Political Security Research Articles

The cross-sectoral linkage between cultural heritage and security: how cultural heritage has developed as a security issue?

ABSTRACT The understanding of cultural heritage as a growing issue in contemporary security has been described as a heritage-security nexus recognising the protection of cultural heritage as a cross-sectoral topic. It represents an urgent issue in international security politics and in the related field of heritage studies. This article shows how the protection of cultural heritage has found its way into rhetoric relating to security politics, thus placing it on political agendas. This development has had an important impact on the academic field of heritage studies. Therefore, this article seeks to identify the linkage between cultural heritage and security threats and the recognition of it as a new theme in academia during the last two decades. The study argues for a newly defined research field that combines heritage studies with security studies in academic fields such as political science and international relations. Finally, this article argues that the academic field of heritage studies, as well as the heritage institutions and related organisations, needs to have a critical approach to the securitisation process. Involved parties need to consider the intentions and causes of the securitising actors and how they usually benefit from security policies.

Wild Boar Survives in a Landscape That Prohibits Anthropogenic Persecution

Geopolitical borderlands are politically sensitive areas and biodiversity hotspots, strictly controlled by the government and military. How to ensure political security, while protecting the biodiversity in borderlands is a problem for ecologists and governments. In this study, the nest site selection of the wild boar Sus scrofa was a case study in the Sino-Russia borderland to understand the survival strategy of wild life under anthropogenic pressure. We investigated (a) how the spatial distribution of anthropogenic pressure and wild boar nests in the borderland and (b) how anthropogenic pressure and the border influence on the wild boars’ nest site selection. The Getis-Ord Gi* analysis was used to analyze the distribution patterns of wild boar nest sites and anthropogenic pressures in the borderland, the Structural Equation Models was used to explore the influence of border, roads, settlements, agricultural land, grassland and anthropogenic pressure on wild boars’ nest site selection. The results indicated that wild boar nest sites are close to the border, roads and agricultural land and away from settlements and grassland. Regardless of the combination of anthropogenic pressure, wild boars make the most advantageous choice and prefer to be closer to the borderland. We speculated that military control played a vital role in borderlands for animal protection under anthropogenic pressure. Wild boars benefit from the prohibition of anthropogenic persecution due to military control. Compared with existing measures, we suggest a different protection/wildlife management strategy, what we need to do may be to prohibit anthropogenic persecution rather than perform other human interventions to protect animals. However, for a species with trouble potential, we need to base our conservation strategies on the recovery of top predators, and play the community control role of top predators to avoid the occurrence of trouble.

Assessing the Implementation of Open-Door Policy in Managing Syrian Refugees in Germany (2015)

The humanitarian crisis has happened in Syria. Syria has been suffering the dynamics of conflict in their countries spurred by the war under Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad, which caused the forced migration by its citizens to the surrounding countries in 2015 through a massive influx of refugees. Germany is one of Europe's countries experiencing the most significant refugee dynamic”evidenced by the development of refugees in that period. Based on that, this qualitative research aims to understand the fundamental reason for various social events, especially for the German government implementing the Open-Door Policy on Syrian refugees. Methodologically, in data processing technique using library research supported by multiple news portals and scientific journals to help the analysis become very appropriate. As a result, this article signifies Germany's decision regarding the Open-Door Policy on refugees from Syria through human security glasses. It refers to economic security and political security. Densely, Germany provides many opportunities as workers in Germany related to its labor market development. Germany has limited the Syrian refugee's activities and provided by the quality of speaking in Germany like what Angela Merkel has said, instead of talking about the national duty on a humanitarian basis by the policy she did.

CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN JOINT CONSTRUCTION OF THE “DIGITAL SILK ROAD” UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF COVID-19: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND PATHS

The outbreak of the new crown epidemic has had a serious impact on the social and economic development of China and Kazakhstan, and the power of digital technology has become prominent in the process of fighting against the pandemic and recovering the economy. The pandemic has created new opportunities for the development of the global digital economy, and also provides a new opportunity for China and Kazakhstan to jointly build the “Digital Silk Road”. Meanwhile, under the background of the pandemic, China and Kazakhstan face many challenges to jointly build the “Digital Silk Road”, including political risks, digital governance and security, third country interference and other obstacles. In the future, China and Kazakhstan can start cooperation by improving the risk assessment system, strengthening the level of digital governance, and strengthening China-Kazakhstan strategic mutual trust, so as to accelerate the construction of the “Digital Silk Road” between China and Kazakhstan.

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Cynthia Enloe about Gender and Global Politics

Ask a Political Scientist: A Conversation with Cynthia Enloe about Gender and Global Politics

Reflecting on the Impacts of the 2013 coup in Central Africa Republic on Economic Security

This article aims to provide a concise overview of the impacts of the 2013 coup in Central Africa Republic (CAR) on human security with particular emphasis on economic security. CAR is a serial coup country and has been rocked by five successful military coups since its independence from France in 1960. The 2013 coup in CAR was the worst one as it ignited human catastrophe and a nosedive economy. The study is incentivised by the fact that although CAR has been a hippodrome of putsch there is scant in literature auditing how the coups affected human security. In order to have a better understanding of the phenomenon under investigation this study interrogates the concepts of coup and human security. The concept of human security has seven dimension and economic security is the major dimension of human security, hence this paper distinctly shows how the 2013 coup in CAR affected economic security and not the other six dimensions of human security which are food, political, personal, environmental, health and community security. The study observed that the 2013 coup resulted in the withdrawal of donors and investors and this resulted into low foreign direct investment. The coup also exposed the countries to external economic shocks which adversely affected the economy. The intrusion of rebel groups in the countries had negative economic ramification such as destruction of infrastructure and wanton looting and pillaging. The study used qualitative research instruments and documentary search was the primary method of collecting data.

Understanding the Post-Imperial Politics of Security, Stability and Ordering in Central Asia: An Introduction

Understanding the Post-Imperial Politics of Security, Stability and Ordering in Central Asia: An Introduction

The Post-Imperial Politics of Security and Depoliticisation: Comparing Discourses and Practices of Ordering Across Central Asia

In this essay, we build on earlier discussions on the insufficiency of labels such as ‘post-Soviet’ and ‘postcolonial’ for Central Asian regimes and propose a consideration of their particular post-imperial character. We illustrate the usefulness of this lens through an analysis of security and violent conflicts in Central Asia and how governments interpret and present these conflicts. Our discussion draws systematically on existing research on relevant processes in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, allowing us to identify key themes of a post-imperial politics of security and their implications in a comparative perspective.

Cyber conflict short of war: a European strategic vacuum

ABSTRACT Cyber conflict short of war plays an increasingly important role in contemporary security politics. Dedicated to a study of three European NATO members – the Netherlands, France and Norway, this article expands the existing focus of the study of cyber conflict short of war beyond its dominating US context. It compares and assesses how the countries perceive and respond to a changing strategic environment characterised by increasing cyber conflict short of war. The analysis demonstrates that all three countries acknowledge that cyber operations short of war alter the strategic environment and challenge the idea of deploying offencive cyber capabilities as purely a warfare matter. However, it also identifies a strategic vacuum, as none of them have formulated strategies that describe in detail how military and intelligence entities are supposed to approach and manage the new strategic environment. The article asserts that the current lack of strategic guidance is a fundamental challenge that puts European societies at risk and undermines democratic governance as navigating the new space of strategic cyber competition is a significant challenge to contemporary European statecraft. It concludes by noting three avenues for how to ameliorate this situation and fill the vacuum.

MEMAHAMI FILSAFAT PANCASILA SEBAGAI PANDANGAN HIDUP IDEOLOGI & DASAR NEGARA

This study aims to understand the philosophy of Pancasila as a view of life, ideology, and the basis of the state. The influence of globalization is unavoidable. Globalization makes all countries into unlimited countries. Pancasila is needed to filter the influence of globalization. In today's era, the meaning of Pancasila has been forgotten by some people in Indonesia. The process of formulating Pancasila even though it was a very long process. Pancasila is a guide in the life of the nation and state. Therefore, Pancasila is referred to as a view of life, ideology and the basis of the state. The structure of Pancasila itself shows a series of tiers in which each precept has its own place in the unity, so that it cannot be changed anymore. Pancasila is the basis for regulating the administration of a country's administration in the fields of ideology, politics, economy, socio-culture, defense and state security.

ASEAN Territorial Trading Liberalization Through ASEAN Charter Ratification for Indonesia Under The Legal Aspect Review

ASEAN Charter is the most important “legal instrument” and sucessor of Bangkok Declaration 1967. It also contain the status and position of ASEAN on the including agreement. The Charter come into effect since 15 December 2008 after ratification of ten ASEAN member-states. Indonesia was ratifying by Act No.38 of 2008 on ratification of ASEAN Charter. It had a legally binding to Indonesia. The content related to the establishment of ASEAN Economic Community in economy, socioculture, and security politics. Moreover, the agreement comprise a critical issue, trading liberalization or “ASEAN Single Market” through ASEAN Economic Community. Therefore, the ratification of ASEAN Charter gives significant influence to the Indonesia in the future. By the reasons, the objectives of research are, first, analyze the implication of Act No.38 of 2008 on ratification of ASEAN Charter to Indonesia in correlation with ASEAN Economic Community under legal aspect review, and second, analyze the challenge and opportunity in participation of ASEAN Economic Community as indonesia has ratified the Charter.

Defense treaties increase domestic support for military action and casualty tolerance: Evidence from survey experiments in the United States

ABSTRACT Do security guarantees affect people's willingness to spend their country's “blood and treasure” in a military crisis? Recent research finds that international legal commitments reshape domestic policy preferences. However, the focus of that scholarship is traditionally on issues such as human rights that define a society's normative obligations. In this study, we deploy two original survey experiments in the United States describing a potential military crisis on the Korean peninsula. We find that increasing the salience of the 1953 agreement between Washington and Seoul increases support for military action and that individuals become both more tolerant of U.S. military deaths and North Korean civilian casualties. In addition, the breadth of these effects increases when individuals are provided more detail about the agreement. These results extend the analysis of international law and domestic preferences into the domain of national security politics.

Denials ‘From Seabed to Space’: Assemblages of (In)Security and Denial in the Politics of Security

Despite critiques of denials broadly underlying Critical International Relations deconstructions of state, security and subjectivity, there is little explicit exploration of the ontological status of denial, and how denials operate in the politics of (in)security. Animated by the question, why and how web of actors and interests traversing the public and private spheres involved in the provision of security endure despite long-running critique, this article problematises = denials. An explicit theorisation of denial needs to be put centre stage in the study of security. Drawing on Dillon’s theorisation of the unstable duality of (in)security and synthesising it with a Deleuze and Guattarian assemblage approach, it theorises denial in two forms – denial of complicity and denial of the impossibility of security – as ontologically necessary for the politics of (in)security; then proposes that we scrutinise and expose assemblages of (in)security. These assemblages form, endure and expand, by thriving on denials of the impossibility of security and its attendant complicities; forming symbioses of denial traversing the public-private realms. Assemblages of (in)security adapt, expand, and propagate new technologies of (in)security, often ironically by responding to demands from critique. Without an assemblage-based thinking, we are methodologically ill-equipped to trace, expose and critique the politics of (in)security, without unwittingly partaking in denials sustaining it. Des dénis « du fond des océans jusqu’à l’espace » : agencements d’(in)sécurité et déni dans la politique de sécurité

Analysis of the Mechanism of Political Cost in the Complex Environmental Governance System

The emergence of conflicts between environmental safety incidents and protection rights generates sizeable political costs, which endangers the legitimacy of the government as well as political security and stability. This article further examines the role of political costs in environmental issues. First, political costs in relation to environmental issues are defined. An equilibrium strategic analysis is then presented using an evolutionary game model in which the strategic behavioral choices of government, enterprises, and citizens are investigated by embedding political costs in the environmental governance system. Furthermore, the small‐signal model was innovatively applied to simulate and analyze the stability of political costs under different equilibrium strategies in the system. The results show the following. (1) Pubic behavior and government are the dominant factors that impact stability and instability, respectively. Public behavior is the core element that affects political cost consumption. (2) When political costs are extremely depleted, the public will neglect economic interests, turn toward environmental interests, and choose the negative participation strategy, which destabilizes the system. (3) The political cost signal at the optimal equilibrium point not only warns the government not to take the desperate action of concealing information asymmetry but also allows the government to let go of its hands to deal with the environmental issues. Corresponding policy recommendations are proposed.

Regional policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the energy of the Caspian Sea

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of independent republics, the Caspian Sea changed from an inland sea between Iran and the Soviet Union to an international sea with new neighbors. The use of the lake’s energy was of great importance to the littoral states, which sought to consolidate their independence and acquire foreign exchange resources in order to shape their financial resources for political security and independence. The transfer of these energy resources from the Caspian Sea to the consuming countries required the construction of new pipelines and transit routes, so that the newly independent countries could be removed from the control of the Russian government. Energy production and its transfer is an effective organizer to promote regional cooperation and economic link between countries, which in terms of national interests can be different achievements for each of the countries involved in transfer projects. In the meantime, an approach, and regional policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran to this issue can be important politically and in terms of security for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question is what effect can energy and its transmission through pipelines have on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The results of answering this question show that according to the position of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the interface between the energy resources of the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, which is known as the world energy heartland and the confinement of the newly independent Caspian countries In addition to economic benefits, the participation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in transit and energy supply has made the international economy dependent on Iran, and this can lead to the political and economic security of the Islamic Republic of Iran

THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF POLITICAL SECURITY

THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF POLITICAL SECURITY

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ ПОЛИТИКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИЙ

The issues of the economic security of the state in modern conditions of the new world policy in the field of geopolitics and geoeconomics are discussed in the article. The current new world position in the conditions of sanctions of leading world economic powers against the Russian Federation is presented, this situation forces the world community the need to make new strategic decisions to ensure the country's economic security. As a result of the study of this area, it was revealed that in international relations in the modern world, the system of monopolarity gradually begins to change towards the multipolar system in the world arena. The sanctions introduced have a great influence on international trade relations and how, a consequence is observed by the change in the polarity of the world system especially in the field of international economic and political relations. The statistical analysis of the trade relations of the Russian Federation, China and the USA convincingly showed that the introduction of political and economic sanctions against the Russian Federation affects all world states, which forced the countries to ensure the economic and political security of its state, in extreme cases, to maintain sovereignty or neutrality. In addition, a change in the main trading partners in the countries under consideration is observed and, as a result, an increase or decrease in trade between these countries. And most importantly, almost all countries began to look for a solution to the issue of political and economic security primarily with cross -border countries, as well as the adoption of measures aimed at overcoming the current situations and the consequences of the influence of sanctions regarding their countries

Women as an emerging actor in peace and security: The impact of UNSCR 1325 in Albania

Implementing the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) on Women, Peace, and Security in practice is emerging as a priority for Albanian security politics , in which the Government of Albania is endeavouring to act by increasing compliance with the norms promoted by the Resolution. This article reflects on the implementation of the UNSCR 1325 by focusing on the discourse on mainstreaming the women, peace and security norms in Albanian society. It finds that the UNSCR 1325 contributed to the increase of gender-related content in Albanian political, academic and civil society elite discourse, albeit selectively. Albanian political, academic and civil society actors appear to have been less responsive to the responsibilities of the UNSCR 1325, predictably due to the fact that Albania is not a conflict or post-conflict country, the status of which the Resolution primarily addresses. In conditions that Albania has been more responsive, the focus has been more on issues of gender equality in general rather than being guided by the specific norms of the UNSCR 1325.

State Security of Socialist Republic of Croatia and events in Poland 1980-1982

The Socialist Republic of Croatia, as one of republics of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, possessed its State Security Service (Služba državne sigurnosti, SDS), equivalent to similar political security services in other communist states. At the Yugoslav level there was also the Federal State Security Service. The State Security of Croatia dealt with both internal and external threats to the communist system and gathered intelligence information. In the early 1980s the State Security of Croatia gathered sizeable amount of information on the events connected with activities of „Solidarity” in the People’s Republic of Poland and the crisis that ultimately led to the imposition of state of war in Poland, as well as reaction to these events in Croatia. The main aim of this paper is to present State Security reports about with Poland in the period between 1980 and 1982.

Public security in classical ancient greek political and legal thought (teachings of socrates, plato, aristotle)

The aim of the article is to carry out the theoretical and legal analysis of key features of general philosophical and special legal understanding and interpretation of human, social and state security problems in the history of political and legal scholars of ancient times, in particular on the basis of scientific research of ancient Greek authors, opinions of that period, against the background of widespread collective ideas about security as a state of social relations, the condition of human (social) life and/or a kind of social value, objects (spheres) of this security, as well as subjects and regulatory mechanisms to ensure the appropriate state of society and the state. It is shown, that the ancient Greek political and legal thought demonstrates a wide panorama of original views on the formation, development, functioning and guarantee of public and personal, internal and external, military and international, political and economic security in the context of political and legal concepts that reflect complex dialectics. and the interaction of the individual, society, law and the state. It has been found, that the ancient Greek political and legal thought raises questions about the essence of public security. The matter of public security is an essential function of the state, which is realized by it both in the external sphere (military and foreign political security) and within the country (internal or domestic political security). Developed at the theoretical and philosophical level, the idea of good governance (Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Polybius) is the idea of guaranteeing its security: bad governance - the key to the decline and collapse of the state, the death of its citizens. The philosophical concepts of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are the most fundamental for the further development of political and legal models of public security