Polish Words Research Articles

L’interculturel en classe de langue — analyse de corpus pour l’étude de différences et de ressemblances sémantiques du terme politesse en français et en polonais

This paper investigates an attempt to apply a corpus analysis to the development of the intercultural approach to foreign language teaching through the semantic analysis of cultural keywords. Our analysis will specifically include the process of discovering the meaning of the three words: French politesse and its Polish equivalents — grzeczność and uprzejmość through their collocations collected in French and Polish corpora. As a result, firstly, we came up with a conclusion that the French word politesse is characterized by more positive semantic prosody than its Polish equivalents. Secondly, politesse appears more frequently in coordinate collocations with nouns conveying aesthetical meaning, whereas the Polish word uprzejmość is more frequently used with nouns designating ethical features. The principles of our methodology or some data used in our research can inspire the introduction of an inductive lexical approach in foreign language teaching to facilitate the conceptualization of complex cultural notions, which is the essential of the intercultural teaching.

Długość przeciętnego polskiego wyrazu w tekstach pisanych w świetle analizy korpusowej

W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie: Jak długi jest przeciętny polski wyraz? W tym celu w trakcie dwóch badań przeanalizowano 90 próbek tekstów zaczerpniętych z Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego zawierających po 1000 słów W czasie badań kontrolowano średnią liczbę znaków w każdej próbce, jak również medianę liczby znaków na wyraz. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na określenie długości przeciętnego polskiego wyrazu (PW), która wynosi 6 znaków. Przeliczono też liczbę znaków we wszystkich próbkach i ujęto ją za pomocą PW, porównując długość tekstu wyrażoną słowami faktycznymi i przeciętnymi. Zastosowane procedury statystyczne umożliwiły odrzucenie hipotezy zerowej o braku różnicy między użyciem wyrazów konkretnych, a PW jako miary długości tekstu. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono możliwe zastosowania tego modelu dla celów (glotto)dydaktycznych.

False friends or real friends? False cognates show advantage in word form learning

We explored the acquisition of three types of second language (L2) words in a paired–associates learning task. Seventy–six Polish participants were presented with 24 nonwords paired with pictures; they completed 8 interleaving test blocks of form production and meaning recognition, both followed by feedback. The nonwords included “cognates” (nonwords resembling the Polish word for the object depicted in a given picture), “false cognates” (resembling a different Polish word than depicted), and “non–cognates” (nonwords different from Polish words). We measured the learning trajectories for all word types across the blocks. Cognates were fastest to learn in the recognition blocks as well as in the production blocks. Compared to non–cognates, false cognates were learned equally fast in the recognition blocks, but faster in the production blocks. This suggests the learning of false cognates benefits from the overlap in L1–L2 form and is not harmed by L1 interference, while the learning of cognates benefits from both form overlap and conceptual overlap. The study is unique as it examines how learners acquire both the form of new words, and the link between the L2 forms and their meanings. It also explores the dynamics of the learning process.

How do high trait anger people feel about rewards high and low in arousal? Disentangling the association between trait anger and subjective pleasantness of rewards

The primary goal of the present research was to investigate the association between trait anger and subjective pleasantness of rewards that differed in terms of evoked arousal. In the first study (n = 124), we assessed trait anger and liking rewarding cues related to either a high- or a low-arousal emotional response. To this end, we used Polish words from the Nencki Affective Word List classified as representative for happiness. In study 2 (n = 224), we extended this analysis by assessing individual differences in approach motivation and hedonism. The former was assessed with the BIS/BAS scales while the latter was measured with the Present Hedonism subscale from the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The results revealed that trait anger was positively related to liking rewards, and this relation was more pronounced for high-arousal stimuli. Moreover, reward responsiveness (BIS/BAS subscale) mediated the association between trait anger and liking both high- and low-arousal rewarding cues, while the role of hedonism was significant for liking high-arousal stimuli. The obtained findings demonstrate that in case of high trait anger individuals, the intensity of pleasant feelings associated with the reward might be a function of the arousal evoked by the reward.

TENDERNESS: GENERAL COMMITMENTS OF LITERARY TRANSLATION

AbstractInspired by the Nobel Lecture of the 2018 Laureate in Literature, the Polish novelist Olga Tokarczuk,the paper discusses the keynote notion of Tokarczuk's text, rendered by the Polish word czułość, as a complexof principles that jointly constitute the commitment of the translator. The author claims that the tender translatorshould work on the premise that in translation "foreignness" is taken to imply difference, without implyinglack of understanding or empathy.RésuméThe paper, inspired by the Nobel Lecture delivered by last year's laureate, the Polish novelist OlgaTokarczuk, is an attempt to adapt the key notion of the lecture to the position and role of the translator.The title of Tokarczuk's speech is Czuły narrator – 'The tender translator', which means much morethan the English tenderness, which Tokarczuk's translators used as the translation equivalent.The paper argues that the many meanings of the Polish word, when taken together, describe whatare the translator's commitments. Contemporary translation theories focus upon translation seenas a process rather than a final product. It is precisely the process-sensitive analysis that makesit possible to reveal the competencies of the tender translator. Crucially, when translating texts produced by 'the other', they should be sensitive to the fundamental distinction between 'otherness'and 'foreignness'. While the former calls for understanding, the latter does not imply the wishto overcome the barriers – historical, political, social or cultural.In his/her search for meanings, the tender translator should be aware that all translationmeans interpretation, and that all interpretation is subjective by definition. The paper claims thata significant contribution to translation studies could come from philosophical hermeneutics,especially the theory of translation-as-interpretation as presented by the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer.While translation studies focus upon cultural sensitivity of individual culturemes, the paperargues – in agreement with cognitive theories of language – that cultural values are encoded in andtransferred by grammatical structures. It claims that some grammatical items, traditionally classifiedby grammarians as 'optional', do in fact carry meanings that only the tender attitude makes it possibleto fully grasp. Two illustrations of this point are provided: the use of proximal and distal deicticpronouns (tu and tam) to imply emotional distance of the speaker, and the singular dative reflexivepronoun sobie used as an artistic device to render psychological experiences of characters in a theatreplay. In conclusion, the author claims that the competence of the tender translator requires that theystrive to reunite what is familiar with the non-hostile strangeness of the other.

NIE TYLKO PIES – O KILKU ANIMALISTYCZNYCH NAZWACH FUNKCJONARIUSZY SŁUŻB WIĘZIENNYCH W HISTORII POLSKIEGO SOCJOLEKTU PRZESTĘPCZEGO

Abstract The article deals with the history of the Polish words with primary meanings ‘animal’ and analyzes different views on their origin. The article describes the phenomenon of zoosemic semantic changes in Polish prison slang from the late 19th and early 20th century. Several animal-specific nouns functioning as synonyms for jailer (prison ward) are presented. Sources of individual names are indicated and it is given a description of semantic changes which took place under the influence of foreign languages.

Słownictwo geograficzne

The beginnings of the Polish geographical terminology are associated with the birth of modern science. Its further development is a response to the increasing communication needs in the fi eld of geography. In the initial phase, the fundamental base of geographical vocabulary is resources of the general language. The progressing specialisation of scientifi c research requires the application of an increasing number of precise terms. Geographical terms have been coined in accordance with the general rules characteristic of special lexis. The resource includes: foreign quotations, borrowings with various degrees of assimilation, new Polish words and multi-word units coined with the use of common nomination mechanisms. Geography is a fi eld that is closely related to other sciences, and hence it is characterised by a large number of terms that are common to fi elds such as astronomy and geology.

Krótka historia ‘czytania’ (cz. I): Protoforma i ścieżki derywacji

Presented paper deals with a problem of history and etymology of Polish word czytac ‘to read’. Author discusses two questions: reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root for Polish (and in generally Slavic) word with potential initial * s -, and grammatical relations between basis ( czyśc ) and derivative ( czytac ) with comparison to similar couples ( present – iterative ) in various languages. This paper is a first part of a row made of three connected articles, and due to its introductory character it also gives some preliminary comments and organizing remarks to the series of texts as a whole.

O pewnym typie haseł w XVI-wiecznych słownikach Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy

The article presents one of the types of the Polish entries in the 16th century Latin-Polish dictionaries by Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz, i.e. the Polish words and word combinations included in these lexicons more than once. One can distinguish 4 major types of the recurring Polish entries: 1) entries occurring simultaneously in the dictionary of 1532 and of 1544; 2) entries recurring in the major parts of the dictionaries and in the enclosed thematic dictionaries, 3) entries recurring on the same sheet of the dictionary (recto side and verso side), 4) entries recurring on the same page of the dictionary. The recurrences of the Polish entries have various reasons, including the dictionary structures, using a variety of sources, a long period of time over which the dictionaries were created and Bartholomew’s mistakes.

Trade Marks with a Reputation in Polish Law – an Opinion on the Polish Supreme Court Case OMEGA

Abstract Wider protection of reputable trade marks is the result of many efforts undertaken by their owners, including those related to large financial outlays. In Poland, trade marks with a reputation are those which are for the most part associated with the positive reception of such a sign. This aspect is due to the meaning of the Polish word ‘renoma’ (reputation), which means a very good opinion about someone or something. The protection of such signs also extends to the protection guaranteed by the Act on Combating Unfair Competition1 (hereinafter ACUC). This paper discusses the ruling of the Polish Supreme Court regarding the protection of the OMEGA trade mark.2 In this ruling the Supreme Court annulled the judgement of Court of Appeal in the OMEGA case. These considerations should be divided into two parts. The first will include a discussion on the scope of a way to compare trade marks and internet domains proposed by the Court of Appeal and confirmed in most doctrines. In the second part, it will be necessary to refer to the guidelines which the Supreme Court pointed out in its justification of the judgment, covering the comparison of trade marks under the ACUC. In this respect, views of doctrine and jurisprudence will be presented. This paper also proposes a possible position which might be taken by the Court of Appeal when re-examining the OMEGA case after the annulment.

Słowo „szerować” i jego stabilność ekspresywna

The Polish word szerować and its expressive stabilityThe purpose of this article is to evaluate the expressive and emotional characteristics of the word szerować, in the meaning “share something on social media”. In the first part of the paper, I analyze the situational context related to Internet and corporate communication. Next, I look at the etymology of the word, dictionary and contextual meanings of the lexeme based on analysis of the content of electronic dictionaries. I also present the results of a survey which was conducted for the purposes of this article. Finally, I will verify its word-formation structure, determine the values in the word and assign basic emotions to it.

Stable word combinations сomprehensive dictionary as a source base for translation lexicographical works

In Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish lexicographical work, all the preconditions for organizing a comprehensive stable word combinations dictionary have been formed. The these works registers in each Slavic linguistic school will have to be formed by various units of different types, which are characterized by the semantic integrity. First of all, it is planned to include word equivalents, phraseological units, terminological combinations, proverbs, sayings. The formed dictionaries will reflect the language processes dynamics because a significant part of their register units have a transitional status of existence, as a result of which this work will be useful for theoretical linguistics. However, first of all, the need of compiling this dictionary is caused by practical activities. In Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish basic monolingual dictionaries stable word combinations are presented quite fully, but the approaches to their organization are mostly understandable only to specialists. Users of these works have significant difficulties in finding any stable combination. This activity is somewhat facilitated by specialized dictionaries of various units, but even in this case, the user requires some linguistic training. Being organized according to a certain concept, a stable combinations comprehensive dictionary will greatly facilitate the user's search, especially translation activities, which are greatly complicated by the lack of dictionary registers for differently formed units. This is true for the translation from one Slavic language to another, as well as similar actions in the field of Slavic-Germanic and, of course, Slavic-Romance languages etc. In the proposed work it is proved that the compiled complex stable word combinations dictionaries in each separate Slavic language will become an important source for improvement of already created paper and on-line translation dictionaries.

ПОЛОНІЗМИ В «МАТЕРІАЛАХ ДО СЛОВНИКА ПИСЕМНОЇ ТА КНИЖНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ XV–XVIII СТ.» Є. ТИМЧЕНКА

The article, which is based on the first historical scientifically compiled dictionary of the Ukrainian language «Materials to the dictionary of written and literary Ukrainian language of the XV–XVIII centuries» by Yevhen Tymchenko, provides a brief overview of the lexical composition with the identification of the XVI–XVII centuries Old Ukrainian language words borrowed from the Polish language. For this purpose, lexical-thematic groups (human existence, spiritual life, the realities of the environment etc.) and lexical-semantic groups (educational, world of flora and fauna, nomenclature of clothing, footwear, jewelry and fabrics, architecture, customs etc.) of borrowed Polish words have been distinguished and the quantitative composition of each group have been evaluated. The contexts in which the specified vocabulary functions have been provided. The fact that noted borrowed Polish words do not dominate in all lexical-thematic groups, though they are a constituent of each, has been revealed. The examples of contexts of the texts that serve as a source of reference for the study and fixation of borrowing by linguistic researchers, including Polonisms, in the Ukrainian language are given. Synonymous and antonymous groups, derivational nests, constant expressions and phraseologisms, in which the given borrowed Polish words occur, have been provided. It is defined, that multi-valued Polonisms can function within the same lexical-semantic group or belong to different groups. The list of researchers who dealt with the study of borrowed Polish words in the Ukrainian language has been given. Considering historical contacts, both social and cultural affinity and geographical neighborhood of Ukrainian and Polish peoples, the time period of intensive entry of borrowed Polish words into the Ukrainian language has been determined.

О семантических различиях между польскими и русскими лексическими единицами, происходящими из одного источника (lekcja vs лекция: к вопросу о культурной специфичности)

Semantic differences between Polish and Russian lexical units originating from the same source (lekcja vs lektsiya on cultural specificity)The paper deals with the Polish word lekcja and the Russia ...

Przygotowanie materiałów do nauczania szyku w dydaktyce języka polskiego jako obcego: o problemach metodologicznych i praktycznych raz jeszcze

Artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji nad rolą i kształtem procesu nauczania szyku w glottodydaktyce polonistycznej. Zawarte w nim uwagi inspirowane są pracą nad przygotowywanym podręcznikiem do nauczania szyku polszczyzny skierowanym do obcokrajowców. Część pierwsza przedstawia wybrane problemy metodologiczne i praktyczne dotyczące m.in. powiązania porządku linearnego z mówioną i pisaną odmianą języka, metajęzyka używanego w nauczaniu szyku, a także trudności z interpretowaniem poszczególnych układów linearnych jako poprawnych lub nieakceptowalnych, neutralnych lub stylistycznie nacechowanych. Podkreślono też rolę interferencji w procesie powstawania i interpretacji błędów szyku popełnianych przez obcokrajowców. Część druga odnosi się w sposób systematyczny do kwestii wymienionych wcześniej i przedstawia proponowane przez nas praktyczne rozwiązania poszczególnych problemów, możliwe do zastosowania w procesie dydaktycznym.

Zwierzenia w internecie – nowy gatunek mowy?

Cel: Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie, czym różnią się zwierzenia internetowe od zwierzeń tradycyjnych, czyli tych mających cechy semantyczne podawane przez semantyków i leksykografów (por. Dąbkowska, 2019). I czy te różnice są na tyle znaczące, żeby uznać zwierzenia internetowe za odrębny gatunek mowy, czy tylko za alternacyjną odmianę gatunkową, którą jednak można traktować jako – możliwy ze względu na nowe medium – wariant wzorca kanonicznego, rodzaj modyfikacji zwierzenia tradycyjnego. Metody badań: Do wniosków będą prowadzić analizy cech strukturalnych (kompozycyjnych), treściowych, stylistycznych oraz pragmatycznych właściwych zwierzeniu ujmowanemu jako gatunek mowy. Za punkt wyjścia przyjęto założenie, że zwierzenie jest gatunkiem mowy, którego specyfikę można objaśnić, wykorzystując procedury semantyczne – przez zbadanie znaczenia polskich wyrazów nazywających omawiany gatunek mowy (zwierzać się / zwierzyć się i zwierzenie). Do tego celu zostaną wykorzystane definicje znaczeniowe zawarte we współczesnych słownikach języka polskiego, słownikach synonimów oraz w pracach językoznawczych poświęconych czasownikom mówienia. Wyniki i wnioski: Zwierzenia internetowe można potraktować jako wariant gatunku znanego od dawna, jednak wypowiedzi go reprezentujące mają w obrębie gatunku charakter nieprototypowy, a więc także są zlokalizowane na peryferiach gatunku. Powstanie takiego wariantu jest związane z adaptacją tradycyjnego gatunku do nowego medium, jakim jest internet – jest to swoista remediatyzacja gatunku. Wartość poznawcza: Wartością poznawczą artykułu są analiza genologiczna oraz opis problemu prywatności w komunikacji internetowej.

POLSKA, KTÓREJ NIE MA (BORIS AKUNIN, DOKĄD PŁYNIEMY?, LATAJĄCY SŁOŃ)


 
 
 This paper focuses on the image of Poland in the times of partitions as presented in the works by Boris Akunin on the basis of the stories entitled Where Shall We Go? andThe Flying Elephant. This image is created with the use of space (as well as sensory) mapping through the presence of toponyms, names of dishes considered to be typically Polish (the geography of taste), interweaving the text with Polonisms and (sometimes spelled in the Latin alphabet) Polish words, Polish surnames, references to religious and national stereotypes. Despite its entertaining convention (the collage of action and detective novels enriched with some elements of steampunk) the image of Poland sketched in the analyzed works is relatively credible and devoid of superpower pathos. Akunin does not exaggerate and balances the proportions between type and stereotype by dint of showing that the official political area does not reflect the real lives of coexisting communities.
 
 

Pojęcie czułości w rozumieniu papieża Franciszka na tle danych językowych

The paper, inspired by the apostolic exhortation Amorislaetitia (2016) by Pope Francis, is devoted to the notion of tenderness in the Polish language, as compared with its equivalents in other European languages, mentioned in the translations of Pope Francis’ exhortation: Italian tenerezza, French tendresse, English tenderness, German Zärtlichkeit, Russian nežnost’. Etymologies of these words, not only from the Romance languages, but also German and Russian names, are associated with the notions like gentleness and fragility, which refer to the attitude towards another person, expression of the feeling, as well as the gentle way of treating another person. In that respect, Polish differs from the other languages. The image of tenderness shaped by the Polish word czułość (etymologically connected with the verb czuć – tofeel) directs attention to the aspect of sensitivity and empathy with another person, focusing on the condition, situation in which the person finds himself/herself, as well as their needs. It is an important aspect, which is underestimated during the first reflection on this notion, as it is dominated by the meaning of expression of the feeling.

Skąd pochodzi pacynka?

The article offers an insight into the etymology of the Polish word pacynka with various meanings. There are several proposals for determining the origin of pacynka with the meaning ‘hand puppet’. These proposals are presented here after tedious historical- languistic, dialectal and non-linguistic research. Many possibilities were considered, many premises were examined. Unfortunately, the presented analyses show, however, that none of the solutions is satisfactory. Every one of them has serious flaws. It is also very doubtful that the rightful, well-documented, and credible etymology of pacynka will be found soon.

The Effect of Stereoscopic Three-Dimensional Images on Vocabulary Learning

Vocabulary is crucial for language learning. Therefore, searching for the most effective methods to master vocabulary is an important quest. This study investigated the effect of stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) images on recall and retention of foreign language vocabulary. S3D images, frequently used in virtual reality visualizations, are highly realistic and differ from non-stereoscopic three-dimensional (NS3D) images in that they provide an impression of depth. In this within-subject study, American subjects (N = 82) were exposed to 16 Polish words accompanied by corresponding images. Half of these images were in NS3D format, and half were in S3D format. The vocabulary was counterbalanced throughout four randomly distributed versions of the experiment. Quantitative data were drawn from immediately administered and one-week-delayed productive and receptive vocabulary tests. Qualitative data were gathered through background questionnaires and follow-up surveys, which included a mixture of open-ended and Likert scale questions. Two-tailed, paired t-tests showed no significant difference on vocabulary recall and retention of test scores for words represented with NS3D and S3D images. Post hoc tests revealed that lower performance on S3D images occurred only for those subgroups of subjects who exhibited discomfort or lack of experience with S3D technology, or both.