Political Conditions Research Articles

Tinjauan Yuridis Tentang Implementasi Prinsip Pancasila Sebagai Landasan Politik Di Indonesia

Pancasila has been the main political foundation in Indonesia since its independence in 1945. The implementation of Pancasila principles in state politics has been the subject of important juridical debate. This article investigates the juridical review of the implementation of the Pancasila principles as a political foundation in Indonesia. Through analysis of the constitution, court decisions, and academic discussions, this research explores how the principles of Pancasila are understood, interpreted, and applied in the Indonesian political context. The results of this research provide an in-depth understanding of the role and relevance of Pancasila in the formation of public policy and the protection of human rights in Indonesia. Pancasila, as the foundation of the Indonesian state, has a very important role in determining the direction of state political policy. The implementation of Pancasila principles as a political foundation has become a significant debate in the juridical context in Indonesia. This research aims to conduct an in-depth review of the implementation of Pancasila principles in Indonesian political policy juridically.

A Study on the Regional Evolution of the Hefei Political and Cultural New District Skyline Based on Exploratory Factor Analysis and Semantic Segmentation

The general population’s assessment and perception of a city can be influenced by its skyline, which is one of its representatives. This paper uses semantic segmentation and exploratory factor analysis to conduct a study from two different perspectives, aiming to analyse the development and current situation of the skyline of Hefei’s political and cultural new district. By collecting pictures of the skyline of the New Administrative and Cultural District, the New Administrative and Cultural District of Hefei’s skyline is being studied for overall changes using the semantic segmentation method, and to evaluate the quality of the skyline in various years, the entropy weight–TOPSIS is employed. Through the literature investigation and creation status of the new political and cultural district, the index system is scientifically formulated to conduct a questionnaire survey, and its reliability and validity are tested. This study is conducted with exploratory factor analysis of factors that are vital in the city skyline. The results of this study show that (1) after the semantic segmentation of the pictures, it is found that the proportion of buildings and the proportion of vegetation are both rising; the proportion of buildings tends to level off after 2018, and the proportion of vegetation shows a uniform increase. In the relative proximity ranking, the overall trend is increasing, and the skyline is ranked first in 2024. (2) Two variables were identified based on the findings of the exploratory factor analysis: ‘skyline value’ and ‘neighbourhood ecological quality’. The results of this study show that the skyline of Hefei’s New Administrative and Cultural District in 2024 is the best overall, and that the skyline of the New Administrative and Cultural District has developed into one of the city images of Hefei, and that its optimisation can be considered in terms of the “quality of the surrounding ecological environment”.

Just transformations through resilience experiments? Comparing policy rationales and narratives of the Global South and North in the Resilient Cities Network

AbstractThe Resilient Cities Network, formerly known as the 100 Resilient Cities, supports the development of local resilience policies in partaking cities from around the globe. Various policies in the network are an example of an upcoming trend where experiments are increasingly conducted in the urban space to shape governance. Experiments in this context are purposeful interventions to increase resilience through learning and the temporal and spatial diffusion of results. Experimentation and resilience are highlighted in the literature on political ecology for policies presumably leading to urban transformations. Both approaches face strikingly similar critiques, namely that related rationales and narratives frequently maintain the political and economic status quo and reproduce socially unjust urban realities. However, they are rarely examined together and empirical findings are missing when it comes to comparative research; particularly between the Global South and North.Against this background, this paper asks: Which role plays social justice in rationales and narratives of resilience experiments in Global South and Global North cities? I examine experimental policy actions in Global South and North cities of the Resilient Cities Network (N = 112) qualitatively through an analytic lens that links a social justice understanding to the setting, agency, and design of resilience experiments. Based on this analysis, I compare the results to explore emerging patterns of the role given to social justice in urban resilience experimentation across cities of the Global South and North. The findings show that narratives in Global North cities revolve stronger around recognising social justice, but Global South cities put more emphasis on marginalised groups and learning mechanisms that potentially foster social justice through output legitimacy.

'Laughing at us'

That Donald J. Trump won the US Presidential Election of 2016 defied the expectations of almost all seasoned observers of the US political system. Scholarly explanations stress structural factors that produced a substantial cohort of identity-vulnerable voters in tandem with Trump’s personal populist appeal. Trump benefitted from his political outsider status, celebrity familiarity, heteronormative masculinity, and unconventional rhetorical style including humour, all of which were amplified (and also mocked) by extensive mainstream news media coverage. Trump’s distinctive political use of the social media micro-blogging platform Twitter (now known as X) in engaging those cohorts has also been emphasized. The research presented here sits at the confluence of prior scholarly work on structural causes of identity vulnerability, on contestation involving humour, and on the enhanced political usage of Twitter. It examines the historical record of Trump’s tweets and re-tweets to see if and how the demarcation of his ‘humour brand’ affectively engaged his substantial Twitter followers and may thereby have contributed to his electoral success in 2016.

On China’s Navigation Rights and Interests in the Tumen River and the Japanese Sea

To achieve the goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and boost Northeast China’s economy, China should focus on economic and trade cooperation in the Japanese Sea. Despite not being a coastal State, China can still expand its navigation rights and interests within the region. The Japanese Sea has not been fully utilized by China due to its lack of direct access, and the surrounding States’ unstable political conditions have hindered long-term economic development arrangements. This paper proposes that China should develop its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen Region and assert the navigation rights and interests of third States. China can use current agreements and international law principles to uphold its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen River. It can also invest in overseas ports and improve transportation networks to implement the strategy of "accessing the sea through harbors of other States." Furthermore, China can strengthen its presence and use of shipping routes in the Japanese Sea by strengthening regional trade routes, connecting shipping routes with the Arctic, and expanding the abroad shipping of domestic goods. Moreover, this paper suggests that China should analyze the navigation rights and interests of third States in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zones, and straits surrounding the Japanese Sea to develop its sea routes. By doing so, China can realize its goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and revitalize Northeast China’s economy.

Introduction ‐ Anthropology and the security encounter: Toward an abolitionist anthropology in the age of permanent war

AbstractAnthropologists need to grapple politically with the ways in which security, war and militarization shape our fields of study. This special section of American Anthropologist, “Forever War: Anthropology and the Global War on Terror,” brings together scholars studying, writing and enacting their politics amidst the immense socio‐political impacts of the Global War on Terror. In this introductory article, I offer the concept of “the security encounter” to describe the complex and inherently political conditions of doing anthropology within the current conjuncture, as well as a provocation for anthropologists to adopt an abolitionist approach to security, militarization, and permanent war which increasingly structure our lives and work.

Policy learning from evidence during polycrises: a case of EU environmental policy

Despite their increasing frequency and magnitude, research on how polycrises influence policymaking has been remarkably scarce. In this article, we approach this issue from an evidence-based policy learning perspective. We explore how the polycrisis involving the progressive intersections between the climate change crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the energy crisis influenced evidence-based policy learning underlying the European Union’s climate policymaking. Our findings show that at the initial phases of the polycrisis, interdisciplinary scientific evidence was employed to depoliticize the climate change crisis and facilitate a paradigmatic policy shift. Yet, as relatively faster burning crises overlapped, such evidence played an increasingly substantiating role for previously established institutional choices, and then its role further diminished as more crises overlapped. These findings offer a more robust theoretical understanding of evidence-based policy learning and its contribution to policy change within polycrises. This also draws practitioners’ attention to the need for actively re-aligning evidence-based policy learning practices as political conditions evolve during polycrises.

Evolution of the city borders of st. Petersburg – Leningrad (END OF 19th – 20th centuries): causes and consequences

The article is devoted to determining the causes and results of changes in the urban boundaries of St. Petersburg - Leningrad from the late 1870s to the early 1990s. Object of study: spatial and administrative boundaries of St. Petersburg-Leningrad, formed during this period. Purpose of the article: to determine the reasons for changes in the city boundaries of St. Petersburg - Leningrad since the late 1870s. – the period of development of local self-government, until the early 1990s. – the end of the Soviet period and analysis of the results of these changes. Objectives of the article: 1) identification of problems and proposals for establishing the city boundaries of St. Petersburg - Petrograd from the 1870s to 1917; 2) consideration and analysis of the General Plans of Leningrad of the 1920s – 1930s. to determine the causes and consequences of changes in city boundaries during this period; 3) analysis of changes in city boundaries in the post-war General Plans of Leningrad in 1948 and 1966. in connection with the new direction of development of the city “Towards the Bay”; 4) determining the reasons for the stabilization of the city borders of Leningrad by the beginning of the 1990s. – the end of the Soviet period of city development. Scientific novelty of the article: it consists in determining the causes, consequences and analysis of the results of the evolution of the urban boundaries of St. Petersburg - Leningrad from the 1870s to the early 1990s. influenced by the socio-economic and political conditions of this period.

Toward a Generalizable Understanding of Rightist Movements: Utilizing the Revolutionary Right’s Value Wars in Iran (1995–2009) as a Case Study

Bringing rightist movement studies into the Iranian context, this study advances a generalizable understanding of the ideological, moral, and cultural activism of Islamist movements and their rightist counterparts. While numerous studies have discussed the economic explanation of rightist movements, I integrate Islamist movements in the Muslim world and rightist movements in the West to develop a generalizable cultural and moral explanation of rightist movements. Value and ideological conflicts, as well as moral outrage, drive this integrated understanding of rightist movements. The rise of innovative and contentious forms of millennialism in Iran—especially the increasing salience of the Jamkaran mosque, the rise of new media outlets and millennial discourses, and pertinent policies—provide evidence for proposing this generalizable understanding. I argue that the rise of performative contentions surrounding millennialism, known as Mahdaviat, within the pro-regime revolutionary rightist movement in Iran was Islamists’ ideological response to liberal threat perceptions. These threat perceptions were activated before the liberal Reform era (1997–2005). After the ascent of Ahmadinejad to power in 2005, ideological millennialism became the dominant discursive field in Iran’s state politics. Drawing on narratives of prominent Islamist figures and media personalities in Iran and events surrounding Mahdaviat, this paper advances a generalizable argument of the moral and cultural explanation of rightist movements.

De periodismo a comunicación. La etapa inicial de la formación en comunicación en Argentina desde un estudio de caso (Córdoba)

In the 1960s, there was an increase in the offering of undergraduate Journalism programs in Argentina. A unique case during that time was the Escuela de Ciencias de la Información (School of Information Sciences) at the National University of Cordoba, due to the fact that it was planned without going through a Journalism training stage. This article is a preliminary advancement of a research aiming to study the beginnings of communication research in Argentina, focusing on the case of Cordoba. It can be concluded that training and knowledge production are linked to contextual political and social conditions.

Spatial Theory in Planning Practice? On the Concepts of Space that Made Urban Design a Planning Solution for Segregation in Malmö, Sweden

AbstractStudying the Sorgenfri urban renewal project in the Swedish city of Malmö, this article suggests that a shift in planning documents reflects a new understanding of segregation containing traces of arguments from theoretical debates in geography. This new understanding of segregation appears informed by geographic debates on encounters, mobility, and boundaries, and implies that segregation is best addressed by planners in public space “between” housing areas to create more “meetings” between “strangers”. While planning focused on segregation in a more granular way, it also ignored racialised inequality's structural preconditions in ways that perfectly match the neoliberal premises of municipal planning. Thus, translating spatial theory into planning practice can be seen as a strategically selective work shaped by local political conditions. This means that geographers’ work might have unexpected and undesired effects even when it has “impact” in policy practice, and that geographers would do well to face this challenge equally strategically.

WHO and COVID-19: stress testing the boundary of science and politics

Specialized agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasize the importance of impartiality and independence to ensure state compliance and buy-in to their institutional mandate. For functionalists, the boundary distinction between scientific expertise and politics is useful for interest-minded states and institutions that want to promote knowledge over politics. In extreme crisis states revert to national interests. The question for specialized agencies is whether to double-down on the boundary between science and politics during a crisis in an attempt to maintain authority. The COVID-19 pandemic tested this functional arrangement in international relations where scientific validity can facilitate the pursuit of global governance. This article explores why, in a time of crisis, WHO leadership maintained that the boundary between science and politics could be upheld, even when others identified politics as affecting impartiality and independence. It does so by exploring the role of governance processes and technical expertise led by the WHO in investigating the origins of COVID-19 pandemic. Doubling down on science as a solution ignored the politics that permeated, especially, the origins investigation in China. We argue that while the temptation to enforce boundary work may be more acute in periods of crisis, attempts to maintain boundaries between politics and science during a crisis undermines the function and reputation of specialized technical agencies. It is more functional to expose the political conditions as compromising scientific independence and impartiality.

The political fallout of air pollution

This paper studies the effect of air pollution on voting outcomes. We use data from 60 federal and state elections in Germany from 2000 to 2018 and exploit plausibly exogenous fluctuations in ambient air pollution within counties across election dates. Higher air pollution on election day shifts votes away from incumbent parties and toward opposition parties. An increase in the concentration of particulate matter (PM10) by 10 [Formula: see text]g/m[Formula: see text]-around two within-county SDs-reduces the vote share of incumbent parties by two percentage points, which is equivalent to 4% of the mean vote share. We generalize these findings by documenting similar effects with data from a weekly opinion poll and a large-scale panel survey. We provide further evidence that poor air quality leads to more negative emotions such as anger, worry, and unhappiness, which, in turn, may reduce the support for the political status quo. Overall, these results suggest that poor air quality affects decision-making in the population at large, including consequential political decisions.

Firms and Peacemaking: The Role of Private Firms in Civil War Negotiations

Over the last 20 years, scholars have closely examined the political and social conditions that promote peaceful conflict resolution and those that exacerbate violence. Accordingly, there is much greater understanding of violence and peace processes. Mostly lacking from this scholarship, however, is a role for private firms. International firms are often present in societies prone to conflict. Recent research suggests firms can play an important role in conflict prevention and resolution, and business scholars suggest these actors can reduce tensions in conflict zones. Yet, little is known about how multinational corporations impact conflict resolution dynamics. This project explores how the private sector affects conflict. Using new data, the authors show the effects of an active private sector on the occurrence and outcomes of civil war negotiations. The findings show that corporate calls for peace are effective at encouraging states and rebels in democracies to negotiate, but only increase the likelihood of reaching a peace agreement in nondemocracies.

Tolerance for the Tolerant “Other”—Moses Mendelssohn’s Claim for Tolerance in the “Vorrede/Preface” (1782)

In this paper I discuss Moses Mendelssohn’s argumentation on religious tolerance in his “Vorrede” (“preface”) that he added to his translation of Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel’s letter “Vindiciae judaeorum” in 1782. Instead of solely deducing Mendelssohn’s idea of religious tolerance, I examine Mendelssohn’s argumentation strategies. For this purpose, I firstly determine the political and social conditions in which Mendelssohn wrote the “Vorrede”. Secondly, I examine the normative reasons or resources that Mendelssohn argues for tolerance with. In my observation, he is legitimizing religious tolerance on the normative resources of philosophical reasons (natural law/universal reason) and pragmatic reasons (utility). Further, I will analyse Mendelssohn’s concept of a tolerant Judaism in the “Vorrede”.

HearHere: Mitigating Echo Chambers in News Consumption through an AI-based Web System

Considerable efforts are currently underway to mitigate the negative impacts of echo chambers, such as increased susceptibility to fake news and resistance towards accepting scientific evidence. Prior research has presented the development of computer systems that support the consumption of news information from diverse political perspectives to mitigate the echo chamber effect. However, existing studies still lack the ability to effectively support the key processes of news information consumption and quantitatively identify a political stance towards the information. In this paper, we present HearHere, an AI-based web system designed to help users accommodate information and opinions from diverse perspectives. HearHere facilitates the key processes of news information consumption through two visualizations. Visualization 1 provides political news with quantitative political stance information, derived from our graph-based political classification model, and users can experience diverse perspectives (Hear). Visualization 2 allows users to express their opinions on specific political issues in a comment form and observe the position of their own opinions relative to pro-liberal and pro-conservative comments presented on a map interface (Here). Through a user study with 94 participants, we demonstrate the feasibility of HearHere in supporting the consumption of information from various perspectives. Our findings highlight the importance of providing political stance information and quantifying users' political status as a means to mitigate political polarization. In addition, we propose design implications for system development, including the consideration of demographics such as political interest and providing users with initiatives.

Formation and development of liability for forgery of money and documents: historical and legal analysis of foreign experience

This article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of responsibility for forgery of money and documents, namely the historical and legal analysis of foreign experience. Types of crime that have a long history that coincides with the appearance of the first money signs and documents are considered. Awareness of the danger of counterfeiting and forgery of documents and securities is emphasized, which over time led to the strengthening of legal mechanisms for controlling these phenomena and to the improvement of technologies for the production of banknotes and documents to prevent their forgery. In particular, it was investigated that in different historical eras and countries, the methods of combating these phenomena were different, taking into account political and economic conditions. The historical context of the phenomenon of counterfeiting and forgery of documents and securities is highlighted, the diversity of approaches in different cultural and historical circumstances is revealed. Examples are given of medieval England and France, when power over monetary systems was centralized, senior officials were often responsible for the integrity of currency, and as a result simple craftsmen and artisans who forged coins were severely punished. It was found that in Germany, with its feudal fragmentation, the fight against counterfeiting was less systematized and concerned mainly the local level. However, the need for constant improvement and coordination of anti-counterfeiting measures remains relevant even in modern conditions. The article calls for joint international efforts in the fight against counterfeiting, which has become an international threat to the world's monetary systems.

GST A Robust Tax Regime: A Bibliometric Analysis on GST

A value-added tax placed on the delivery of goods and services is known as the goods and services tax (GST), and it is one of the most critical tax changes implemented in many countries worldwide. Indirect taxes, including sales tax, service tax, excise duty, and value-added tax, will be rolled into a single, all-encompassing tax system called the goods and services tax (GST). The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been the topic of substantial study and analysis. This literature review aims to summarise the most important results and insights from the existing literature on GST. This review will focus on the research that has been conducted. The goods and services tax, sometimes known as the GST, has been adopted by several countries worldwide, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, and India. The evolution of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been affected by several issues, including the necessity to simplify the tax system, expand the tax base, increase revenue collection, encourage economic development, and make it easier to do business across international borders. In addition, the research underlines that the design and execution of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) differ from country to country due to each nation's specific economic, social, and political conditions. Increasing the amount of money that the government takes in is one of the most important objectives of the GST. According to the research findings, the GST's effects on the income collected are complex. While some studies suggest that an increase in revenue collection has occurred as a result of the adoption of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), other studies highlight the challenges that have arisen as a result of the GST, including revenue leakage, compliance concerns, and the requirement for ongoing monitoring and enforcement. In addition, the research analyses elements that impact revenue collection, such as the tax rate, tax base, exemptions, and the efficiency of tax administration. These factors all have a role in determining how much money is brought in. This study focuses on scientific visualization based on the bibliometric analysis of 426 publications, of which 180 were completed after applying the filters on the keywords "Goods and services tax" in the Scopus database from 2017 to 2022. The articles were analyzed for a period ranging from 2017 to 2022. Bibliometric analysis, appraisal, and visualization are some of the uses that R has seen. The examination produced a scientific map that included co-occurrence analysis, network analysis, a co-citation network, and a collaboration network. These elements contributed to a better understanding of the research topic as conceptual, intellectual, and social structures. The outcome of the bibliometric analysis demonstrates that the evolution of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has resulted in the introduction of a new tax regime in several nations. Furthermore, the outcome of the social collaboration analysis demonstrates that many nations, including India, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, are collaborating to conduct more fruitful research.

Construction of Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence in Stateless Children: Scoping Literature Review

Statelessness, defined as the lack of citizenship, is a complex issue governed by international law. Factors contributing to statelessness include gaps in nationality, political policies, and individuals moving to countries at birth.. Stateless status can affect individuals of all ages, and children born to stateless parents are particularly vulnerable. This article explores the impact of self-confidence and self-esteem on the future preferences of stateless children. While international human rights instruments recognize basic rights for all, regardless of citizenship, many countries link citizenship to the full enjoyment of rights. Research methods employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to gather insights from previous studies. The results and discussion section highlights the negative impact of statelessness on self-esteem and self-confidence, with stateless individuals often feeling invisible and undervalued. The lack of citizenship not only undermines political and legal status but also tests the limits of self-confidence and self-esteem. The article also discusses the challenges faced by stateless children, such as legal instability, discrimination, limited access to services, identity uncertainty, violence, and exploitation. It emphasizes the importance of addressing these challenges to protect the rights of stateless children, promote their self-confidence, and enable their holistic development. The article underscores the need for legal recognition, emotional support, education, legal protection, psychological education, and involvement in positive activities to enhance the self-confidence of stateless children.

Public beliefs and perceptions related to ecofascism

The concept of ecofascism describes the distortion of ecology for the purpose of gaining greater and wider audience, popularising ideologies and fulfilling xenophobic and nationalistic goals by regimes such as the far-right agenda and the radical ecological groups. This study investigates the issue of ecofascism in Europe, using the example of Greece, by examining the views of the citizens of Greece on the links between the political parties and ecology and environment. A survey of 600 people was conducted in Greece, using questionnaires on ecofascism, politics and ecological issues. The survey showed that the sample has, in general, humanistic, democratic and quite left-wing ideals. However, some of the respondents indicated nationalistic, even fascist, trends. Because the current socio-economic and political conditions in Europe can fuel an outbreak of fascism, we should be very cautious about these findings, due to the growing impact of far-right ideas on society. Some aspects of the ecofascist rhetoric still continue to mislead, revealing the sly and worrying penetration of fascism in Greek society on the pretext of the protection of the Greek environment.