Polish Nationality Research Articles

Requirements as for work on board a ship from the perspective of maritime field students and seafarers

Purpose: The study aims to identify the opportunities for improving the employment offers by identifying differences in the requirements as for work on a ship formulated by maritime university students and seafarers. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the goal, the Kano method was applied, to determine the relationship between the level of requirements fulfilled to work on a ship and the students' and seafarers' level of satisfaction. Findings: It was found that there are differences in how students and seafarers perceive the same requirements for working on a ship. As the perception of these requirements depends on the seafaring experience, shipowners should differentiate the terms and conditions of employment formulated in job offers to the targeted group of potential employees. Research limitations/implications: The survey was conducted among students of only one Polish maritime university and, moreover, only seafarers of Polish nationality participated. Hence, future research in this area may include the identification of the requirements for work on board set by students and seafarers of other countries, as well as the identification of differences in the requirements for future work at sea set by students at the beginning and at the end of their education. Practical implications: The study results obtained may prove helpful to shipowners in adjusting the job offers to the target group recruited. Such knowledge can help shipowner companies to effectively prevent the crisis related to the shortage of highly skilled seafarers and the subsequent disruption of the supply chain. In addition, it can also provide guidance for maritime universities to design academic programs customized to the expectations of both shipowners and future seafarers. Originality/value: Research dedicated to assessing the impact of meeting shipboard job requirements on seafarers' satisfaction and dissatisfaction has not yet been conducted. In addition, the paper makes an innovative attempt to confront the requirements for work at sea formulated by seafarers with the requirements of students as future shipboard employees. The survey used the Kano method, a management-specific method not previously used in the maritime industry. The addressees of the results of the survey can be maritime universities, shipowners and maritime industry employees. Keywords: Kano method, maritime industry, seafarers' requirements, students' requirements, 2 working on board. Category of the paper: Research paper

Language Attitudes of Polish Youth in Lithuania

The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes of Polish youth in Lithuania towards the Lithuanian, Russian, English, and Polish languages. The material has been drawn from qualitative research conducted through questionnaires. In order to summarize the results of the research, 147 questionnaires completed by respondents aged 16–34, who declared Polish nationality, were selected. The survey was done between February 20 and March 3, 2023, via Google Forms. Results of the 2023 attitude survey were compared with those of the 2010 sociolinguistic survey. 98.6% (n = 145) of the young respondents consider Polish to be their mother tongue or one of their mother tongues, which is 18.4% higher than the result obtained in the 2010 survey. Preferences for the most beautiful, the necessary, the most common, and the most prestigious language were compared with the preferences that were described in my article (Geben 2013). Results of the statistical analysis show that Lithuanian is the most frequently mentioned language among the most necessary languages, but English is still the language the most in need for young respondents (63.9%, n = 94). Polish retains its position as the most beautiful language for those whose mother tongue is Polish. Polish has become the most common language for young respondents (67.3%, n = 99), with Russian still in a second place in this category (47.6%, n = 70).
 The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes of Polish youth in Lithuania towards the Lithuanian, Russian, English, and Polish languages. The material has been drawn from qualitative research conducted through questionnaires. In order to summarize the results of the research, 147 questionnaires completed by respondents aged 16–34, who declared Polish nationality, were selected. The survey was done between February 20 and March 3, 2023, via Google Forms. Results of the 2023 attitude survey were compared with those of the 2010 sociolinguistic survey. 98.6% (n = 145) of the young respondents consider Polish to be their mother tongue or one of their mother tongues, which is 18.4% higher than the result obtained in the 2010 survey. Preferences for the most beautiful, the necessary, the most common, and the most prestigious language were compared with the preferences that were described in my article (Geben 2013). Results of the statistical analysis show that Lithuanian is the most frequently mentioned language among the most necessary languages, but English is still the language the most in need for young respondents (63.9%, n = 94). Polish retains its position as the most beautiful language for those whose mother tongue is Polish. Polish has become the most common language for young respondents (67.3%, n = 99), with Russian still in a second place in this category (47.6%, n = 70).

МОВНІ ДЕВІАЦІЇ У ПРАКТИЦІ ДОКУМЕНТУВАННЯ ОСОБОВИХ ІМЕН ПРЕДСТАВНИКІВ ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ СПІЛЬНОТИ В УКРАЇНІ НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТ.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the personal names of representatives of the Polish community of Khmelnytskyi from the point of view of their compliance with the norms of the contemporary Ukrainian literary language. The article considers the main types of linguistic deviations in the personal names records of the representatives of the Polish community of Ukraine at the beginning of the 21st century from the sociolinguistic perspective. Linguistic deviations in contemporary Ukrainian anthroponymy are caused by several reasons, the main of which are Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism, the dominance in the communicative practice of variants of names borrowed from the Russian language, as well as a significant number of borrowed names that do not have an established tradition of reproduction in the Ukrainian language. The connection between the language situation and the occurrence of language deviations in the records of personal names is traced using the example of the Polish community of Khmelnytskyi. The language situation in the Polish community of Khmelnytskyi can be characterized as Ukrainian-Russian-Polish trilingualism. Practices of alternating use of the Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish languages cause the emergence of deviant variants of personal names under the influence of the phonetic standards of the Russian and Polish languages. The correct spelling of the name is influenced by the awareness of the spelling of the Ukrainian language, literacy, language skills, and the nationality of the priest. Catholic priests, who often belong to the Polish nationality, carry out documentation of the personal names from the verbal message of the parents, using the Russian language, which leads to the entry of deviant forms of personal names into official documents. The variability of personal names is determined by the peculiarities of the stylistic use of anthroponyms, colloquial speech, dialectal speech, and regional specificity. A quantitative correlation of normative and deviant variants in records of personal names was determined. The tendencies of the creation of the contemporary naming system of the ethnic minorities of Ukraine under the influence of Ukrainian- Russian bilingualism are analyzed.

The Specific Nature of the Clerical Duty of Loyalty

Loyalty to their employer is one of the duties of civil servants, local government employees in clerical positions, and state officials Officials owe loyalty to their employer, in this case an organisation without a legal personality under Art. 3 of the Labour Code and an office as defined by administrative sciences. The clerical duty of loyalty cannot be restricted to the other party to the employment relationship, however. Given the importance of the Polish nationality to the contracting and continuation of clerical employment relationships, officials must be assumed to owe loyalty to the state and public institutions. The clerical loyalty to the Republic of Poland should be seen as a materialisation of the constitutional duty of a citizen’s allegiance to a state. Due to the importance of an act of will to the deprivation of Polish citizenship, the discontinuation of a clerical employment relationship is necessary.

Queer Transgressions in Twentieth-Century Polish Fiction: Gender, Nation, Politics

Queer Transgressions in Twentieth-Century Polish Fiction: Gender, Nation, Politics

“Suspected but innocent”. Selected cases of investigations against Poles in the Ukrainian SSR in 1937–1938, ended in acquittal

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of three cases of investigations conducted against Soviet citizens of Polish nationality, residing in the area “beyond the Zbrucz”. Cases of people from three different districts of the then Ukrainian SSR (Kamenets-Podilskyi, Vinnytsia and Odessa), which ended in acquittal, were deliberately selected for the analysis. Such trials resulted in the regaining of freedom by the suspects in only 3% of cases (so they concerned about four thousand people). The text contains an analysis of the entire investigation procedure – from issuing a decision to detain the suspect, through his arrest, taking him to a place of detention, interrogating both the detainee and witnesses, to issuing and justifying the decision to end the investigation and release the suspect.

Skeletal evidence of the ethnic cleansing actions in the Free City of Danzig (1939-1942) based on the KL Stutthof victims analysis

In the early days of World War II, many of the prominent and influential people of Polish nationality from the Free City of Danzig were arrested by the Germans and sent to the nearby concentration camp KL Stutthof. Nearly a hundred of them died within the next seven months upon their arrival, and were buried in a clandestine mass grave in a nearby forest. However, the exact nature of their death is unknown, as it is unclear what the attitude of the aggressors was toward the victims. We do not know whether there was only one executioner or there were several assassins, nor if the killing methodology was consistent with the other state-regulated executions.The studied material represents the commingled remains of a minimum thirty-four people, possibly all male, aged from under eighteen to over sixty at the time of death. Perimortem traumatic lesions are shown mainly on the skull bones. We asked whether the perimortem trauma lesions visible on the victims’ skeletons could be informative on the cause and manner of their death.Our results show the prevalence of the perimortem trauma inflicted by a blunt object are on the parietal bones above the Hat Brim Line (HBL), which is commonly associated with a violent attack. The gunshot trauma was usually localized on the occipital bone or posterior parietal, which could indicate a shot to the back of the head, and this was commonly encountered during executions. No signs of defensive injuries can be explained either by restraining of the hands or by a surprise attack. The abundance and variability of the trauma type can be evident of multiple assailants. Moreover, the multiple impact points detected on several crania prove unnecessary overkill and brutality, which reflects the personal attitudes of the executioners towards the victims.

Офицерский корпус польской армии в СССР и Войска польского (1943–1945 гг.)

Introduction. On the territory of the Soviet Union, Polish troops intended for joint struggle with Nazi Germany were formed twice. The first attempt was unsuccessful: the army of General V. Anders, after complex political maneuvers in which the Western Allies participated, was withdrawn to the territory of Iran in 1942. The second attempt, undertaken in the spring of 1943, was much more successful: in two years, over 300,000 Polish troops were deployed. Methods and materials. The method of historicism was used in the development of the article. The research is based on the materials declassified in recent years by Soviet state and military authorities, as well as materials from documentary publications and research literature. Analysis. The article analyzes the most acute problem associated with the reconstruction of the Polish Army – the staffing of military units with officers. The reasons for the chronic shortage of officers of Polish nationality and the main ways of their research are shown: training in specialized military educational institutions organized, mobilization of Polish officers in the liberated territories, secondment of Soviet officers to the Polish Army. The specific difficulties in this work are considered. Results. The re-establishment of the officer corps of the Polish army was the result of purposeful coordinated efforts of the highest authorities of the Soviet Union, the leadership of the People’s Commissariat of Defense and the command of the Polish Army, which allowed Poles to take part in joint operations with the Red Army in the final defeat of German Nazism.

Camp in Pravieniškės near Kaunas in 1941–1944

The camp in Pravieniškės was located within the administrative boundaries of Pravieniškės, located about 25 km from Kaunas. It was established during the period of the Republic of Lithuania, as a correctional facility. In August 1941 the Germans established the Pravieniškės Transitional Labour Camp (Zwangsarbeitslager Provenischken) there, which from 1943 was a branch of the Kaunas Concentration Camp (KL Kaunas) and continued to serve as a labour camp. Detainees were brought to this camp from the prisons of the General Commissariat of Lithuania, i.e. the Lukiszki Prison in Vilnius, the Kaunas Prison and Ponevezh (Panevėžys). People of various nationalities were held in Pravieniškės (Prawieniszki): Lithuanians (60%), Poles, Russians, Roma and Jews (mainly from the Kaunas ghetto). About 1,000 prisoners could be held in this camp at a time. People were sent here for a variety of offences: political prisoners, violators of forced labour orders, Soviet prisoners of war with their families, and those convicted of common crimes. Also incarcerated in Pravieniškės by administrative decision were deserters from the German army convicted of evading military service in the German army. People of Polish nationality placed in Pravieniškės were mainly accused of belonging to the resistance movement, communist activity, listening to the radio, possession of weapons, sabotage, escape from forced labour and communist activity. Guards executed prisoners on the camp grounds and in nearby forests. About 280 Jews were shot there in August 1941, and another 253 Jews in September 1941. Also, many attempts to escape from the camp were punished by execution. As the Eastern Front approached the borders of the Reich, the process of obliterating the traces of the crimes committed began. Due to the relatively small number of those murdered, it was not necessary for the notorious Sonderkommando 1005 to arrive in the area. A few dozen men directed to burn the corpses of those murdered in the nearby forest were enough. Members of the Pravieniškės camp crew were tried after the war by various organs of the Soviet justice system: courts, tribunals and collegia. Also in Poland, at the Institute of National Remembrance in Gdansk, an investigation was conducted into the case. Beginning in mid-July 1944, people convicted by Soviet tribunals were incarcerated in the camp in Pravieniškės: former camp guards, as well as members of the Vilnius Home Army arrested after Operation ‘Ostra Brama’. The prisoners were again employed to work on the peat bog and in the camp greenhouse. Today, every Lithuanian associates the name of Pravieniškės with the prison. A penitentiary facility still operates on the site of the former camp with places for 2,500 inmates, including those sentenced to life imprisonment.

Explorationen einer deutsch-polnischen Biografie. Zur Identitätsproblematik bei Emilia Smechowski

The article presents the shaping of identity in Wir Strebermigranten (2017, title in translation We, superimmigrants) and Rückkehr nach Polen (2019). The article posits the following thesis. The crisis of identity and the impression of assimilation being disrupted in Germany as presented in both works result from the complex problem of “being in between” the German nationality and Polish nationality. The will to manage the traumatization caused by cultural interference makes the outline of a ‘double biography’ visible in both works, especially in Wir Strebermigranten. The author also makes an exhausting attempt to portray the articulation of the collective identity of the Polish migrants of the so-called second generation, who immigrated to Germany in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Ideowe i edukacyjne aspekty budowania ukraińskiej niepodległości w XIX wieku

. The article focuses on the ideological and educational aspects of selected Ukrainian-centric thinkers and activists. Without the ideological and educational activities of this small group of the emerging Ukrainian intelligentsia, the million ethnic Ukrainian masses would have been absorbed into the Polish or Russian nationality project. The text presents the basic ideological principles that are the basis for shaping national consciousness and describes adverse historical conditions causing difficulties in shaping the Ukrainian idea of independence. The implementation of Ukrainian-centric ideas is shown on the example of selected organizations and representatives of Ukrainian culture, such as The Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Hromada, Stara Hromada, Panteleimon Kulish, Mykola Kostomarov, Volodymyr Antonovych, Mykhailo Drahomanov. The aim of the article is to present the importance of education in the process of formation of national consciousness.

THE CASE OF THE POLISH MILITARY ORGANIZATION OF THE 1930S IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DISCOURSE

The article examines the historiographical work devoted to the persecution of persons of Polish nationality in the Ukrainian SSR within the Polish Military Organization (PMO) case. Ukrainian, Russian and Polish scholars have tried to reconsider the events of that time, overcoming the remnants of the old bias. The purpose of the study is a historiographical analysis of the process and results of research on the PMO case in the 1930s. The research methods used in the article were selected under the purpose and based on the principle of historicism. They are represented by the general scientific analysis method and special scientific historical-comparative and historical-genetic methods. The application of these methods allowed us to consistently trace the process of formation and development of historical knowledge on the studied issues. The periodization of the government's punitive and repressive policy towards Polish nationals within the PMO case in the 1930s was first proposed. It has been established that Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian scholars have studied the causes, forms, and consequences of the Soviet government's punitive and repressive policies toward Poles within the PMO case and have formed and published a significant corpus of sources. The events were traced to the processes of rehabilitation of convicts and the study of the fate of the families of Polish detainees. It should be noted that the research has great social significance as historians aim to form a public consciousness of the condemnation of Stalin's crimes and the impossibility of an acquittal policy regarding them. Several tasks have been identified that require further research efforts by scientists from different countries.

Sprawy spadkowe w umowie polsko-ukraińskiej z 1993 r.

The article is dedicated to the matters of succession in the Agreement of 1993 on Legal Aid concluded between Poland and Ukraine. The author touches upon a number of issues. First, he discusses the role of the “general compatibility clause” provided for in Article 97 of the 1993 Agreement. He concludes that the clause does not produce effects with regard to the Regulation (EU) No 650/2012. Under the “general compatibility clause”, in all situations where the 1993 Agreement does not provide for a rule being the equivalent of the rules laid down in the Hague Convention of 1961 determining the law applicable to the form of a testamentary disposition, in Poland, in relations between Poland and Ukraine, the law applicable to the form of a testament is to be determined pursuant to the provisions of the Hague Convention of 1961.Second, the author discusses the conflict-of-laws rules set out in the Agreement which designate, as the applicable law, either Polish or Ukrainian law. He contends that where the deceased is a Polish and Ukrainian national, in order to determine which of those nationalities have to be taken into account for the purposes of Article 37 (1) of the 1993 Agreement, the criterion of the most effective (more closely connected) nationality should be relied on. However, the situations that involve a deceased of Polish or Ukrainian nationality, who is also a third-State national, do not fall within the scope of the 1993 Agreement. The application of the 1993 Agreement is, on the other hand, not barred by the fact that an immovable property in a third State forms part of the estate. Jurisdiction and the law applicable to the succession of such immovable property must be determined, both in Poland and in Ukraine, pursuant to their general conflict-of-laws regulations on matters of succession. The author explains also that the drafters of the 1993 Agreement (in Articles 37 (1) and (2)) ruled out the principle of unity of succession in favour of the principle of scission, employing the connecting factors of nationality and of location of the immovable property. This results in numerous complications in the determination of the applicable law and in its application. However, the law applicable to succession determined on the basis of Article 37 (1) and (2) of the 1993 Agreement of 1993 governs the succession as a whole, with the exception of issues covered by other rules provided for in that agreement (for example, Article 39) and of the issues that do not fall within its scope of the 1993 Agreement. Although Article 39 (1) of the 1993 Agreement expressly mentions only consequences of defective consent, there is no doubt that the said rule also covers the legal requirements for effective declaration of consent.Third, the author addresses the function of Article 38 of the 1993 Agreement, which is a substantive law provision on the estate without a claimant. This provision enjoys priority over Article 33 of the Regulation No 650/2012. Article 38 solely determines the State (Poland or Ukraine) acquiring the estate without a claimant. The concerned State enjoys the competence to designate the entity that will become the subject of rights and obligations forming part of the estate without a claimant.Finally, the author comments on the pending case resulting from the preliminary question posed by the Opole District Court (Sąd Okręgowy, case no II Czz. 438/21). The Opole Court requested from the European Court a ruling on whether a Ukrainian national residing in Poland may, under Article 22 of the Regulation No 650/2012, choose Ukrainian law. The author suggests, that — although not without a doubt — it is tempting to answer this question in the affirmative. The argument here is that the freedom to choose the applicable law in matters of succession falls entirely outside the ambit of the 1993 Agreement and so the Agreement does not preclude the choice.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Gene Variant in Relation to Body Mass Index and Folate Concentration in a Polish Population.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an enzyme responsible for producing an active form of folate. The MTHFR T677T genotype may have adverse health effects associated with weight gain and a reduction in folate availability. In this study, we examined the influence of the MTHFR C677T variant on BMI and determined its role as a risk factor for obesity. We also assessed the relationships between the MTHFR C677T genotype and folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in subjects before and after radical weight loss. The study group consisted of 1712 Caucasian adults of Polish nationality with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMIs). DNA was extracted from the blood, and the C677T variant was tested with RFLP-PCR and real-time-PCR. There was no significant influence found for the MTHFR 677 TT genotype on BMI or the obesity risk in codominant, dominant or recessive inheritance models. Individuals with obesity and the TT genotype had significantly lower folate concentrations. After radical weight reduction, the impact of the risk genotype, as well as homeostasis between folate and vitamin B12 in TT homozygotes, seems to be attenuated. Although the MTHFR 677TT genotype is not directly related to a higher BMI in Polish adults, it has a detrimental effect on folate concentrations in individuals with high BMI values.

Evaluation of the Second Premolar's Bud Position Using Computer Image Analysis and Neural Modelling Methods.

Panoramic radiograph is a universally used diagnostic method in dentistry for identifying various dental anomalies and assessing developmental stages of the dentition. The second premolar is the tooth with the highest number of developmental abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to generate neural models for assessing the position of the bud of the second premolar tooth based on analysis of tooth-bone indicators of other teeth. The study material consisted of 300 digital pantomographic radiographs of children in their developmental period. The study group consisted of 165 boys and 135 girls. The study included radiographs of patients of Polish nationality, aged 6-10 years, without diagnosed systemic diseases and local disorders. The study resulted in a set of original indicators to accurately assess the development of the second premolar tooth using computer image analysis and neural modelling. Five neural networks were generated, whose test quality was between 68-91%. The network dedicated to all quadrants of the dentition showed the highest test quality at 91%. The training, validation and test subsets were divided in a standard 2:1;1 ratio into 150 training cases, 75 test cases and 75 validation cases.

Environmental awareness of Polish and Arab Students: cross-cultural comparative study

The article aims to define the differences and similarities between students of Polish and Arab nationality related to environmental awareness. The study has been carried out as a diagnostic survey using the proprietary questionnaire form. The survey included 418 Polish students representing 44 universities and 110 Arab students from 7 countries and 40 universities. Both groups have been shown to have their own distinct characteristics, although some similarities can also be found. The greatest differences are revealed in the scope of subjective assessment of the state of the environment, types of pro-environmental actions taken by them and readiness to make sacrifices to the environment. The similarities are noticeable in declared knowledge about the environment, the sources of information on the environment and its quality and opinions on the most important environmental threats. The most important reasons for the observed variability are differences between environmental conditions in Poland and on the Arabian Peninsula, differences in the scope of environmental hazards and problems, as well as various cultural conditions (especially religious ones) and related values.

UKRAINIAN DIACHRONIC SOCIOLINGUISTICS: THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN EASTERN HALYCHYNA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

One of the urgent problems of modern Ukrainian diachronic sociolinguistics is highlighted: consideration of the language issue in the Halychyna Seim within the linguistic situation that developed in a separate administrative-territorial union: it is about the time-space of the Austro-Hungarian Empire of the second half of the 19th century. It has been proven that the language policy on the territory of Eastern Halychyna was decided ambiguously, since two nations, the Ukrainians and the Polish, lived on this territory, each of which used their native language. It is noted that the central government of the Austro-Hungarian Empire recognized the independent status of the Ukrainian people and their language and guaranteed Ukrainians the right to develop their national language, representatives of the Polish nationality were against this and tried to displace the Ukrainian language from all spheres of public life of Ukrainian Halychinians. It was noted that, having obtained a majority in the Halychyna Seim, Polish deputies proposed draft laws that limited the status of the Ukrainian language on the territory of Eastern Halychyna.

Strategies to recruit people with selected nationalities for the interview survey GEDA Fokus

Abstract Background People with migration history (PMH) are underrepresented within health monitoring at Robert Koch Institute (RKI). To better describe the health status of PHM, the RKI is currently conducting the health interview survey GEDA Fokus with different migrant groups. Aim of this contribution is to present which sub-groups in this sequential mixed-mode survey design are reached by which mode. Methods People aged 18-70 years with Croatian (hr), Italian (it), Polish (pl), Syrian (sy) or Turkish (tr) nationality were drawn out of 99 residents’ registration offices all over Germany (N = 33,436). Study persons were invited sequentially to participate online (saq-web), paper-based(saq-paper) and in person (CAPI) or by telephone (CATI) in Arabic, Croatian, German, Italian, Polish or Turkish. Saq-web was available in German only or bilingual. Data collection took place from November 2021 to April 2022. Per nationality, 1,200 participants were recruited. Results As of 25th of April, 6,197 people took part, most often per saq-web (49%), which was less often used among participants aged ≥ 50 years (35% vs. 56%). Pl participants used saq-web most often in German only (55%), sy participants most often used the bilingual version (77%). Saq-paper was more often used by participants aged ≥ 50 years (41% vs. 22%) and less often by tr (21%) and sy (24%) participants. Participants with it nationality most often took part on their own initiative (saq) (92%), while tr (33%) and pl (28%) participants were recruited via personal contact (CAPI/ CATI) more often. Conclusions Preliminary results show that offering multiple modes of administration helps to reach different sub-groups. Personal contact contributes to reach those not directly taking part on their own initiative. The opportunity to utilize the bilingual version of the questionnaire was well accepted, especially among those with presumably shorter duration of residence in Germany. Key messages

Parentage of Same-Sex Persons in the Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union – Commentary to the Judgment of CJEU of 14.12.2021, C-490/20

Abstract In its judgment of 14 December 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that in the case of a child who is a Union citizen and whose birth certificate, issued in the host Member State, designates as that child’s parents two persons of the same sex, the Member State of which that child is a national is obliged (i) to issue to that child an identity card or a passport without requiring a birth certificate to be drawn up beforehand by its national authorities, and (ii) to recognise the document from the host Member State that permits that child to exercise, with each of those two persons, the child’s right to move and reside freely within the EU territory. In its commentary, the author supports the CJEU ruling, observing that it continues the line of reasoning adopted in the Coman case of 2018. The Court attempts to strike a balance between the EU freedoms and the necessity to respect the national identity of Member States that are free to shape their family law without accepting the liberal concepts such us parentage of same-sex persons or homosexual marriages. Additionally, when wondering about the consequences of the ruling for Poland, the author puts forward a thesis that the current practice of Polish organs, resulting from the resolution of the Supreme Administrative Court of 2 December 2019, is consistent with the EU law. Although children of Polish nationality, with same-sex parents, cannot expect their foreign birth records to be transcribed into the civil status register in Poland, they may nevertheless obtain a Polish identity card or passport.

Eruption Pattern of Permanent Canines and Premolars in Polish Children.

Eruption is a complex and dynamic process determined by both genetic and epigenetic factors. This process involves a number of changes in the tissues surrounding the tooth and in tooth morphology. The aim of this study was to analyze the eruption sequence of permanent canines and premolars on the basis of pantomographic images. The study material consisted of 300 digital pantomographic images of children in the developmental period. The study group consisted of 165 boys and 135 girls. Images of patients of Polish nationality, aged 6–10 years, without diagnosed systemic diseases and local disorders were used in the study. Results: The study has shown that the most common pattern of tooth eruption in the lateral zones is type A positioning of the lateral teeth, which is 4-5-3. This pattern is characteristic of both girls and boys. This pattern also occurs most frequently in the maxilla in both boys and girls. In the mandible, on the contrary, two patterns of lateral tooth eruption were predominant. In girls, types A and E/4-5-3 and 3-4-5/occurred in the mandible, while in boys, types A and C/4-5-3 and 5-4-3/were observed in the mandible. The process of tooth eruption is a recognized measure of a child’s physical development, and pantomographic images are an effective and common diagnostic tool.