Polish Period Research Articles

The Polish Press on the International Position of the Second Republic from the Munich Conference of 1938 to the September Campaign of 1939. Status and Prospects for Research

The aim of this article is to analyze the state of research on the portrayal of the international position of the Second Republic in the period from the Munich Conference in 1938 to the outbreak of the Second World War in the Polish press. Despite the plethora of literature on the press of the interwar period in Poland, there are few references to the content of the media published during the aforementioned period. Authors synthesized the press of the Second Republic most often focusing on the analysis of periodicals according to the political criterion and on statistics concerning their quantitative development. However, in the literature one can find references to the content of the media that commented on the international position of the Second Republic in the period 1938–1939. The authors focused on the circumstances of the Munich Agreement in September 1938 and its consequences also for Poland. They also leaned on the echoes of the outbreak of the Second World War on the pages of Polish periodicals. It is therefore worth formulating as a postulate for further research the view that there is still a lack of studies that would present the international situation of Poland between the Munich conference and the end of the September campaign in the pages of the national press to a broader extent.

Analysis of anthropogenic transformation of the hydrographic network in the northern part of Lviv according to cartographic sources

The emergence of new and densification of existing urban spaces in Lviv leads to anthropogenic transformation of the hydrographic network. The purpose of the study was to analyse the degree of transformation of water objects in the northern part of the city based on cartographic sources. The study covered the northern part of Lviv, the town of Dublyany, the villages of Malekhiv, Velyki Hrybovychi, Zbyranka and Murovane. The study of water bodies was carried out with topographic maps of the scale range from 1:25,000 to 1:100,000, which made it possible to cover a time period of more than 240 years. Clear trends to decrease the length of open channels, the number of tributaries and the water content of the Holoskivskyy, Zboivskyy and Malekhivskyy streams, which is due to both natural and anthropogenic factors had been marked. The length of the natural channel of the Holoskivskyy stream decreased from 4.7 to 0.9 km, the Zboivskyy stream ‒ from 5.2 to 3.2 km, and the Malekhivskyy stream ‒ from 7.9 to 5.3 km. The largest number of ponds (15 units; 10.3 hectares) on streams was found in the second half of the 18th century. Subsequently, a decrease in both the number and area of ponds was observed. The lowest figures fall on the interwar Polish period, when only four ponds with a total area of 2.5 hectares were recorded. During the Soviet period, the number and area of ponds increased slightly (9 units; 4.6 hectares) and reached the level that existed in the second half of the 19th century. There were 14 water mills operating on most of the ponds of that time located in the villages of Holosko Velyke, Zamarstyniv, Zboyishcha and Malekhiv. After that, the number of mills steadily decreased: at the beginning of the 19th century ‒ nine; in the second half of the 19th century ‒ seven; in the interwar period – five. After the World War II, the operation of all water mills was stopped. The conducted analysis of the degree of transformation of the hydrographic network is aimed at correcting the development plan of the northern part of the city and implementing the environmental management system

Przekład w służbie studiów literackich: Waleria Marrené-Morżkowska

The paper presents the activity of Waleria Marrené-Morżkowska as that typical of women who aspired to be present in literary circles at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. She was a novelist, publicist, literary critic and women’s activist who also devoted herself to translation. She translated from English, French, Italian and German, bringing to the Polish reader’s market some authors who were important but not yet widely known. She published several hundred papers on literary subjects in the most important Polish periodicals. She herself attempted to create a women’s magazine and to build a network of female authors around it. By presenting some facts from her biography and analysing her critical and literary works, we try to show the connection between her translations and her literary studies and the poetics she adhered to. This allows us to define Morżkowska as a a cultural transmitter who promoted foreign literatures through translations and journalism, who was characterised by her knowledge of recent European literature, her progressive mindset, her tolerance and independence of judgement, and who paid a great deal of attention to the social and cultural situation of women.

Українсько-польський культурний діалог театральних практик в українській спеціалізованій періодиці 2014–2023 років

Background. Cultural and artistic international relations remain a highly relevant research area in current globalization processes, especially the threatening political redistribution of spheres of influence by antagonist states. Cultural dialogue, including the "soft power" of cultural diplomacy, is a crucial communicative tool for mutual understanding. Theater arts hold a special place in this process. The article aims to explore the specifics of cultural and artistic dialogue development between Ukrainian and Polish theaters via the analysis of Ukrainian specialized periodicals from 2014 to 2023. The related task is to define the degree of scientific elaboration of the problem. This research continues the problem's scientific exploration presented in the article "Cultural and Artistic Dialogue of Ukrainian Theaters on the Pages of Polish Periodicals at the Beginning of the 21st Century." Methods. To confirm the working hypothesis methods of observation, analysis, comparison, and experiment were used; the study is based on the axiological, informational, systematic, historical approaches. Results. The article presents the conducted analysis of the publications (dated from 2014 to 2023) dedicated to Ukrainian-Polish cultural relations in Ukrainian printed and electronic theater studies editions, mainly in journals such as "Ukrainian Theater," "Proscenium," and "Cinema-Theater." Conclusions. Analysis indicates the intensity of creative communications between theater groups of both countries, and interest in international contacts at national, institutional, and personal levels. The qualitative data obtained are significant for interdisciplinary research in cultural studies, and practical cultural diplomacy. It also will be useful for cultural anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists, journalists, art critics, and theater critics.

Effect of air abrasive polishing on nickel release, stainless steel corrosion, and nickel-titanium archwires.

Orthodontic treatment is becoming more and more popular. However, using fixed orthodontic devices for treatment affects oral hygiene and raises the risk of corrosion, plaque-related illnesses, and dental discoloration-related issues. Air abrasive polishing has a superior effect over the conventional method in removing dental deposits. Using fixed orthodontic appliances affects oral hygiene and raises the risk of diseases caused by plaque, tooth discoloration, and corrosion, as well as corrosion by ions. This study evaluated the impact of air polishing on nickel ion release and corrosion from stainless steel, nickel-titanium, coated stainless steel, and coated nickel-titanium. A total of 288 (stainless steel, coated stainless-steel, nickel-titanium, and coated nickel-titanium rectangular archwires) of one brand were subjected to varying air abrasion polishing times (5, 10, and 20 seconds). Then, they were submerged in artificial saliva with a pH of 6.75 and incubated for 28 days at 37 °C. The release of nickel ions (Ni2+) was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at 7, 14, and 28 days to estimate the cumulative effect. The corrosion of the test-selected samples and surface alterations was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Prolonged polishing significantly increased Ni2+ release and corrosion. Archwires made of coated stainless steel exhibited the least amount of Ni2+ release. The air polishing process increased the Ni2+ release at a subtoxic level and could be used on adult patients with long gaps between visits with a polishing period of 5 seconds.

Starodruki w księgozbiorze parafii św. Jana Chrzciciela w Bychawie

Although the parish of St John the Baptist in Bychawa is one of the oldest in the Lublin diocese, because its origins date back at least to the beginning of the 14th century, its library in the Old Polish period was very modest. This was caused by the following unfavourable historical conditions: the takeover of the church by Calvinists in the 16th century, difficulties with the restoration of the seized property, Cossack invasions, etc. For these reasons, until the end of the 17th century, the parish owned only necessary liturgical books, with the possible exception of those that had been donated by the parish priest Sebastian Piatkowski to his nephew as payment for his care in the 1930s; however, we have no detailed information about them. It was not until the 18th century that the book collection was enriched with non-liturgical books. These mainly included collections of sermons by Polish or foreign authors, maxims and prayer books, all serving pastoral work. Many of these books cannot be identified due to the general descriptions left by parish inspectors or damage to the codices. Most of the early printed books preserved to this day were possessed by private individuals, and a large number of them came from the libraries of monasteries liquidated after 1863. There are 29 of them, all basically in need of conservation.

Censorship of the Polish Periodical Press in Vilnius in the Years 1905–1914

The article is devoted to the policy of censorship in Lithuania after the Manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 17 October 1905 in order to find out those ideas, thoughts, and opinions that the authorities of the Russian Empire sought to exclude from the communication process. The main object of the research is the Polish periodical press (newspapers, magazines, continuous, and one-off publications) published in Vilnius in 1905-1914. With the help of a comparative perspective, we will try to answer the question of whether the censorship of the Polish periodicals was subject to the same policy as other publications, whether there were peculiarities, or whether these periodicals were addressed more strictly. The main source of the research is the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the Temporary Committee on Press Affairs in Vilnius that have not been used in previous research.

Klejnoty i odzież w świetle kobiecych testamentów szlacheckich z terenu Wielkopolski (XVII wiek)

During the Old Polish period, wills of the nobility were made to transfer property to the beneficiary heirs, revealing evident family relationships. The testators frequently included the record regarding movable possessions, e. g., such as jewels and clothing. The wills of noblewomen show that women had movable assets intended for children, grandchildren, husbands, or siblings. The jewels and clothing mentioned in the records to testified their financial standing. Among the most commonly traded precious items are gold and silver, including chains, pearls, rings, bracelets, and earrings. The wills included various types of outerwear such as coats, cloaks, yupkas, and undergarments such as dresses, skirts and alamodes. Headgear, including caps, hems, and clasps, were also often mentioned in testaments. The testators also had clothing accessories, such as belts, dress sleeves, aprons, cottons, and silver or gilded buttons.

Pogranicze w ogniu (1992–1993) von Andrzej Konic, eine historische Fernsehserie als Kulturtext oder als Versuch, den „heiligen Krieg“ in der polnisch-deutschen Geschichte der Jahre 1917–1939 zu rekonstruieren

This article attempts to present the television series as a distinctive text which can persuasively and therefore effectively appeal to contemporary viewers, providing them with an insight into the events of a predefined period of Polish and German history, arousing certain emotions and thoughts or, in a general sense, even making them reflect on the history of both nations. With its attractive storyline based on, among other things, the dramaturgy of the presented events, this type of series can be perceived, to some extent, to be part of contemporary historical narration.

In memoriam Professoris Lech Marian Mokrzecki (1935–2021)

The article presents Professor Lech Mokrzecki who passed away in July 2021 and was an outstanding expert in the history of education, science and culture of the Old Polish period, a researcher of the history of science in Gdansk in the 16th–18th centuries, the intellectual and artistic culture of Royal Prussia and the early maritime knowledge in former Poland, as well as a researcher of the pre- partition history of historiography and the early history teaching in Poland and other European countries. The authors present his educational and professional path, with special emphasis placed on academic activity and the related achievements. The text also incorporates the Professor’s remarks; as a result, the readers can better understand his approach to the duties of an academic as a researcher, promoter, and a reviewer of the achievements of others.

Verbification of Feminine Forms of Adjectives Można ‘Posible ’, Niemożna ‘Imposible ’ and Niepodobna ‘Imposible ’ – Corpus -Based Aproach

Abstract The article is devoted to the process taking place in the Middle Polish period, which led to the transformation of nominative, singular, feminine forms of three adjectives (można ‘possible’, niemożna ‘impossible’ and niepodobna ‘impossible’) into verbal lexemes (the so-called predicatives). In this respect, the predicative uses of these forms in the texts collected in the Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts (up to 1772) were investigated. The progressive verbification of adjectival forms was considered to be indicated by three changes in the constructions where these forms played the role of a predicate: supersession of connections with feminine verb forms by connections with neuter forms, limiting the connections with verbs to the auxiliary verb być ‘to be’, and disappearance of connections with the personal form of the verb być in the present tense. The research results show that both forms acquired the two most important features characteristic for predicatives during the 17th century. The third of the analysed properties characterizes the form można/niemożna from the second half of the 19th century, and the process of its acquisition by the form niepodobna has not ended yet.

A new polishing method for complex structural parts: Moist particle electrolyte electrochemical mechanical polishing (MPE-ECMP)

The improvement of the surface quality of complex structural parts is a major challenge. Electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECMP) plays an important role in the polishing of wafers due to its high material removal rate. However, electrochemical mechanical polishing of the surface of complex structures, such as the bevels of turbine blades, has been little investigated. This paper proposes a new method, moist particle electrolyte electrochemical mechanical polishing (MPE-ECMP), for polishing the surfaces of complex structural parts. Using a sulfonated cation exchange resin as a moist particle electrolyte (MPE), polarization curves are measured using linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) and a selected potential of 1.0 V vs. Hg|Hg2SO4 over a 1 h polishing period. The elemental changes on the copper surface are examined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and those on the MPE surface are studied using X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) to explain the material removal mechanism. The results show that the surface roughness of copper is reduced from the initial Sa = 433.48 nm to Sa = 21.83 nm, a reduction of 95.0%, that no copper oxides are generated during the MPE-ECMP process and that the MPE adsorbs released Cu2+. It is demonstrated that MPE-ECMP has good surface finishing properties for beveled surfaces, and provides an effective approach for surface polishing of complex structural parts.

The rise of the WZIĄĆ (TAKE) Serial Verb Construction in Polish

The present study is dedicated to the emergence of an asymmetrical serial verb construction (SVC) with the verb wziąć in Polish. By making use of a dynamic prototype-driven approach to linguistic categorization and by reviewing the historical corpora that range from the first Old Polish texts in the 14th c. until the end of the New Polish period in 1939, the authors conclude that the wziąć SVC has resulted from the fusion of the original conjunctively coordinated (CC) clauses. Although two types of clause-fusion mechanisms have operated during the grammaticalization of the wziąć SVCs, their contribution to this process has been dissimilar. The evolution from the syndetic CC with the coordinator i to the wziąć SVC via a pseudo-coordinated (PC) stage (i.e., the wziąć-i PC) has constituted a faster and stronger drift, while the more direct evolution originating in the asyndetic CC with wziąć has been slower and less pervasive.

The Image of Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish Periodicals of 1815–1830 in the Context of the Official Culture of the Congress Kingdom of Poland

The Image of Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish Periodicals of 1815–1830 in the Context of the Official Culture of the Congress Kingdom of Poland

Dawne epidemie w świetle nazw mór, morowe powietrze i pochodnych – doba staro- i średniopolska

The article is devoted to the understanding of epidemics in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods in the light of the terms mór and morowe powietrze ‘plague’. It is divided into three parts: naming, understanding, and evaluation. The first part analyzes the occurrence of the lexemes mór and morowy, as well as their derivatives in Old Polish and Middle Polish texts, with particular emphasis on their connectivity. The second part attempts to reconstruct the understanding of epidemics by the speakers of the language at the time. The analysis has shown that an epidemic called with the lexemes mór, morowe powietrze is primarily seen in two ways: as God’s punishment for sins and as a catastrophe, especially a natural disaster. Its perception is strongly influenced by the Christian worldview and anchored in the biblical tradition. The third part, devoted to the evaluation of epidemics, indicates the linguistic means by which negative evaluation was expressed in texts, including its use in comparisons and metaphors characterized axiologically.

Thematic structure of the verbal borrowings going out of use in the New Polish period

The subject matter of this paper is the thematic structure of the verbal borrowings going out of use in the New Polish period. An extensive material (of 760 positions) was collected based on SJPD (Doroszewski’s Dictionary of Polish) and encompasses lexical units designated with chronological labels. The foreign origin of the words was verifi ed in dictionaries of foreign words. The text presents the quantitative and qualitative arrangement of lexical and semantic fi elds. The research has shown that nearly a half of the analysed material, i.e. the borrowed verbs going out of use, belonged to the fi eld «human being in a society», and primarily to the following sub-fi elds: ‹interpersonal relationships› and ‹social relationships›.

Rzeczownikowe formacje z pół- w ujęciu historycznym (na materiale słownikowym)

NOMINAL FORMATIONS WITH PÓŁ- IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (BASED ON LEXICAL MATERIAL) This article is dedicated to derivatives with the pół- unit that appears in general Polish. Such derivatives have already been the subject of researchers of Polish. In this text the author focused on two aspects: the morphological status of those derivatives and their historical development from the eldest times (the Old Polish period) until now. Contrary to appearances, not all derivatives with pół- are compounds. The analysis of their lexical and word-formation meanings leads one to the conclusion that many of them are simple derivatives in which the meaning of the pół- unit is far from the basic meaning, which is why it should be treated as a unit with the function of a prefix formant. Those formant meanings of pół- are of modification (more often) or mutation (more rarely) nature. The historical development of those derivatives is presented on the basis of lexical material. The derivatives have been functioning since the Old Polish times, but they have been changing both in terms of quality and quantity. SStp includes only 37 formations with pół-, but more and more of them appeared in later centuries. The highest increase in their number is noted in SW (almost a half of a thousand derivatives), after which their number has decreased (in SWJP there are 121 of them). Until now this has been a living and productive word-formation type. Three most important kinds of those formations have been distinguished in the historical perspective: 1) compounds with pół- meaning ‘a half’, which are relatively numerous and stable throughout the whole developmental period; 2) small categories (e.g. ‘one of two’, ‘the middle’, ‘a kind’), which are created by a small number of derivatives, but constitute their stem in that they are static in terms of quantity; 3) large and, at the same time, static categories, which are changing over time, i.e. they either significantly grow in number (‘not really’) or significantly decrease the number (‘a half with reference to measurements’ and exocentric compounds).

Patient Funds and Their Legal Status Through the Prism of the Historical Experience of the Precarpathian Region (1919–1939)

Based on archival, published historical documents, as well as other available information sources, the peculiarities of the legal status of patient funds that had been operated in the Precarpathian region during the Polish period in 1919–1939 years (the ІІ Republic of Poland, in polish II Rzeczpospolita Polska), were discussed in light of a prototypical health insurance system.
 It was found that modern domestic experience, although small, shows that the peculiarities of the legal status of patient funds, which operated in the Precrpathian region during the Polish period in 1919–1939 as a prototype of health insurance, have the potential to use positive historical experience and understanding of the problem of state regulation of medical activities.
 It is established that the legal status of patient funds, ie their position in the legal reality, is reflected in the constituent documents, and, particularly, in the main of them – in the statute of these organizations. The analysis of these documents allows determining the features of the regulation of their activities in relation with society and the state, the set of rights and responsibilities of both the organization in general and its members in particular.
 The vision of the present through a kind of prism of the past contributes to a better understanding of management processes and decisions, helps to understand the inner life of a certain historical period with all its manifestations and ideas, and helps to better understand modern state policy to build an effective system of health care in general and health insurance in particular.

SECONDARY NOMINATION AS A WAY OF CREATING POLISH LINGUISTICAL TERMINOLOGY

The aim of this article is to consider the process of secondary nomination in Polish linguistic terminology of Middle Polish (ХVI cen. — 80-th. XVIII cent.) and New Polish (80-th. XVIII cen. — begin. ХХ c.) periods, when did its originate and form. The objects of study are term units, which designate conceptions in the sphere of linguistics, which is fixed in lexicographical and methodological literature of Middle Polish and New Polish periods. The subjects of research are notable secondary nominations as universal dynamic term creative process in the system of linguistic terminology of the Polish language. Common science and special linguistic methods are used in the article. Thanks to induction and deduction, analysis, and synthesis we managed to make a theoretical conclusion systematization of fixed linguistic material. Describing and comparative methods are used for the explanation of the semantic construction of special lexemes, their origin, and functioning. Componential analysis is used for finding common components of term units meaning, which were created using secondary nomination. During the research, we got to the conclusion, that the most productive type of secondary nomination was terminologization. Among terminologizated lexemes, we isolate the names of grammatical categories, which formed the core of researched terminology and helped to form derivative nominations. The process of secondary nomination comes forward as a result of the development of a linguistical term system in the Polish language, caused by the realization of cognitive function of the language, generalization of science experience, and deepening of existing knowledge about linguistic notions. The perspective of the research are in comparative studying of semantic processes in linguistic terminologies of Polish and other Slavic languages.

Relations of Poor Clare Order of Stary Sącz with the Parish of St. Lawrence in Biegonice from the 13th to the 18th century

The article discusses the relations of the Order of Poor Clare in Stary Sącz with the Parish of St. Lawrence in Nowy Sącz-Biegonice founded by Saint Kinga of Poland, the abbess of the Order. The Parish of St. Lawrence is currently the oldest parish in the city. The relations were of legal, economic, ministerial and personal nature. The Order was in possesssion of a wealthy farm (grange, manor) in the village of Biegonice until the Austrian times. Moreover, during the Old Polish period, the Order - represented by abbesses - had the right of patronage (jus patronatus), involving financial maintenance of the parochial church as well as the privilage of the appointment of the parish priest. In turn, parish priests were the confessors for the nuns of the Order. The discussed issues are a solid illustration of various social, legal and economic phenomena in the Old Polish period.