evaluation of its background in an epic system and the historical events embedded within it is to evaluate the weight of the text. This can be understood through the reading of Silapathikaram. In a country where the political system is averse to the idea that non-moral rule is harmful, misery will increase. There is no happiness in a country that does not have a good political system, which is like a desert; there is no peace; there is no security. A country with such a degraded state is like a desert, and therefore, it is the rule of righteousness that will make the people happy forever. The highest period of life is the period of a moral rule. In this way, Silapathikaram explains the political ethics of morality. When we try to classify the literary theories embedded in Silapathikaram, we find many of the pearls of the deep sea. The literary principles in Silapathikaram are such that we are proud of them. We will see only a few of them in this article.

Love and hate relationship with the government: the style of times in the Southwest United University

In the first half of the 20th century, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Nankai University and other famous universities in China, as the source of resistance to Japanese imperialism, emphasized academic service to the national mission. Therefore, the Japanese army carried out a special retaliation against them. On July 29, 1937, Japanese aircraft bombed Tianjin Nankai University. The following day, Japanese artillery destroyed the remaining campus. Tsinghua University was plundered by the Japanese army. War forced higher education to give way to military work, but they continued their quest for academic purposes. Tsinghua University, Peking University and Nankai took refuge in Changsha, Hunan Province at first, then moved to Kunming, Yunnan Province and established the Southwestern Associated University. In the early days of the Southwest United University, faced with such problems as soil and water acclimation, lack of funds, lack of equipment and living difficulties, the professors of SWU continued to consider themselves as both modern academic freedom and model of political ethics in China, thus initiating a Kunlun also became the center of the "terrorist world" of Kunming intellectuals and had successively witnessed the tragic events of Li Gongpu and Wen Yiduo. The political morality formed by the love and hate relationship with the government has always been the theme of the era of debate and struggle for intellectual elites in Southwest United University.