Political Strategies Research Articles

Politeness Strategies in EFL Classroom Interactions: A Study from a Junior High School in the Southeast Asian Context

Politeness strategies are crucial in social interactions, including educational environments. Their application in classrooms is recommended to nurture positive relationships between teachers and students. This thesis seeks to identify the politeness strategies utilized by both teachers and students in an EFL classroom. Employing a qualitative descriptive research method, the study involved an English teacher and 38 students from a secondary school in Kediri, Indonesia. Data were gathered through observations over five teaching sessions, then reduced, displayed, and analyzed to form conclusions. The results indicated that the teacher employed four types of politeness strategies in the EFL classroom, with a total of 108 utterances categorized as follows: 47 instances of positive politeness, 18 of negative politeness, 32 on-record strategies, and 11 off-record strategies. Similarly, students used four types of politeness strategies, totaling 46 utterances, including 24 instances of positive politeness, 30 of negative politeness, 22 on-record strategies, and 12 off-record strategies. Understanding and utilizing these strategies can enhance communication effectiveness, particularly in formal and professional settings.

Branding Strategy of PDI Perjuangan in Regional Election 2024: A Qualitative Approach

Political branding strategies are key in attracting voters' attention and building a strong positive image. Honest and intelligent messages, as well as the use of positive symbolism, are considered effective in building voter trust and support. While social media offers opportunities, challenges in its use remain significant, including how candidates convey messages that are consistent and relevant to voter expectations, as well as the risk of misinformation and fake news that can damage a candidate's image. The research also highlights the importance of a deep understanding of voters' values ​​and expectations in forming an effective branding strategy that is in line with political ideology. This research design uses a qualitative case study approach on the election of the Governor of NTB Province by the PDI Perjuangan. This approach can explore in depth the branding strategies of prospective candidates, political ideology and social media management as a means of promotion and communication. The method applied was in-depth interviews conducted with the NTB Pilkada winning team, consisting of five informants from PDI Perjuangan, conducted in May-June 2024 and visualized using NVIVO software. The results of the interview show that PDI Perjuangan was able to successfully form a personal brand that was relevant to the expectations of the community by implementing a focused and integrated strategy. Through an in-depth approach to political values ​​and candidate vision, PDI Perjuangan can build a strong and trustworthy candidate image in the eyes of voters. The importance of consistency in conveying relevant and authentic messages through various communication platforms, such as social media, direct campaigns and community events, is key in strengthening effective personal branding. Social media management strategies by potential candidates from the PDI Perjuangan are an important key in influencing public opinion and strengthening the support base.

Analysis of politeness strategies in kῖmwῖmbῖ (E531) condolence messages

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the politeness strategies used by condolers in expressing condolence in Kῖmwῖmbῖ. Death is a natural part of human life. Regardless of its cause, it is usually very painful and therefore, losing a loved one causes deep feelings of loss and sorrow not only to the family of the deceased but also to friends and relatives. The main purpose of expressing condolence is to convey sympathy or compassion to the bereaved. Yule (2017) argues that in linguistic politeness, face is the most important concept and claims that a person’s face in pragmatics is their public self-image. In expressing condolence, condolers threaten the face of the bereaved but also employ politeness strategies to formulate messages in order to save the bereaved’s face. The study adopted the qualitative and quantitative research approaches and used Brown and Levinson (1978) Politeness Theory. Politeness theory focuses on ‘saving face’ which is a key aspect in politeness. The study was conducted in Chogoria Division, Maara Subcounty, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to sample twenty condolence messages for analysis. A guiding card was used to categorize the condolence utterances with politeness strategies. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively providing explanation of these politeness strategies and giving their frequencies and percentages in tables. It was established that the four politeness strategies proposed in the politeness theory are used in expressing condolence in Kῖmwῖmbῖ, with positive politeness strategy being the most used. The findings add to the existing knowledge in pragmatics, especially on politeness and burial discourse. Similarly, the study provides data which can be used to compare with other languages hence aiding in generalizing conclusions of condolence speech act.

The Green Party of the United States: Establishment and Entry into Big Politics

The article considers the long and complicated history of the Green Party in the United States (from 1984 to 2001), as well as its further political role as a «third party» – up to the establishment of the Green New Deal as its main ideological and election platform for the 2012 presidential elections. This topic is of interest due to the fact that, amid the global relevance of «green» political and economic agenda in the 21st century, the environmental parties are meant to play a special role – let alone in the country that claims leadership in the field of environmental (primarily, climate) policy. In this context, the situation that the Green Party in the United States is in a secondary position and does not have a decisive influence on real politics, looks all the more illogical. The specifics of the American Greens’ political strategy and tactics are analyzed, which allowed to reach a new level of political struggle as an alternative and oppositional political force towards both establishment parties – the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Nevertheless, the Democrats led by President J. Biden have intercepted the Green Party’s preelection program and won the 2020 elections with it. This testifies to strategic mistakes made by the American Greens and casts doubt on their future political fate.

A discourse analysis of professor-student conversation: a corpus-based study

This study is a corpus based discourse analysis of professor-student conversations in order to identify the linguistic features, power dynamics, politeness strategies, and identity constructions in academic discourse. This research employs a mixed methods approach combining quantitative corpus linguistic tools with qualitative discourse analysis, to study how language reproduces or shapes the hierarchical and mutually working professor-student relationships. The findings show that professors tend to employ complex language, academic terminology and more authoritative speech patterns, as they establish themselves as knowledgeable and guide the conversation, and that the students generally speak more simple language and deploy more deferential politeness strategies as learners. Students, however, varied in their agency, especially when graduate students showed more independence by asking the challenging questions and negotiating power dynamics. To create a collaborative learning environment, professors also hedged their authority with hedging questions and open ended questions. The study’s findings seek to further understanding of how language is used to build academic identities and retain professional boundaries in educational contexts. Finally, recommendations for how to be more inclusive and effective in communication through pedagogical strategies are made, as well as suggestions for future research involving comparative studies among other contexts and multimodal discourse analysis in order to better understand the academic interactions.

EXPLORING POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ‘A WALK TO REMEMBER’ MOVIE: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH

The primary objective of this research is to determine the many types of politeness tactics and the prevalent ones in the film "A Walk to Remember". This analysis aims to explore how language variation, social factors, and politeness strategies are represented through the interactions of the main characters, Jamie Sullivan and Landon Carter. Politeness tactics are used to maintain social peace and reduce communication disputes. This study uses Brown and Levinson's (1987) approach to identify several types of politeness techniques. The characters' conversation from the film "A Walk to Remember" was utilized to collect the data. The data for this study were gathered by non-participant observation and note-taking approaches. The data for this investigation were examined using a classified approach. The film screenplay had 4 examples of positive politeness, 4 instances of negative politeness, 4 instances of off-record techniques, and 4 instances of bald-on-record strategies.

The Brutalization of Diplomacy?

Summary It may be that diplomacy is not just meeting with a more difficult international system, but that it is actually under deliberate attack. Diplomatic communication is turning conflictual. More diplomats seem to be declared personæ non gratæ. Multilateral institutions are plunged into deliberate deadlocks. Manipulations of information hollow out the diplomatic debate. Diplomatic processes are set up only to provide cover for the pursuit of military operations. In a nutshell, diplomacy has to put up with a more competitive, transactional, distrustful, fragmented and contested space. While it has been defined as ‘the management of separateness’, it may be faced with actors who are choosing radical separation as a political strategy. To deal with this deliberate ‘brutalization’, diplomacy will need hardened capabilities, but it will also need to reinvest in a number of policy issues on which it will need to perform better.

Disclaiming in the British Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Questions (PMQs) Sessions: A Pragmatic perspective

The study conducts disclaiming, which states that one has no responsibility for or knowledge of something that has occurred. Specifically, this research examines disclaiming language in spontaneous verbal interactions, particularly during Boris Johnson's Prime Minister's Questions sessions. The main goal of the study is to analyze the forms of disclaiming that Boris Johnson employed during these sessions and identifying the most common type. It also explores the pragmatic strategies employed in Boris Johnson's Prime Minister's Questions sessions. The research methodology involves presenting a theoretical overview of disclaimers alongside a comprehensive analysis of the chosen data using qualitative and quantitative methods. The research findings indicate that the representation of disclaimers in Boris Johnson's sessions relies fundamentally on three key types that frequently occur during these sessions. Furthermore, the study also highlights the pragmatic strategies that underpin the use of disclaimers, including speech acts, Grice’s conversational maxims, and politeness strategies. These findings emphasize the complex interplay between pragmatic strategies and the use of disclaiming in verbal interactions and highlight the importance of utilizing disclaiming in political discourse.

POSITIVE POLITENESS IN TMGW PODCAST

This study aims to analyze the types and the factors of using positive politeness strategies in the podcast video. The writer used Brown and Levinson's (1987) theory with qualitative methods in analyzing the data. The data source was taken from a podcast video by Grace Helbig and Mamrie Hart on a YouTube channel. The results of this study show that there are 10 various types of positive politeness strategies such as 6 notice attend to hearer, 4 Intensify interest to H, 2 seek agreement, 1 avoid disagreement, 3 presuppose/ raise/assert command ground, 10 include both S and H in the activity, 1 give or ask reason, 1 give gift to H, 1 Joke to put the hearer at ease, and 1 Assert or presuppose Ss knowledge of and concern for H’s wants. On the other hand, the factors found in the analysis are 16 social distance and 14 Payoff. Based on the results of analyzing the data, the most frequently used in the conversation is to Include both S and H in the activity. It appears 10 times in the conversation. Furthermore, their utterances also are influenced by some factors such as payoff and social distance. From 30 utterances, the writer found social distance is the factor that often occurs in the podcast which appears 16 times.

Revealing the influence of food industry actors in relation to nutritional policies in Belgium

Abstract Unhealthy food is one of the prevailing risk factors of NCDs and cancers, making the food industry a key player in their prevention. However, evidence-based public health policies aimed at reducing consumption of unhealthy food, may threaten industry sales. In response, food industry actors try to influence the development and implementation of these nutritional policies by engaging in corporate political activities (CPA). As part of the Joint Action PreventNCD, the CPA of relevant food industry actors in relation to public health nutritional policies will be assessed. In Belgium, strategies of Fevia, the umbrella organization of the food industry, are examined. This study analyses publicly available information collected from Fevia’s website, social media accounts (i.e. X and LinkedIn), newsletters and newspapers. A thematic qualitative analysis is conducted using established frameworks to categorize both framing and action strategies used by the industry. The categorization of framing strategies reveals how the food industry presents the actors, problems, and solutions. The framework of action strategies categorizes the CPA of the food industry under the following six strategies: information and messaging; financial incentives; constituency building; legal action; policy substitution; opposition fragmentation and destabilization. Preliminary results indicate that the industry often frames itself as ‘the good actor’ and primarily uses strategies such as ‘information and messaging’, ‘constituency building’ and ‘policy substitution’ to influence policies in Belgium in their favor. In the next phase, interviews with stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, politicians,...) will be performed to collect undocumented information. Overall, this research sheds light on the ongoing CPA of the food industry and will increase transparency in their influence on the development and implementation of effective nutritional policies aimed at reducing the burden of NCDs and cancers. Key messages • This study reveals how the umbrella organization of the food industry in Belgium influences public health nutritional policies through various corporate political action and framing strategies. • Identifying these CPA increases awareness of the industry’s influence, but also promotes their transparency and accountability, which is crucial for reliable and effective nutritional policy.

Between Ballots and Bullets: Political Competition, Uncertainty, and MNE Strategies in Politically Challenging Environments

Multinational enterprises encounter political competition in all of the environments in which they operate, whether it manifests as elections between political parties or war between armed factions – that is, ballots and bullets. Yet, the literature on MNE strategies has yet to fully and systematically incorporate political competition and probe the challenges and opportunities that it poses to firms. In my dissertation research, I delve into three distinct contexts – the Democratic Republic of Congo, the United States, and Russia – to explore political competition and the strategies that MNEs develop to navigate these environments, aiming to build a unified theory to drive new IB scholarship and generate valuable insights for managers.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF HOPE AND RECOVERY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR POST-WAR UKRAINE

The aim of this study is to explore the philosophical concepts of hope and recovery in the context of post-war Ukraine, a nation deeply affected by war and striving for reconstruction and the establishment of a new social order. The article integrates various philosophical approaches to the categories of hope and recovery, with a special focus on the ethical dimensions of this process. The research employs the dialectical method (particularly in the analysis of Hegel’s ideas), the hermeneutic approach (Paul Ricoeur), and the phenomenological ethics of responsibility (Emmanuel Levinas). Additionally, concepts of existentialism and utopianism are engaged to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of hope. The key results of the study show that hope emerges not only as an individual spiritual phenomenon but also as a collective driving force fostering societal transformation. Recovery, in turn, is viewed not as mere reconstruction of what was destroyed but as the creation of new social, moral, and political realities. Levinas' and Ricoeur’s ethical concepts allow for a deeper understanding of the moral recovery process through responsibility for the other and forgiveness. The scientific novelty of the article lies in combining different philosophical schools to analyze hope and recovery in a post-war context, particularly by integrating phenomenological ethics of responsibility and hermeneutics of forgiveness into the understanding of Ukraine’s current situation. Theoretical significance lies in expanding the understanding of hope and recovery as central to the philosophical analysis of post-war revival. The practical significance of the research can be applied in developing ethical and political strategies for societal recovery after military conflicts, particularly in the context of national reconciliation and reconstruction of social relationships.

Francis’ Papacy Analyzed from a Historical Perspective A Catholicism for the Twenty-First Century?

In this article I analyze the main innovations of Francis' papacy from the point of view of the history of contemporary Catholicism, both in the field of social doctrine and in the government of the Church. Secondly, I study his political strategies, which I define as “inverted gatopardism.” In my opinion, these strategies have helped Bergoglio control the opposition of traditionalist and conservative sectors, as well as internal tensions.

Politeness Strategies in Teaching English At SMP Advent 2 Medan

This study focused on analyzing the teacher's utterances, namely, there are types of Politeness strategies by Yule's theory (1996), which researchers took to be two strategies, namely positive politeness and negative politeness. This research uses the descriptive-qualitative method by conducting observation and documentation. Based on the results of the analysis applied, researchers found 42 pieces of data from both types, namely positive politeness and negative politeness. Positive politeness: there are 29 data points with a percentage of 69% and negative politeness: there are 13 data points with a percentage of 31%. From the results of this study, the most dominant thing teachers say when teaching is that teachers apply positive politeness. This analysis shows how important politeness strategies are to improving teacher-student interaction. It shows that a balanced approach can help the teaching and learning process be better and students feel motivated.

The Development of Oil and Gas Diplomacy Policy between Timor Leste and Australia in the Timor Sea

Political strategy and future development of Oil and Gas Diplomacy in the Timor Sea from the Countries of Timor Leste and Australia for the development of the oil and gas industry in the interests of the country's economic welfare. The Timor Sea is an area that contains oil and gas (oil and gas) values ​​, such as the Elang-Kakatua Oil Field and the larger Laminaria-Corallina Field, which is localized in the west, the Greater Sunrise Field. Where Bayu Undang is gas worth more than 30 to 50 billion US dollars, it is located closer to the south coast of Timor Leste than oil and gas areas or other islands located in the Timor Sea or in the area of ​​the Timor Leste Sea and Australia, around $ 64.5 Billion from oil and gas production in the Timor Sea, big profits from these oil and gas fields in the future. The aim of the oil and gas diplomacy policy-making held by Timor Leste and Australia is to increase the value of Timor Leste-Australia diplomacy policy in future cooperation in oil and gas diplomacy between the two countries, as well as to explore the strategic factors expected by both countries which will be able to maximize the positive impact of policy development. The future of diplomacy on oil and gas energy sources between the two countries on the Timor Leste-Australia Maritime Border is to maintain national energy security to ensure general prosperity. In this work, the author uses qualitative research methods to collect data that is very relevant and useful to enrich writing and that is worthy of access. Then the results of this writing are used to deepen the future policy of oil and gas diplomacy between the two countries to strengthen diplomatic relations between Timor Leste and Australia, as well as open up opportunities for the political and social-cultural aspects of the two countries which prioritize the concept of a win-win solution from the beginning toward the future.

From the History of Soviet-French Literary Relations in the 1930s: An Unknown Letter from French Writers to A. M. Gorky about V. Serge (Based on Materials from the A. M. Gorky Archive)

The article examines Soviet-French literary contacts in the socio-political aspect on the basis of two unknown and not introduced into scientific circulation letters from the Archive of A.M. Gorky: a letter of five French writers dated June 28, 1932 A.M. Gorky and a letter from V. Serge dated September 28, 1932 to Gorky’s secretary P.P. Kryuchkov. French writers of leftist views (J.-R. Bloch, C. Vildrac, J. Guéhenno, L. Werth, F. Jourdain), who sympathized with the USSR, turned to Gorky with a request to help Serge leave the USSR. A month later, V. Serge himself turned to Kryuchkov with a request to respond to this letter. The son of Narodnaya Volya emigrants, Serge came to Soviet Russia in 1919 to participate in the revolutionary transformations of society and promote the world revolution. Sergeʼs connections with the anti-Stalinist opposition led to persecution by the GPU, two arrests (in 1928 and 1932) and exile to Orenburg for three years (in 1933). Thanks to an international campaign in the French and Belgian press launched by left-wing intellectuals, Serge left the USSR in April 1936. The still unknown first letter in his defense, sent by French writers to Gorky, is the most important evidence of the political strategies of leftist writers of the 1930s, attempts to influence socio-political processes within the leftist movement, as well as attempts to humanize the Stalinist regime.

The Dilemma of Identity Politics Strategy

This article aims to critically highlight the affirmation of identity politics narratives in Indonesia. For this purpose, the text of Ummat Party Chairman Ridho Rahmadi's political speech is used as the object of attention. Points of critical analysis of the New Social Movement (NSM) theory of identity politics are used to highlight Ridho Rahmadi's political speech. Collective identity, including identity politics, is necessary to mobilize social movements. In this case, the expression of identity is used as a political strategy, so that in the end the collective identity can become the goal of social movement activism. However, in the context of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, which is multicultural, multiethnic, multiracial, and multi-religious, does the presence of a political party that clearly excludes itself as a party with Islamic identity by making the mosque a node of political jihad, not threaten national unity? From the perspective of NSM theory, social movement mobilization can indeed be triggered by collective identity-based political movements such as those launched by the Ummat Party. However, the same theory also emphasizes the strategic dilemma of such social movement mobilization, namely that the identity that is the basis for organizing a movement is also the basis for oppression, persecution and exploitation.

Analysis Of Political Communication Ahead Of The 2024 Presidential Election Case Studies On Political Campaigns, Political Propaganda, Public Opinion, Marketing, Political Advertising, And Political Negotiation

The 2024 presidential election is an important moment in the political life of a country. This study aims to analyze the role of various aspects of political communsication in the presidential election, including political campaigns, political propaganda, public opinion, political marketing and advertising, and political negotiations. The research methodology uses a holistic approach with quantitative and qualitative data collection through online surveys, interviews, and media content analysis. Key findings highlight the significance of social media in shaping public opinion and the political communication strategies used by candidates. Practical implications of these findings include recommendations for more effective political campaign strategies and the development of more transparent communication policies.

A milpa isotopic foodweb in Tlaxcallan: More than just maize

Dietary isotope studies in the New World are rife with the presence of “maize-based societies”, yet a singular focus on maize downplays the plant biodiversity that was key to community resilience during times of political or ecological crisis. Maize was a central crop, and it served as an anchor for the ecologically complex and diverse milpa system used across Mesoamerica in the past and present. The milpa system is both a social and ecological arrangement that relies on the interwoven food management system of several different cultivated plants with phases of fallow and/or secondary growth or foraged plants. Focusing on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, this study presents values from a broad range of modern plants traditionally found in milpa contexts, including cacti, wild greens, and fruit trees. By examining the modern plant isotope data through the case study of Tepeticpac, Tlaxcallan—a Late Postclassic site in Central Mexico—this study demonstrates how a milpa-based foodweb allowed Tlaxcallan to adapt during times of potential political conflict. Previous analyses of Tlaxcallan’s resistance to Aztec imperial expansion have focused on political strategies at the state level. This paper argues that analyzing milpa foodwebs demonstrates the importance of household-level economies and ecologies as sites of adaptability during moments of political instability. When analyses expand to include foraged and cultivated foods—what Lopez Corral (2020) calls “subsistence agriculture”—the full breadth and power of the milpa food systems is revealed. As we suggest in this paper, these small-scale food systems worked together with institutional systems to create greater adaptability towards external threats like warfare and economic blockade.

Gender Differences in Request Strategies among Graduate Students

Proficiency in request strategies is key in handling social hierarchies and managing interpersonal communication. It is also essential in reducing misunderstandings and enhancing communication efficiency in both educational and professional settings. This quantitative survey investigated the request strategies employed by graduate students in different hierarchical contexts. The sample population consisted of 100 B.Ed. (Bachelor of Education) major English students from ten campuses affiliated to Tribhuvan University (TU). The sample was selected employing stratified simple random sampling method. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire with nine closed-ended questions in the year 2081 BS. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics technique of quantitative data analysis. The result revealed distinct patterns in request strategies when addressing individuals of varying ranks. In higher-to-lower rank scenarios, male respondents predominantly used mood derivable strategies, while females showed a preference for performatives and hedge performatives. For equal-to-equal rank situations, males favored direct mood derivable strategies, while females used a more varied approach with higher incidences of indirect strategies. In lower-to-higher rank contexts, males again showed a preference for direct approaches, whereas females exhibited a higher use of indirect and polite strategies. These findings highlight significant gender-based differences in communication strategies which emphasize the need for personalized approaches in educational and professional settings.