Political Life Of Society Research Articles

Феномен справедливості як правової цінності: науковий дискурс сучасного розуміння

The article clarifies the determining features of justice as a legal value through the prism of modern legal understanding. It is noted that justice is one of the most important problems of our time, which reflects the extremely complex dialectical processes of the legal development of global society. As a value, it forms the worldview attitudes of society, people's vision of their future, their eternal aspirations for harmony and perfection of social relations. And also allows to comprehensively understand the meaning and content of modern processes of state and law-making. Four criteria of justice in the legal dimension are singled out: 1) equality; 2) distinction; 3) ideas of humanism; 4) systematicity. The phenomenon of justice as a legal value is revealed and its dynamic nature and relative constancy of the criteria for its definition in the legal dimension are noted, which is caused by real changes in the political life of society, legal matter, economy, etc. It is natural that all evolutionary and transformational processes within society significantly affect the general perception of justice or injustice, as well as the criteria for their assessment. That is, the understanding of justice has a specific historical, socio-cultural and political-legal context, and depends on the constantly changing social life. It is concluded that justice occupies a decisive place in the integral system of legal values. It reflects the practical side of the implementation of law as an effective regulator of social relations, a tool that has a powerful human-creating potential. Through legal means, legal institutions, justice embodies the high purpose of law, its humanistic nature.

Искусственный интеллект в политическом управлении: тенденции и перспективы

The article discusses the main directions of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the political life of society. It is noted that the level and quality of life of the population depends on the pace of AI implementation in various spheres of public life. The analysis of the conducted research in the format of an expert interview allows us to identify the key trends, advantages and challenges faced by the Russian political system in the implementation of AI. The results of the expert survey provide valuable practical recommendations and a basis for discussing possible directions for the development of AI in political management in Russia. The article notes the insufficient elaboration of the problems of artificial intelligence in the Russian scientific, in particular, political science discourse, which, in turn, is seen as promising in increasing research opportunities. The aim of the work is to identify the main trends in the use of artificial intelligence in political management and the prospects for its development in the political sphere of society. The consideration of the problem was based on the results of an initiative political and sociological study in the format of an expert interview (N=7). The following general scientific methods were used to analyze the results obtained: description, analysis, synthesis, classification. The study also used SWOT analysis to identify the strengths and weaknesses of using AI in the field of domestic state policy and electoral systems, as well as to show the opportunities and threats of its use. The analysis of the results of the expert survey showed that artificial intelligence is most in demand in such areas as analytics, decision-making, scenario forecasting, political communications, improving the efficiency of political institutions, especially the electoral system, monitoring voter sentiment, and in the field of security. Highlighting the shortcomings in the use of AI, experts noted the possible subjectivity and bias in decision-making, the problem of transparency and protection of personal data. As solutions to this problem, the development of appropriate regulations protecting the human right to confidentiality and privacy, "transparent" algorithms, and careful selection of data on the basis of which AI makes decisions were proposed. The prospect of further research lies in the development of ethical standards that can ensure transparency and security in the implementation of AI in political systems. An important conclusion of the article is the conclusion that there is an objective need to develop a regulatory framework and conduct regular inspections of AI systems to maintain trust and effective use of digital technologies in politics.

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE SPECIFICS OF FORMING THE POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL

The article examines the main factors that determine the specifics of the formation of the political consciousness of military personnel. It is proved that the political consciousness of military personnel is one of the main components of forms of public consciousness, which, as a rule, arises together with the emergence of statehood and political power and is the most general category that characterizes the subjective side of politics as a whole. The stages of formation of political consciousness of military personnel are defined: as obtaining socio-political knowledge in the process of critical understanding of political reality, gradual rationalization of sensory representations, generalization of available information about the political life of society; transformation of acquired knowledge into beliefs, which occurs in the process of socio-political practice; determination based on political beliefs and analysis of one's own experience of the political orientation of the subject, which largely determines political behavior. The factors that determine the specifics of the formation of political consciousness in military personnel are identified and systematized. First of all, an important component of political consciousness is such a moral and ethical category as "defense of the Fatherland"; the next factor is the status of military personnel; the specifics of military labor; high requirements for the professional status of military personnel in combination with the regulated nature of their work; the isolation of the social and professional group of military personnel; material factors; mass media; the desire to obtain information. It is proved that a serviceman is a citizen of his country, a member of a military collective, so he is more or less involved in socio-political activities: participation in elections, in the discussion of the most important documents of the state, personnel fees, etc. This is an important area of military service, where the process of forming the political consciousness of military personnel, especially his socio-political qualities, takes place.

UPDATE OF THE CONTENT OF THE COURSE “BUSINESS UKRAINIAN” IN THE AREA OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The study is devoted to the problem of improving the content of the business Ukrainian course in a higher educational institution. Based on the relevance of the problem of modernizing the theoretical part of the “Business Ukrainian” course, the author defines the purpose of the article – to analyze the content components outlined in the educational program of the discipline, to select specific topics from the educational modules that need to be corrected, and to propose additional lecturing materials.
 It is emphasized that in the process of studying the discipline, the linguistic and communicative professional competence of the future specialists of various specialties is formed. The content of the educational program on the Ukrainian language should reflect the main trends in the development of Ukrainian linguistics and linguomethodology. Taking into account the changes in modern science and the cultural and political life of society, the researcher emphasizes the need to update the lecture material of the academic discipline; at the same time, one should be guided by the principles of scientificity, systematicity and perspective of education. The article provides definitions of the concepts of “discourse”, “professional discourse”, “national language consciousness”, “types of translation” proposed by linguists and teachers, as well as the author's definition of the concept of “linguistic and communicative professional competence”.
 In accordance with the subject of the academic discipline, the author consistently introduces the linguistic materials of the appendices to the lectures, which systematize, expand and deepen the knowledge of the future specialists about the typology of discourses; the current rules of drafting documents; changes in Ukrainian spelling; electronic dictionaries; the phenomenon of the “neological boom” during the war in Ukraine; the requirements of observing academic integrity when writing a student research paper; the peculiarities of professional text editing, etc. In addition, when highlighting the issue of editing professional texts, it is advisable to give examples of typical speech mistakes caused by internal and external factors, especially the influence of another language, as well as regional and social dialects. Without pretending to the universality of corrections made to the content of the business Ukrainian course, the researcher emphasizes the need for teachers to systematically update educational and methodological support, as well as constant self-study and self-improvement of scientific and pedagogical workers. The author considers the problem raised in the article to be promising.

Protection of the person’s reproductive rights in Ukraine and in the European countries

Reproductive rights reference to related human rights and freedoms goes to a basic right - the right to life and the continuation of the human race. They are based on the recognition of the fundamental rights of individuals and couples who independently decide the number, time intervals and possible ways of having children. Reproductive rights involve making procreative decisions in a non-discriminatory manner without interference from society, the state or any other subjects. The evolution of reproductive rights shows that at the initial stage of development it was important to identify and specify the scope and content of the basic right related to the parents' decision regarding the planned number of children and the time intervals between their births. This is a fundamental right that relates to making a decision about one's own fertility, so such rights can be defined as paternity and maternity rights.
 Reproductive rights can also be perceived as a special type of freedom associated with the possibility of self-determination and the right of a given person to control all aspects of his/her health. For this reason, it is important to ensure the implementation of reproductive rights without violence and coercion. In this context, the state needs to create the national mechanisms to effectively combat forms of sexual violence, including domestic violence, sexual exploitation of women and girls, sexual slavery and exploitation, forced prostitution and sexual harassment, trafficking in women and children. Violence should not be justified by moral, cultural or religious considerations. Reproductive decisions should be made without discrimination. The possibility of free exercise of reproductive rights is especially important for women for the growth of their role in the economic and political life of society and the state. In this regard, a woman's ability to independently make decisions regarding the disposal of her own body, the birth of children or not is evaluated as a basis for the exercise of other rights by women.

On the issue of internal and external factors of motivational approach in adult education

Introduction. The events of today make humanity think about what kind of legacy it will leave to posterity. Global changes in the social, economic and political life of society are changing the conditions of coexistence within society and beyond. The use of innovative technologies in the field of management and production practices encourages educational organizations to create training programs designed for a certain age level.Purpose setting. Based on the above, we note that the well-known fact of the need to obtain and improve knowledge and skills acquires the most significant coloring. The educational process is a flexible tool that allows you to review personal priorities throughout life. Personality, as a social being, largely depends on the social environment, which in turn is a competitive relationship. The competitiveness of relationships is the motivational basis for an adult's desire to learn.Methodology and methods of study. The analysis of statistical data and psychological and pedagogical scientific works allows us to conclude that the concept of lifelong education is going through a new stage in its development.Results. The availability of materials, the introduction of digital technologies in teaching, innovative methods used in the educational process, encourages a highly developed person to strive to obtain or improve existing skills. Involvement in learning as a factor of readiness to assimilate the information flow, the application of acquired knowledge and obtaining the desired result are the goals of the participant in the academic process. The possession of information competencies, the study of modern technologies, their integration into human existence create a completely new picture of the world. A picture based on a highly developed personality with the ability to expand the horizons of knowledge regardless of age.Conclusion. Having a high motivational component and a developed personal position, a person is able to change the surrounding reality based on his own preferences and desires. Adult pedagogy cannot be called an innovative concept of pedagogical practices, but it is the first decades of the 21st century that offer conceptually new developments in the field of adult education.

NATIONAL MINORITY AS AN OBJECT OF SOCIAL WORK: THEORETICAL ASPECT

Ukrainian social and political events taking place in the current conditions laid the foundations for fundamental changes in the process of regulating the ethnic and political life of society. The process of European integration, which acquired clear outlines after the ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, strengthened the process of rethinking the forms of international relations in the country on the basis of a liberal-humanist paradigm based on personal freedom and ensuring the full status of each individual. The implementation of these ideas in real life involves the development and implementation at the national level of a set of organizational, legal, informational, technical, political and other measures to improve the situation of national minorities. The purpose of the article is to analyze the basic characteristics of the concept of "national minority" and to emphasize the main tasks of social work in the process of improving the well-being of clients of other nationalities. Research methods used in this study can be characterized as analytical, systematic analysis, historical, comparative method. The conducted theoretical research allows us to draw the following conclusions. The issue of terminology in the field of studying national minorities is quite seriously developed in Ukraine. Taking into account the achievements of domestic and foreign scientists, we can talk about a thorough study of the current state of international relations. Social work plays an important role in solving issues related to improving the well-being of national minorities in Ukraine, as one of the means of solving the multifaceted problems of representatives of national minorities and a tool for implementing social policy. Expanding the knowledge and practical skills of specialists in the field of social work, revealing their main characteristics, introducing advanced methods into practice is one of the urgent problems of social work today.

Peculiarities of the Political Consciousness and Behaviour of Russian Youth in a Turbulent World Order

The political consciousness and political behavior of young people are important social indicators of their internal state and the educational influence of the social environment and the institution of the family. At each stage of historical development young people have different degrees of involvement in the political life of society, support and retranslation of their ideals and values, the level of trust in the institutions of power, as well as civic position and political activity. The purpose of the analytical paper is to study the evolution of political consciousness and behavior of Russian youth in the conditions of the new social time as it reflects political processes in the country and in the world. To what extent do the cardinal changes in the world order affect the political consciousness and behavior of young people, their value orientations and life plans, social attitudes, trust, and attitude to political institutions? The article dynamically (from 2014 to 2022) examines the trajectory of changes in the political consciousness and behavior of Russian youth. This period is characterized by changes in the geopolitical processes taking place in the world, which are caused by the struggle for the formation of a new world order. These and related questions can be answered primarily by the results of sociological research, as a subtle tool for the understanding and cognition of social reality.

Ключевые хэштеги, использовавшиеся в социальных сетях во время Арабской весны, и их влияние на политическую жизнь общества

Аннотация. Статья посвящена исследованию феномена хэштегирования. Актуальность исследования определена необходимостью понимания главных социальных и политических процессов, которые репрезентованы в медиадискурсе, в частности в текстах социальных сетей, с целью выявления ключевых событий посредством лингвистического анализа. Новизна исследования видится в том, что процесс хэштегирования рассматривается как новый лингвистический феномен, способный определять политические, экономические и социальные процессы. Целью статьи является изучение протестных движений на примере акций в соцсетях в период Арабской весны. Основным методом исследования становится кейс-метод. К основным задачам исследования следует отнести процесс идентификации тематики хэштегов и определение основных принципов словообразования в процессе протестных движений на социальных платформах. К результатам исследования можно отнести выявление шести ключевых тематик хэштегированных лексем (дата проведения, страна проведения, место проведения, призыв к объединению, тема протеста), которые охватывают протесты, и языковую компрессию, которая часто применяется в процессе хэштегирования. Перспективы исследования определены тем фактом, что процесс дешифрования хэштегов по идентифицированным паттернам становится возможным и для применения в рамках других протестных движений по всему миру. Пристальное внимание уделяется процессам дешифрования определенного количества хэштегов для понимания экстралингвистической ситуации, которую они отображают. Важно отметить, что принцип экономии речевых усилий присущ текстам социальных сетей. Посредством статистического анализа подтверждаются идеи, которые отображают лингвистическую природу языковых единиц: процесс сокращения выступает как основной при их формировании, использование сокращенных хэштегов в текстах политической тематики представляется частым и закономерным принципом в современной виртуальной коммуникации. Abstract. The article is dedicated to the study of the phenomenon of hashtaging. The importance of the study is determined by the need to comprehend the main social and political processes presented in the texts of media discourse, in particular in the texts of social networks, in order to identify key events at the present stage of development through linguistic analysis. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the hashtaging process is considered as a new linguistic phenomenon that can determine political, economic and social processes. The purpose of the article is to study the protest movements on the example of actions in social networks during the Arab Spring. The main research method is the case method. The main objectives of the study include the process of identifying the topic of hashtags and determining the basic principles of word formation in the process of protest movements on social platforms. The results of the research include the identification of six key themes of hashtagged lexemes (date of event, country of event, venue, call for union, topic of protest) that cover protests, and language compression, which is often used in the hashtagging process. The prospects of the research are determined by the fact that the process of deciphering hashtags by identified patterns becomes possible for use in other protest movements around the world. Important attention is paid to deciphering a certain number of hashtags in order to understand the extralinguistic situation that they represent. It is highlighted that the principle of saving speech efforts is widespread on the social platforms. Through statistical analysis, the ideas regarding the linguistic character of these units are confirmed: the process of reduction acts as a formative process in their creation; the usage of abbreviated hashtags in political texts seems to be a frequent and natural principle in modern virtual discourse.

Borrowing-Neologisms as a Result of Intercultural Communication

This work is dedicated to the study of borrowings in the English language. The most important process in modern English vocabulary is the appearance of neologisms in connection with the appearance of a new one in the speech collective. New lexical units play a significant role in the development and improvement of the language. The natural process of lexical composition development, changes in its quality occur through continuous enrichment of the dictionary.The study showed that changes in the vocabulary of modern English. They reflect all aspects of the life of modern society, that the language in different periods was subject to different intensity of the impact of social development. Changes are taking place in the field of science and technology, art and education, the political life of society, in the field of social relations of various strata of society, in the field of relations between individual races, between different age groups of society. The new borrowed vocabulary reflects the peculiarities of social and linguistic contacts, economic and trade relations between peoples who are native speakers of the contacting languages.

ФЕНОМЕН ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТІ В ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯХ

This аrticle studies the tolerance phenomenon. The emergence of the tolerance phenomenon in culture and its strengthening in politics and legislation is viewed as a search of possible methods and tools for conflict prevention. Analyzed the place of the toleration as a specific form of interpersonal relations which display in the age of globalization. Elucidated on the role of the civil society in order to form mechanism of the relationship between people, large social communities, classes. The relevance of the study of the phenomenon of tolerance is determined by the process of the growth of global threats, which is characteristic of modern times, which is observed in the development trends of world politics. In the 21st century, the process of integration of various cultural traditions faces hostility in social relations, the growth of political, ethnic, racial, and religious conflicts. The relevance of this topic is due to the growth of intolerance in the political life of society, which is caused by crisis phenomena. Therefore, it is globalization and turbulent political processes that determine the need for new forms of interaction, for an active moral position and psychological readiness for tolerance. The formation of tolerant consciousness is a long-term and complex process, because it involves solving a complex of educational tasks, breaking stereotypes, developing the ability to treat other cultures, customs, traditions, and beliefs with respect. The key to achieving tolerant relations in a society is the creation of a favorable political environment that recognizes the commonality of historical development, the peculiarity of mentality, national consciousness, tradition, customs, peculiarity of language, that is, the criteria for preserving the national identity and self-sufficiency of an individual people for its national self-identification. Achieving this goal is possible thanks to solving the following tasks: formation of a negative attitude to violence and aggression in any form, prevention of terrorism, extremism in society, education of respect for oneself and other people, their culture, development of the ability for inter-ethnic and inter-religious interaction, tolerant communication , the ability to determine the limits of tolerance, humanization and democratization of the relationships existing in society, modernization of the education system.

THE ROLE AND PLACE OF SMALL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The article highlights the role and place of small entrepreneurship in the economy of Ukraine through the prism of defining and evaluating the functions and tasks performed by it. Attention is focused on the main functions and tasks of small entrepreneurship. It was determined that small entrepreneurship plays an important role in weakening monopoly and developing competition, determining the pace of economic development, ensuring the saturation of the market with consumer goods and services of daily demand, implementing innovations. It was found that small entrepreneurship makes a significant contribution to solving a number of socio-economic problems, in particular employment and unemployment. It is noted that the importance and place of small entrepreneurship in the socio-economic and political life of society can be determined not only by the functions performed by it, but also based on the assessment of integrated indicators. With the help of evaluation of integrated indicators of activities of small business entities, the positive development of the latter has been established. It is emphasized that today, in the conditions of a full-scale war between Russia and Ukraine, subjects of small entrepreneurship, as well as medium and large ones, are affected by military actions in various ways, including depending on their location. It is important to understand that despite the difficult operating conditions, the role and place of small entrepreneurship in the structure of the national economy is not only increasing, but is necessary and important. Small entrepreneurship plays a decisive role in supporting and restoring the national economy of Ukraine in the post-war period.

Особливості фемінізму в українській літературі кінця XIX – початку XX століття

The article deals with the topic of feminism in Ukr ainian literature in the period of the frontier. This is one of the leading themes of Ukrainian literature. For women the XIX century was a turning point. At first they manifested themselves in literary activity, later – in the fields of science, art, social, economic, political life of society. For the first time in U krainian literature Olga Kobylyanska raises the topic of emancipation of women from middle social strata. The issue of the women’s movement as a social phenomenon has attracted and continues to attract attention of many researchers. In Ukraine, as in other European countries, it became widespread in the second half of the XIX century. The initiators of the women’s movement advocated the need to give women equal rights with men in professional, social and political life.

A correlation of the measurement techniques and their outputs in the study of the subnational level of politics

Abstract At the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, the role and value of subnational research in comparative political science are further strengthened, given that the political life of society is moving in two interdependent directions: localisation and internationalisation. Instead, the specifics of the subnational topic contribute to changes and innovations in the implementation of various methodological techniques in the study of subnational units and their structural elements. However, the question of correlating outputs of techniques – objective and subjective – still remains unresolved, and therefore actualises the following formulation: how they appear equivalent in the practical plane, as their theoretical context is illustrated balanced within equivalence in spatial research politics on a subnational scale. In other words, whether the results of each technique are approximate or distinctive from each other from the point of view of the final situation. In the article, a variable degree of correlation has been demonstrated between both techniques and also a hypothesis has been presented about the nature and type of such interactions on the example of three cases (Transcarpathian, Lviv and Chernivtsi regions) in Ukraine in the period 2010–2015.

Политический абсентеизм как часть мировоззрения студенческой молодежи города Москвы

The article examines the factors influencing the non-active participation of Moscow students in the political life of society. It is noted that, as a rule, passive and active political absenteeism is distinguished in the worldview of the capital's youth. The results of the study conducted by the authors showed that the majority of respondents are interested in political events in the country and the capital, but only a small part of them purposefully follow the changes and dynamics of political life in Moscow and Russia. The Internet as the main source of information of the capital's students, other popular channels provide many opportunities to gain the necessary knowledge about politics in a digital society, but a large information flow and its lack of consistency, and often frankly "fake", distorted information do not allow students to fully understand various aspects of political life, respondents often demonstrate the superficiality of their political views. The purpose of our work is to study the nature of political absenteeism in the worldview of Moscow students. The consideration of the problem was based on the results of an initiative targeted political and sociological study among students of three Moscow universities conducted through the Internet platform Google Forms. A sociological survey in the form of an online questionnaire was chosen as the most representative method of collecting empirical data. The sample is a target, quota by gender (N=210). To analyze the results obtained, the following general scientific methods were used: description, analysis, synthesis, classification. The analysis of the survey results showed that municipal elections arouse the least interest among respondents, federal elections are the greatest, but at the same time every third respondent is subject to absenteeism. Among the main reasons was the lack of confidence in the institution of elections, as well as the predictability of their results. The upcoming presidential elections of the Russian Federation in 2024 arouse considerable interest among students. The respondents' protest potential was also studied. The majority of respondents prefer conventional forms of protest and have a sharply negative attitude to various manifestations of extremism. The novelty of the study is to identify the features of the manifestation of absenteeism of student youth in a megalopolis. The prospect of further research is to consider the dynamics of the attitude of students to political participation, as well as regional differences in the types and manifestations of absenteeism in the worldview of the younger generation of Russia.

People’s Control in the USSR: theory and practice of implementation

Among the development priorities of modern Russia is the search for effective mechanisms of interaction between government and society. One of the effective forms of such interaction is the control of citizens over the activities of public authorities and officials. Control is a widespread objective phenomenon in the socio-economic and political life of society, closely merged with other phenomena. Of great interest at the present stage of formation and development of the institution of citizens’ control over power in Russia is the experience of implementing people’s control in the USSR. A critical analysis of the accumulated experience in the implementation of public control in the Soviet period allows us to formulate recommendations for improving the mechanisms for exercising public control at the present stage of the socio-political and socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

Эволюция наказания в виде лишения свободы в процессе исторического развития Российского государства

Within the framework of this study, a retrospective analysis of the appointment and serving of a sentence of imprisonment in Russia is carried out. The author analyzes a number of normative sources that have had a significant impact on punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, and also focuses on external factors against which the formation of the penitentiary system in Russia takes place. The article proposes the author’s vision of the key determinants of the development of the penitentiary system in general and punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty in particular. These determinants are, firstly, changes in the socio-economic and political life of society, and secondly, the refraction of the purpose of punishment depending on such changes. As the main result of the study, the author conducts a periodization of the history of the formation and development of punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty in the Russian state according to the criterion of changing the purpose of punishment. The author identifies four key stages in the history of punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, the transition between which is marked by fundamental refractions of the purpose of punishment. In turn, the change in the purpose of punishment is directly related to socio-political, socio-economic and cultural changes in the Russian state.

Религиозный экстремизм как социально-культурный феномен: проблема онтологической границы

The subject of the article is the problem of the ontological boundary of religious extremism as a socio-cultural phenomenon. The methodological basis of the research is the non-classical linguistic semantics of Frege – Russell. Within its framework, meaning, concept and sign are distinguished for the subject of thought. This methodology complements the predominance of the activity approach in the research of religious extremism. Such methodological unilateralism creates the illusion of the scholastic nature of the investigated problem, when the scientific result is expected to comment, clarify and systematize the known knowledge about religious extremism. As a result, religious extremism is considered metaphysically as an unchanging phenomenon that has no spatial and temporal boundaries. This research was conducted in two stages. The first one highlights the essential signs of religious extremism. The traditional triad of signs “subjects, sphere of activity, implementation methods” is supplemented by the fourth: “the purpose of activity”. Based on the analysis, religious extremism is defined as extreme actions of religious elements in the political life of society, aimed against the structural elements and ideology of secular society. The article rejects the provisions on uncritical identification with religious extremism of the following social phenomena: violation of national legislation on freedom of conscience and religious associations; religious fanaticism; religious sectarianism; nationalism. At the second stage of the research, the spatial and temporal boundaries of religious extremism are comprehended. Spatially religious extremism is typical for both post-industrial and traditional societies of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The article puts forward historical-religious arguments and an argument against the thesis of the timeless nature of the existence of religious extremism. Based on the formation of a secular society on the economic basis of an industrial society since the second half of the XIX century, four factors of the emergence of religious extremism have been identified: secularization of public consciousness; desacralization of power; inversion of violence; limited support. As a result of the conducted research, the metaphysical consideration of religious extremism as an unchangeable phenomenon has been overcome and its conceptual understanding has been deepened.

Fashion industry as a tool of public diplomacy: Ukrainian and world experience

Problem setting. The success of a country's foreign policy in the modern world is determined not only by its military and economic power, but also by its success in shaping the strategy of public diplomacy. A positive image abroad is a key element of successful international cooperation. A wide range of public diplomacy tools contribute to the establishment of a high level of trust, partnership, economic, political and humanitarian ties in the world. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to determine the potential of the fashion industry as an important tool of public diplomacy of Ukraine, to promote a positive image of the country based on the study of domestic and world experience. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The problems of public diplomacy are actively considered by the scientific community. At the same time, it is obvious that the domestic scientific opinion lacks work on understanding the experience of using the potential of the fashion industry to implement the tasks of promoting a positive image of the state. Article’s main body. The authors of the article proceed from a broad conceptual understanding of public diplomacy as a complex system of institutions and mechanisms, the task of which is to create an attractive image of the country and to support the foreign policy of the state. An analysis of the definition of public and cultural diplomacy in the domestic scientific discourse has revealed the dominance of the traditional approach: the recognition of cultural diplomacy as a key component of public diplomacy, emphasizing its direct connection with the mechanisms of «soft power». A specific form of cultural expression can be considered fashion - one of the most complex phenomena of modern culture, which allows to emphasize social status and meet aesthetic needs. The versatility of the mod determines its great impact on the world economy, political life of society, and the environment. In the modern world, fashion has become one of the strongest diplomatic tools that combine art, creativity and business. For a long time, the fashion industry in Ukraine was not defined as a separate area of socio-cultural diplomacy. However, recently there has been a tendency to draw more attention to the fashion industry as one of the manifestations of cultural diplomacy, which has the potential to become a successful tool in shaping Ukraine's widespread recognition in the world. Studies of our country's experience in the use of the fashion industry in public diplomacy prove the existence of both extensive experience in this area and the existence of untapped opportunities to achieve greater efficiency. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Ukraine is taking various powerful measures at the institutional level to use the fashion industry as a tool of public diplomacy, but our country is only taking the first steps in this direction. The analysis of this experience allows to recognize it rather successful.

The political elite and its behavior

The article discusses the essence and classification of the political elite as the theoretical phenomenon of contemporary political science and sociology. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the political elite in the context of its behavior in the political life of society.