Political Competition Research Articles

К вопросу о взаимодействии политики, права и правовой политики

The challenges of improving legislation, legal technology, and the mechanism of legal regulation exist, perhaps, as long as the law itself exists. Thus, the question of how to best organize the legal life of society, directing it towards the desired course, remains relevant and gains prominence during pivotal moments in societal development. This particularly pertains to the formation of state legal policy, the development of strategic legal concepts, and their implementation in legal practice. Here, it is crucial to first define key concepts. This study attempts to understand the nature of legal policy, its involvement in political and legal spheres, the proportion of legal content versus political content within it, the nature of its interaction with legal policy on one hand, and law on the other, and consequently, in which field of scientific knowledge (political science, jurisprudence, sociology, philosophy) this phenomenon should be studied. The thesis is defended regarding the multidimensional nature of legal policy, allowing for its characterization as a compromise between political interests and legal needs.

The Politics of Punishment: Why Dictators Join the International Criminal Court

Abstract Scholars commonly argue that international law and organizations promote democracy by helping dictators to credibly commit to accountability, individual rights, and transparency. Yet dictators routinely join treaties and international organizations without transitioning to democracy. International law and organizations can generate asymmetric costs for domestic actors because international rules often apply to both governments and non-state actors, yet dictators can limit how these rules are upheld at the domestic and international level. We argue that dictators are most likely to join such treaties and international organizations when they face strong domestic political competition. We illustrate our argument using the International Criminal Court (ICC), which has extensive powers to prosecute individuals for international crimes, including crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes. We show that ICC investigations and prosecutions have become a tool for incumbent dictators to target their domestic opponents. We examine the implications of our theory for multiple outcome variables, including the decision to join the ICC, violence, and the survival of dictators in power. Our evidence suggests that dictators are most likely to join the ICC when they face strong political opponents and are subsequently less likely to commit violence and more likely to survive in office.

Implementasi Kebijakan Dan Intervensi Politik Terkait Lingkungan Hidup Dalam Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

Sustainable development is a development paradigm that is directly related to the balance of nature or the environment, just as the paradigm of sustainable development is a concept that is accepted as a political agenda of development for all countries in the world where the relationship between economy and ecology is important in the discussion of sustainable development itself. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs The concept of sustainable development is a necessity to reconcile economic development, quality of life, and the environment in a diverse political framework that is interrelated at the international and global levels. Thus, it can be concluded that the meaning of sustainable development cannot be separated from environmental sustainability. A sustainable environment is expected to support human life. Sustainabledevelopment that is environmentally sound is able to improve the quality of life of present and future generations. Therefore, it is necessary to review the concept of local wisdom that exists in legislation and other Regulations that hierarchically exist under it to close loopholes and fence in such a way that the claims of local wisdom remain sacred and not easily perverted casually by the detractors of commercial economic interests for a moment. On the other hand, it is necessary to be aware of political elites and stakeholders to avoid intervention and political content of decisions taken by the government in intervening in cases of environmental damage under the pretext of natural disasters which are part of the bad side of law enforcement for environmental destruction, especially in the application of Strict Liability without having to prove a mistake.

Domination of India: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration in South Asia

The absence of regional integration in South Asia has resulted in political, economic, and societal issues due to the interference of other powerful countries in international politics. As the regional power in South Asia, India has tremendous potential to promote regional integration. However, India's hegemonic power has caused controversial issues among South Asian neighbours, and regional integration has been further challenged. This research paper examines the challenges and opportunities for regional integration in South Asia, focusing on India's role in promoting regionalism. The study also conceptualizes the potential for regional integration in South Asia, identifying the key challenges and obstacles hindering its progress, such as political rivalries, security concerns, and economic disparities. This study is primarily based on secondary qualitative data derived from research papers, books, Journal articles, websites, meeting minutes and other web based publications. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive content analysis to address the central question of the study. The findings have emphasized that India plays a critical role in the success of regional integration in South Asia, given its size, economic potential, and geopolitical significance. However, India's domestic political and bilateral tensions, asymmetric economy, and constitutional challenges have been identified as the major drawbacks to regional integration under India's supremacy. Furthermore, economic cooperation, connectivity initiatives, and leadership at the SAARC have been identified as India's pervasive potential to promote and establish regional cooperation. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations for promoting regional integration in South Asia, focusing on India's leadership role.

Television Debates as a TV Typology: Continuities and Changes in Televised Political Competition—The Case of the 2023 Pre-Election Debates in Greece

Television Debates as a TV Typology: Continuities and Changes in Televised Political Competition—The Case of the 2023 Pre-Election Debates in Greece

Platform Convergence or Divergence? Comparing Political Ad Content Across Digital and Social Media Platforms

When it comes to the study of the messaging of online political campaigns, theory suggests that platform divergence should be common, but much research finds considerable convergence across platforms. In this research, we examine variation across digital and social media platforms in the types of paid campaign messages that are distributed, focusing on their goals, tone, and the partisanship of political rhetoric. We use data on the content of paid election advertisements placed on YouTube, Google search, Instagram, and Facebook during the 2020 elections in the United States, examining all federal candidates who advertised on these platforms during the final 2 months of the campaign. We find that YouTube is most distinct from the other platforms, perhaps because it most resembles television, but convergence better describes the two Meta platforms, Facebook and Instagram.

Dual Liminality Conditioned by Existing Citizenship: Highly Skilled Chinese Immigrants Navigating Legality and Career in the U.S.

Immigrants need to constantly manage their legal status while straddling uncertain life circumstances and shifting policies. U.S. immigrant policies treat immigrants based on U.S. internal and international political needs. This practice is only further heightened during a global crisis such as the recent COVID‐19 pandemic. Immigrants' existing citizenship contributes to the constraints they experience. Using Chinese international students studying in graduate programs as an example, this paper studies the dual liminality highly skilled immigrants experience in sustaining their legal status and developing their careers. Adopting a life course perspective, this paper reveals that liminal legality constrains immigrants' career choices as they transition from students to full‐time professionals. Acquiring legal status takes precedence over their career goals. They may forfeit career opportunities to secure legal status. Moreover, their Chinese citizenship hinders their career advancement. In recent years, United States–China rivalry in international politics and intellectual competition has intensified. Combined with a racialized construction of U.S. citizenship, highly skilled Chinese immigrants experience a heightened sense of vulnerability vis‐a‐vis institutional scrutiny and mistreatment.

Where has everyone gone? Depopulation and voting behaviour in Spain

AbstractIn many European countries, people increasingly leave rural or small municipalities to live and work in urban or metropolitan environments. Although previous work on the ‘left behind’ places has examined the relationship between the rural–urban divide and vote choice, less is known about how depopulation affects electoral behaviour. Is there a relationship between experiencing a loss in population and support for the different parties? We investigate this question by examining the Spanish case, a country where the topic of depopulation has become a salient issue in political competition. Using a newly compiled dataset, we also explore whether the relationship between depopulation and electoral returns is moderated by municipality size, local compositional changes, the loss of public services and changes in amenities. Our findings show that depopulated municipalities give higher support to the main Conservative party, mainly in small municipalities. Yet, municipalities on the brink of disappearance are more likely to give larger support to the far‐right. Results overall show that the effect of depopulation seems to be driven by compositional changes, and not as a result of losing public services or a deterioration of the vibrancy of the town. Our findings have important implications for our understanding of the relationship between internal migration and electoral behaviour.

PoLYTC: a novel BERT-based classifier to detect political leaning of YouTube videos based on their titles

Over two-thirds of the U.S. population uses YouTube, and a quarter of U.S. adults regularly receive their news from it. Despite the massive political content available on the platform, to date, no classifier has been proposed to classify the political leaning of YouTube videos. The only exception is a classifier that requires extensive information about each video (rather than just the title) and classifies the videos into just three classes (rather than the widely-used categorization into six classes). To fill this gap, “PoLYTC” (Political Leaning YouTube Classifier) is proposed to classify YouTube videos based on their titles into six political classes. PoLYTC utilizes a large language model, namely BERT, and is fine-tuned on a public dataset of 11.5 million YouTube videos. Experiments reveal that the proposed solution achieves high accuracy (75%) and high F1-score (77%), thereby outperforming the state of the art. To further validate the solution’s classification performance, several videos were collected from numerous prominent news agencies’ YouTube channels, such as Fox News and The New York Times, which have widely known political leanings. These videos were classified based on their titles, and the results have shown that, in the vast majority of cases, the predicted political leaning matches that of the news agency. PoLYTC can help YouTube users make informed decisions about which videos to watch and can help researchers analyze the political content on YouTube.

The Clashes Within: How Do Thai Government Agencies and NGOs View China’s Rise?

Abstract: Thailand’s development has been influenced by numerous factors, one of which is its interplay with China. However, the Thai government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) hold different perspectives on China’s role in the Mekong subregion and Thailand. This article aims to analyze the differences in views between the Thai government and NGOs regarding China’s rise in four key areas: the environment, infrastructure development, the economy, and the political rivalry between China and the United States. I argue that Thai officials perceive China’s ascent as an opportunity. It provides Thailand, as a medium-sized country, with more opportunities to receive assistance and engage in trade. Additionally, China can help balance the power of the United States. Conversely, NGOs view China’s rise in the region as a problematic phenomenon.

Exploring TikTok's Role in Political Discourse: A Content Analysis of GE15 and SE2023 in Malaysia

TikTok is a social media platform that gained immense popularity and particularly favored by the younger population in Malaysia for its interesting feature focused on short video content. The latest trend in the political environment in Malaysia during Malaysia's 15th General Election and State Election 2023 is that TikTok has become a major platform for political parties and individuals to promote their respective sides. This study highlights how politicians from political parties and individuals have used TikTok as an election campaign platform to promote their political stance. The method used for this study is qualitative content analysis, utilizing purposive sampling by leveraging the TikTok post. Filter and hashtag were used to filter the posts taken from TikTok. This research applied five main themes and 20 subthemes adopted based on the literature review search. It was found that most of the political content in TikTok was in the form of entertainment meant to engage with the younger audience. Meanwhile, most of the political content associated with the political involvement of Malaysian youth was informational content posted by politicians and experienced voters.

When a Bully is President : Children's Literature for Oppressive Times

Abstract: Children's literature is not devoid of political discourse. Notwithstanding the value of subtle political messaging, this article examines children's literature with overt political content that provides all readers—children and adults—tools to engage contemporary movements like "Water is Life" or "Black Lives Matter." Such is the case with Maya Gonzalez's (2017a) When a Bully is President: Truth and Creativity for Oppressive Times/Cuando el Presidente es un Bulí: La Verdad y la Creatividad en Tiempos Opresivos , which incorporates major themes such as colonization, slavery, war, and xenophobia through a queer and feminist of color political lens. Rather than shielding readers from social inequalities, Gonzalez reframes these within bully discourse and social justice responses to bullying through what I am identifying as temporal interconnection and collective creativity—as evidenced by the book's call for "truth and creativity." Created during dire times, When a Bully is President invites us to pause, witness, reflect, and engage in collective action in order to cultivate a queer and feminist of color future.

Active spectating in the digital public sphere: A qualitative exploration

Abstract Through an interpretive, user-centred approach, in this article I investigate a frequently overlooked dimension of online political engagement: spectating. Drawing on mini focus groups with Norwegian young adults, I challenge depictions of so-called lurking as antisocial and unproductive by advocating a more nuanced view of silent social media use. The findings demonstrate that spectating is viewed as a socially acceptable and meaningful activity within the participants’ broader expectations for civic behaviour. The analysis also presents active and normatively desirable activities encompassed in spectating – such as monitoring, critically consuming, and consciously curating political content – which can support citizens to maintain public connection and develop informed opinions. Ultimately, the study elevates the discussion on digital citizenship by illustrating how active spectating can serve as a meaningful and cooperative form of participation within a distributed understanding of civic engagement in an era of communicative plenty.

The Term “state” and Its Use in Russian, French and Other Romance Languages”

The article deals with the peculiarities of using the term “state” in the twentieth century in French and other European languages, especially Romance languages, in comparison with Russian. Different approaches to translating this term from Russian into European languages are considered, depending on the political content and context. Various options are proposed to identify the principles of translation of related terms from lexical and political discourse.

Analisis Komunikasi Politik dalam Kampanye Pemilu: Pendekatan Kualitatif terhadap Strategi dan Dampaknya di Media Sosial

This study aims to analyze political communication in election campaigns using a qualitative approach, focusing on the strategies employed and their impact on social media. In the context of the growing use of social media as a primary platform for political campaigns, this research examines how politicians and campaign teams utilize social media to convey political messages, build images, and influence public opinion. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with political campaign practitioners and content analysis from various social media platforms. The findings indicate that effective communication strategies on social media involve engaging content, active interaction with the audience, and message adaptation according to the platform's characteristics. Additionally, the impact of these strategies is observed in increased political participation, changes in public perception, and voter mobilization. These findings provide valuable insights for political practitioners and communication researchers regarding the dynamics of political communication in the digital era.

The Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Reviving the Voter Turnout Rates Among the Youth in Japan

This paper investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing voter turnout rates among the Japanese youth. It highlights the decline in youth participation in elections and suggests leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) and other forms of AI to enhance existing technologies such as Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) to engage and educate young voters. By tailoring political content to individual interests and simplifying complex policy discussions, AI can make political participation more accessible and relevant to the youth. The paper also addresses potential risks related to privacy and ethical considerations in deploying AI tools in electoral processes. It concludes that AI, if appropriately governed, offers a promising avenue to revitalize democratic engagement among young Japanese voters, thereby ensuring their voices contribute to shaping the nation's future.

Deep learning based Election Results Prediction using Twitter Data

Abstract: This project presents an intelligent system political sentiment analysis with information from Twitter. . The system utilizes deep learning techniques, specifically a BiLSTM model featuring an attention mechanism, to predict the political affiliation (BJP or Congress) of tweets. The data preprocessing involves cleaning text, data augmentation, tokenization, and indexing. A dataset is used to train the model. consisting of tweets from both parties, getting very accurate results in predicting the sentiment of tweets. Additionally, the software offers functionality for data visualization, including displaying sample tweets, sentiment analysis results, and the winning party. Additionally, an admin page is available for further customization and management. Overall, this project the possibilities of Using deep learning to analyze sentiment of political content on social media data.

Research and Practice on Ideological and Political Construction of Computer Foundation

Computer foundation in universities are general courses for non-computer majors. Carrying out ideological and political construction in general courses is an important way for universities to fulfill the fundamental task of cultivating morality and cultivating talents. This paper explores and reflects on the theoretical research and teaching practice of curriculum ideological and political education from four aspects: enhancing teachers' educational and teaching concepts, emphasizing the development of curriculum ideological and political content, innovating curriculum ideological and political teaching methods, and improving the evaluation system of curriculum ideological and political teaching effectiveness. The aim is to provide reference for the promotion and popularization of curriculum ideological and political education in general courses.

Political determinants of government transparency: Evidence from open government data initiatives

AbstractThe increasing availability of extensive governmental data, technological advancements, and a rising standard for government openness are encouraging global governments to implement open data initiatives. While some governments are actively adapting to these trends, others remain behind, despite the pressure. This research explores the political and administrative reasons behind these differences. By analyzing how local governments in South Korea handled requests for open data from citizens between 2007 and 2016, the study highlights the importance of political competition and administrative strength in fostering government transparency and effectively addressing citizen data requests. The study assesses open government data based on its scope, time, and quality, finding that higher levels of electoral competition and better administrative capabilities contribute to increased transparency and responsiveness. However, the study's use of a regression discontinuity design reveals that the political party controlling local governments had minimal influence on these factors.Related ArticlesHeo, Inhye. 2013. “The Political Economy of Policy Gridlock in South Korea: The Case of the Lee Myung‐bak Government's Green Growth Policy.” Politics & Policy 41(4): 509–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12029.Heo, Inhye. 2022. “Energy Democratization Policy without Democratization of Policy Governance in South Korea: A Participatory Democracy Perspective.” Politics & Policy 50(4): 834–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12480.Nam, Aerang, and Christopher M. Weible. 2023. “Examining Experts' Discourse in South Korea's Nuclear Power Policy Making: An Advocacy Coalition Framework Approach to Policy Knowledge.” Politics & Policy 51(2): 201–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12522.

Cross-border political competition.

Individuals are increasingly exposed to news and opinion from beyond national borders. This news and opinion are often concentrated in clusters of ideological homophily, such as political parties, factions, or interest groups. But how does exposure to cross-border information affect the diffusion of ideas across national and ideological borders? Here, we develop a non-linear mathematical model for the cross-border spread of two ideologies. First, we describe the standard deterministic model where the populations of each country are assumed to be constant and homogeneously mixed. We solve the system of differential equations numerically by the Runge-Kutta method and show how small changes in the influence of a minority ideology can trigger shifts in the global political equilibrium. Second, we simulate recruitment as a stochastic differential process for each political affiliation and fit model solutions to population growth rates and voting populations in US presidential elections from 1932 to 2020. We also project the dynamics of several possible scenarios from 2020 to the end of the century. We show that cross-border influence plays a fundamental role in determining election outcomes. An increase in foreign support for a national party's ideas could change the election outcome, independent of domestic recruitment capacity. One key finding of our study suggests that voter turnout in the US will grow at a faster rate than non-voters in the coming decades. This trend is attributed to the enhanced recruitment capabilities of both major parties among non-partisans over time, making political disaffection less prominent. This phenomenon holds true across all simulated scenarios.