Political Decision-making Process Research Articles

Unveiling digital pedagogy tools for citizenship through a child-led study setting

This article aims to propose a child-led study setting as a bottom-up community-building approach concerning children’s engagement in digital environments. Beginning with a theoretical framework addressing the boundaries and intersections between participation and engagement, it initiates a discussion on children’s presence in the research field. This discussion is grounded in the preparation and implementation of a small-scale case study on the digital citizenship experiences of children in Istanbul, Türkiye. Viewed through a critical lens that examines the relationships among participants and contributors, including the researcher and the study’s leader/co-researchers (which include children), this article also touches on the incorporation of children into democratic processes, discussions and decision-making. Since individuals under the age of 18 are often regarded as partial citizens who are excluded from social life and political decision-making processes, this field study aims to promote an understanding of digital citizenship within the context of social, political and cultural engagement. Following the principles of democratic participation, this study takes into account the potential of social media and digital tools as spaces where different segments of society intersect and converge, thereby enhancing the participation of children and adolescents transitioning into adulthood across various domains of life.

The Anatomy of Foreign Policy Crises

Reviewed edition: H. Kissinger. "Crisis". Moscow: AST, 2023. 512 p. The book presents a retrospective analysis of the international situation and the specifics of the political decision-making process in the context of escalating military-political tensions. The publication includes declassified transcripts of telephone conversations of US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger during two crises – the 1973 Arab-Israeli War (the Yom Kippur War) and the final US withdrawal from Vietnam in 1975. A distinctive feature of the collection is its documentary-memoir character, combining the memories of a direct participant in the events described by H. Kissinger, a documentary account of what happened, illustrating the vicissitudes of two crises and an expert political assessment of the international situation and actions of the parties to the conflicts under consideration. This comprehensive approach is particularly interesting due to the fact that the author considers the events of the Arab-Israeli and Vietnamese crises in the broad context of domestic and foreign policy circumstances, as well as in the context of the global geopolitical confrontation between the United States and the USSR.

The role of religion in the legitimization of political decision-making processes: A comparative study of the socio-cultural aspects of secularization in Germany and Iran

The role of religion in the legitimization of political decision-making processes: A comparative study of the socio-cultural aspects of secularization in Germany and Iran

Political Representation of Women in Post-Independence India

Objectives: This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of women's political representation in India, focusing on the challenges, progress, and implications for democratic governance. It examines the historical context, current status, and potential solutions to enhance women's participation in political decision-making processes. Methods: The study utilises a time period analysis and a review of relevant literature to understand the factors influencing women's political participation. It includes a critical examination of constitutional amendments, legislative quotas, and policy interventions. The research also explores socio-cultural factors, institutional barriers, and gender stereotypes through interviews and case studies with female political leaders, activists, and policymakers. Results: Despite constitutional provisions and affirmative action measures, women's representation in Indian politics remains disproportionately low. The analysis reveals ongoing challenges related to socio-cultural norms, institutional barriers, and ineffective implementation of policies. Insights from interviews and case studies highlight the strategies employed by women to overcome these obstacles and the role of political parties in shaping their careers. Conclusions: Advancing women's political representation is crucial for achieving a more inclusive and equitable democracy in India. The study emphasises the need for targeted policy recommendations to address existing gaps and foster an environment that encourages greater women's participation. Improved gender representation is expected to positively impact policy outcomes, governance quality, and socio-economic development. Collaborative efforts from policymakers, activists, and citizens are essential for creating a representative and effective democratic governance system.

Political Picture of the World in the Political Decision-Making Process

Political Picture of the World in the Political Decision-Making Process

Empowering minorities and everyone in participatory budgeting: an agent-based modelling perspective.

Currently, there are increasing attempts to better involve citizens in political decision processes. A successful approach in that regard has been participatory budgeting (PB), which allows citizens to propose projects and then decide how to distribute a given budget over them. Meanwhile, the literature on collective intelligence (CI) has also shown the ability of groups to solve complex problems. Thus, by combining CI and PB, it should be possible for citizens to identify problems and create their own solutions. In this article, we study this possibility by using agent-based models. Specifically, we first show that a system combining CI and PB produces solutions that strongly penalize minorities if the solution quality depends on group size. Then, we introduce an approach that can overcome this issue. Indeed, by using a common knowledge base for the storage of partial solutions, the quality of solutions of minorities can benefit from the work of the majority, thereby promoting fairness. Interestingly, this approach also benefits majorities, as the quality of their solutions is further improved by the work of the minorities, thus reaching better solutions for everyone. This stresses the potential and importance of an open innovation approach, which is committed to information sharing.This article is part of the theme issue 'Co-creating the future: participatory cities and digital governance'.

The Influence of Political Culture on Youth Officials’ Leadership Styles and Civic Engagement

Recognizing the underlying cultural factors that influence political attitudes can aid in resolving conflicts and promoting social cohesion. This study explored the influence political culture on Youth Officials’ leadership styles and civic engagement. The study was conducted in one of the universities in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental. The descriptive-correlational design was used in the study. There were 135 students who served as the respondents selected through a purposive sampling technique. The researcher-made Youth Officials Political Culture, Youth Officials’ Leadership Styles, and Youth Officials’ Civic Engagement Questionnaires were used as research instruments. Weighted Mean and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient were used as statistical tools to analyze the data gathered. Results revealed that the youth officials perceived political culture in their respective barangays was very highly participant. The youth officials’ leadership style was democratic, while their civic engagement was to a very great extent. The perceived political culture generally influenced the respondents’ leadership styles and civic engagement. Political culture holds a major factor on how the youth officials lead their constituents and engage themselves in civic activities. It is recommended that youth officials sustain their democratic practices in governance to encourage citizens to participate freely in collective political action and influence decision-making processes.

“I would not wish for anything better than to be invited to this unification of forces”: accession of The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands to the First League of Armed Neutrality (1780)

The Declaration of Armed Neutrality, proclaimed by Empress Catherine II on 10 March (O.S. 28 February) 1780, constituted one of the most significant Russian international legal acts of the eighteenth century. During the US War of Independence (1775–1783), which resulted in a war between Great Britain and a coalition of states, the primary objective of the principles set forth in the declaration was to safeguard the rights of maritime neutrality. This allowed ships of neutral countries to continue trade with the belligerent powers without impediment. As a result of the endeavours of Russian diplomacy, the First League of Armed Neutrality (1780–1783) was established. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was among the inaugural members. Historically, the Republic’s accession to the League of Armed Neutrality has not been a subject of extensive examination. Consequently, this article represents an initial contribution to the field of research on this matter. The study draws on the documents of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, more specifically the reports of Dmitry Golitsyn, Envoy Extraordinary of the Russian Empire to the States General of the Republic. The envoy’s reports are written in French and have been translated by the author of the article. The study focuses on documents from the period between 1778 and 1781, providing a detailed account of the foreign and domestic political life of the Republic. The author addresses several key issues, including the perception of the Russian Declaration of Armed Neutrality in the United Provinces, the rationale behind the States General’s decision to join the League of Armed Neutrality, and the operational dynamics of the Republic’s political decision-making process. The author presents a compelling argument that the accession of the United Provinces to the First League of Armed Neutrality was a strategic move that aligned with the Republic’s long-standing policy of maintaining neutrality towards foreign countries, a stance it had adopted since the mid-1750s. Additionally, the author highlights the Republic’s interest in strengthening its ties with Russia, which was a significant factor in its decision to join the League. Nevertheless, the opposition of England and the subsequent outbreak of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War prevented the United Provinces from becoming an active participant in the League of Armed Neutrality.

Peran Aturan Hukum dalam Menciptakan Tata Pemerintahan yang Membangun Partisipasi Demokratis yang Berkelanjutan

This study analyzes the crucial role of legal rules in creating a governance framework that promotes sustainable democratic participation. Through qualitative research methods and literature review, this research highlights that legal rules establish a legal framework governing the formulation, implementation, and oversight of public policies, ensuring orderliness in political decision-making processes and enforcing government accountability. The findings demonstrate that legal rules play a vital role in upholding good governance, sustainable democracy, and the achievement of broader development goals, including human rights protection and sustainable development. In the context of Indonesia, strengthening the power of legal rules and effective law enforcement are key to achieving good governance and sustainable democracy.

Deliberative Democracy and Pragma-Dialectics Related

This paper adopts a pragma-dialectic approach to explore inclusion in real-world argumentation. Having outlined theories of deliberative democracy—focussing on Habermas’s discourse model—and pragma-dialectic methods for analysing argumentative exchanges in the real world, we then relate them. From this we identify the potential for using the enhanced detail of pragma-dialectic analysis to constructively understand dynamics of inclusion in the political decision processes of central concern to deliberative democratic theories.In the remainder of the article we illustrate this potential with our own pragma-dialectic analysis of an instance of real-world argumentation in a political policymaking process—a deliberative forum in the contentious field of mental health. The detail afforded by the pragma-dialectic method allows us to more clearly identify the complex layers and dynamics of argument involved in these policy deliberations, allowing insights into mechanisms for inclusion in deliberations, relative to the parties to such deliberations, their roles and competing interests and perspectives.By relating the two fields of deliberative democratic theory and pragma-dialectics this article aims to develop their complementary potential—in particular by suggesting, and briefly illustrating—how pragma-dialectic methods might enhance analysis of the dynamics of argumentation in political policymaking processes, in particular as an aid to constructive reflection on those processes by theorists and participants together.

고려말 새로운 정무 처결 모델의 등장: 공민왕의 報平廳 聽政

This paper traces the meaning of “handling matters of state(聽政)” discussions in Goryeo(高麗). From the reign of King Wu(禑王) onwards, the officials(官人) continuously petitioned the king for the implementation of 'handling matters of state'. Rather than being a generic term for the resolution of political affairs, the term came to refer to a specific form of political decision-making process: the king would receive a council of officials, report on their affairs, and make decisions regarding them. Where, then, did the officials' idea of a specific form of “handling matters of state” come from? How did the practice of this idea begin? Why did officials continue to petition for the implementation of handling matters of state? This paper attempts to answer these questions. First, where did the idea of “handling matters of state” come from and how was it implemented? I turned my attention to the Ming Emperor Taizu(太祖)'s letter sealed with an imperial seal(璽書), received in the 19th year of King Gongmin(恭愍王). In this letter, the emperor insisted that the King should have a fixed place to show dignity to his subjects. A few months later, the first “handling matters of state” was carried out at Bopyeongcheong(報平廳). The process of preparing for the “handling matters of state”, including the erection of the “no-frills” folding screen, is interpreted as a demonstration of the king's dignity. However, King Gongmin reduced the number of “handling matters of state” from the original plan, and even then, they seem to have been seldom executed. Subsequent kings also practiced “handling matters of state”, but only intermittently and sporadically. The reason why kings did not enforce “handling matters of state” is because, since the Yuan(元) Dynasty, they were able to handle most of their affairs through a small circle of entourage. King Chungryul(忠烈王)’s bītīkchī(必闍赤) and King Gongmin's inner cabinet(內宰樞) were symbolic institutions that represented aspects of such entourage politics. Under these circumstances, the officials were critical of the dominance of a small circle of officials and sought to change the political decision-making model of the time by expanding the contact between the king and the officials. They mobilized the “handling matters of state”, which they had done several times before, and petitioned for its implementation. The officials chose the “handling matters of state” model because it allowed them to report directly to the king and receive decisions from him, creating more contact between the king and officials.

The Awakening and Challenges of Women's Rights: A Comparative Study under the Influence of the American Revolution and the French Revolution

Both the American Revolution and the French Revolution saw the emergence of women's rights in the modern West to a certain extent. Although both the French Revolution and the American Revolution were characterised by the struggle for women's rights, there were notable differences in the specific ways, times, and challenges they faced. This paper compares the emancipatory effects of the two revolutions on women and the independent links between women's emancipation in the local social and political contexts. It reveals that women's emancipation in the modern West was influenced by the unique internal structure of each country's society at the time. It is revealed that during the French Revolution, women's struggle for rights was more centred on the domestic and social level than on direct participation in the political decision-making process due to the development of capitalism in France. Conversely, women in the American Revolution were more concerned with political, legal, and social issues. This essay will examine the chronology of the pre-revolutionary, revolutionary, and post-revolutionary periods, with a focus on the differing national and revolutionary contexts of the two countries, the varying status of women, and the divergent approaches to the fight for women's rights.

IMPACT OF POLITICAL CULTURE ON THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND TÜRKIYE

Questioning the codes, sociological tendencies, fields of social conflict/ harmony of a country’s political culture is essential in identifying the problems of that country’s political, social, and human life. All these parameters, such as determining values, symbols, and tendencies in political culture, directly or indirectly affect the policy-making process of countries. This study focuses on the effects of political culture on policy making in the United Kingdom (UK) and Türkiye, trying to understand the differences and similarities in this area and includes extensive comparative analysis. The main problem of this research is whether phenomena can be transferred from the UK to Türkiye in terms of political culture to solve political and social issues in Türkiye. The hypothesis derived from this research question is that Türkiye’s political culture and institutions have been politicized as a historical tradition, especially in recent years. In this context, the study aims to contribute to an under-researched area of comparative political science and literature by providing insights into the political dynamics of Türkiye and the UK. The study’s methodology and explanations of the literature on political culture, integrated with analyses of selected cases, provide a framework for understanding and comparing Türkiye’s political culture with that of the UK. These efforts can be seen as an insufficient but essential step towards solving the problems of Türkiye’s political culture.

Disparitas Sosial, Komunikasi Politik dan Partisipasi Politik Gender

The aim of this research is to analyze and offer strategies to increase women's political participation in Islamic societies. The benefit of this research is to increase awareness in Islamic communities about the importance of gender equality in participating in politics and to increase women's political participation in Islamic communities. The theory used in this research is the social construction theory of gender. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods to analyze data related to gender inequality in political participation in Islamic communities. Data was collected through interviews with several informants who are experienced in Islamic politics and society. The research results show that gender inequality in political participation in Islamic communities is visible in several aspects. First, women are still given less opportunities to participate in the political decision-making process. Second, women still experience discrimination in accessing information and resources needed for political participation. Third, women still experience stigma and stereotypes that prevent them from participating in politics. The suggestions and recommendations in this research, such as increasing awareness, developing resources, eliminating stigma and stereotypes, and developing partnerships, are expected to help overcome gender inequality in political participation in Islamic communities.

Environment-specific political risk discourse and expected crash risk: The role of political activism

This study examines whether greater discourse on environment-specific political risk (EPR) in earnings conference calls (ECCs) has a favourable effect on firms' information environment affecting stock price crash risk. Under the risk mitigation hypothesis, EPR discourse lowers crash risk, whereas, under the risk escalation hypothesis, management may exploit information asymmetry leading to greater crash risk. Results from US firm-year observations reveal that the EPR discourse of the current year reduces the crash risk of the following year, thus supporting the risk mitigation hypothesis. Further, this study shows that the effect of EPR discourse on crash risk is more pronounced for politically active firms, potentially due to their proximity to the political decision-making process and better access to associated information. Additionally, the results suggest that the negative association between EPR discourse and crash risk is stronger in the democrat regimes and for the firms with more institutional monitoring and characterised by a higher level of integrity. Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting machine learning algorithms support the effectiveness of EPR discourse in predicting crash risk. The primary results remain robust to potential endogeneity concerns.

Investigating visual engagement of Generation Z with presidential campaign infographics through Eye-Tracking technology

This study was designed to investigate the visual engagement of Generation Z with Indonesian presidential election campaign infographics utilizing eye-tracking technology. Notably, Generation Z forms a significant segment of first-time voters in the 2024 General Election and plays an integral role in political decision-making processes. Despite their pivotal role, a marked disengagement with political activities among this demographic presents significant challenges. Prior research has demonstrated that visual attention is modulated by experiential factors and personal biases. Consequently, this investigation seeks to elucidate the impact of infographics on the visual attention of participants with pre-established preferences for presidential candidates. Employing eye-tracking technology facilitated an objective assessment of the participants' subconscious reactions to the infographics. This study analyzed the distribution of visual attention across six defined Regions of Interest (ROI) among 60 participants. The findings reveal that 50% of the participants directed their gaze predominantly at the names of the candidate pairs, 27% at the image of the presidential candidate, 15% at quotes, 5% at the image of the vice-presidential candidate, 2% at the candidate number, and 1% at the vision statement. Additionally, it was observed that 55% of the participants consistently fixated on the infographics that corresponded to their preferred candidate pair from the onset to the conclusion of the recording, while 45% demonstrated variability in their viewing patterns. These insights afford valuable implications for political strategists aiming to forge more effective communication strategies with Generation Z, thereby enhancing their engagement in the political discourse, particularly in the context of general elections.

Международный опыт применения управленческих технологий в системе государственного управления

This article examines the impact of innovation on public administration and planning in the context of comparative analysis. The author emphasizes key aspects such as the development of digital technologies, ensuring the availability of information, increasing citizen participation and protecting data privacy. The main focus is on analytics to ensure public safety, counter insider threats, human resource management and urban infrastructure development. Methods for utilizing Big Data and artificial intelligence in public administration are presented, along with outcomes from governmental projects based on Big Data. It is noted that the collection and analysis of vast amounts of statistical information allows authorities to develop targeted support programs for specific social groups, optimize urban infrastructure and transport, and improve public safety by identifying financial crimes and illegal activities. Furthermore, the introduction of big data technologies can bring the quality of public services to a new level and make the political decision-making process more transparent and citizen-centric.

A novel framework for the assessment of hydro-meteorological risks taking into account nature-based solutions

The growing exposure to hydro-meteorological hazards translates into increasing risks for people, territories, and ecosystems. The frequency of occurrence and magnitude of these hazards are expected to further increase in the next decades urging tangible decisions to reduce anthropogenic climate change and adapt to the risks to be faced. In this context, risk assessment is an essential tool for becoming aware of dangers and taking countermeasures. This paper proposes a novel predictive, yet holistic, framework that allows to take into account multiple risks classified according to six research fields, i.e. healthcare, society, ecosystem, heritage, infrastructure, and agriculture. Each contribution to the overall risk is evaluated in terms of economic losses and carbon-dioxide emissions that in turn affect adaptation ability and contribute to exacerbating climate change. Both economic losses and emissions are estimated as a cost per day to support political decision-making processes. In this regard, the framework integrates the effects of adaptation and mitigation strategies to include societal capacities to cope with hazards and respond to their potential consequences. As a guideline, this study reports a preliminary investigation of a heatwave event over a portion of Bologna Province (Italy) concluding that the current use of air-conditioning systems is not sustainable leading to a huge amount of losses. The novel framework can be adopted in future studies for selecting more cost-effective strategies as expected for Nature-based Solutions (NbS). The framework can indeed stand as a tool for estimating the local impact of NbS in the current or future climate scenarios.

Public Education Investment, Economic Growth and Welfare: A Political Economy Analysis with Preference Heterogeneity

This study examines the politics of public education policy and its impact on economic growth and welfare under intergenerational altruism. The study considers an endogenous growth model with altruistic overlapping generations. Due to its significant role in promoting long-term economic expansion, we consider investment in public education to be an effective tool of productive government intervention. Nonetheless, public educational investment has been the subject of political disputes owing to its inherent intergenerational redistributive implications. Backed by the tendency of democratically elected governments to maintain their political power, the preferences of some particular individuals or group of individuals become more dominant in the political process of determining the level of public investment in education. In particular, governments are more concerned with the preferences of the median voter, or the current generation at large, because they, as electors, have the ability to determine the next government. This reality leads governments to exhibit a bias toward the desires of these people. As a result, such political considerations divert the economy from its optimal path of economic growth and reduce the welfare of future generations. This effect becomes more pronounced when individuals with lower levels of altruism toward their offspring assume a more influential position in the political decision-making process over the allocation of public funds for education. Our theoretical analyses demonstrate the implications for economic growth and welfare resulting from policy decisions made by democratically elected governments with inherent biases, as opposed to decisions made by an unbiased social planner.

THE POLITICAL INTERVENTION ON GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS’ PROMOTION IN INDONESIA

The promotion government officials comes into new era, the new policy reversed from a very closed selection process and heavily seniority-based to open, clear criteria, transparent procedures on the competency-based series test. In fact, policy implementation is not fully in favour of an administration driven. The study has two main research problems “How open promotion for local government officers conducted?” and “How does political intervention work in the open promotion mechanism?”. This paper provides comprehensive mechanism-the hybrid administration-politics model on open promotion of local bureaucrats in Indonesia. The study used a qualitative approach and assited by Nvivo 12 to reveal the most frequent concept on open promotion practices based on interviews. The data obtained through interviews with informants which selected purposively, selection committee members, candidates, and local government officers. This paper affirms interesting features. The competency series tested by independent assessors reflects an administration mechanism through merit concept. However, the absolute political final decision-making process at the governor or Mayor’s hands reflects the individual-political interest. This system shows that the administration’s process at the local level links tightly to political deliberation. The key message is that open promotion in government agencies is neither a pure merit issue nor a spoils system for competence-heavy based, on the one hand, yet is always amenable to some political intervention. The merit principles are universal; however, the practices are contextual-specific. This study has an important value in describing how The politics play significant role on local administration system.