Polish Legal Order Research Articles

Constitutional Reviews of Incomplete Regulations in Poland

The Polish legal order distinguishes between two types of incomplete regulations: legislative omissions and oversights. Omissions take place when a regulation (required because of the need for the application of the Constitution or for the performance of specific constitutional obligations) is missing in the system of law. Legislative oversights occur when a normative act is in force but, from the constitutional point of view, it is formulated fragmentarily. The former are not subject to Constitutional Tribunal (CT) control, whereas the latter are embraced by its competence. The existence of incomplete regulations is one of the most important yet still unresolved problems faced by the CT. Therefore, it constitutes a permanent source of discrepancies in CT judgments. The article posits that all incomplete regulations – both omissions and oversights – should be controlled by the CT. However, for the CT to do so, the Constitution should be amended, a special control procedure should be established and a new type of judgment should be introduced, which would consist of finding a statute unconstitutional without derogating it from the system of law. The expansion of the CT’s competence corresponds with the function and axiology of the operation of a contemporary constitutional court that should effectively and completely eliminate all violations of the Constitution arising from inactivity by the legislator.

Dostęp cudzoziemca do akt w postępowaniu w przedmiocie zobowiązania do powrotu – uwagi de lege lata i de lege ferenda

Cudzoziemiec będący stroną postępowania w przedmiocie zobowiązania do powrotu ma prawo dostępu do swoich akt, sporządzania notatek, kopii lub odpisów, jak również prawo żądania uwierzytelnienia odpisów z akt sprawy, co musi uzasadnić ważnym interesem (art. 73 ust. 1 i 3 Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego [k.p.a.]). Ustawodawca zastrzegł jednak, że prawa wynikającego z art. 73 k.p.a. nie stosuje się do akt sprawy zawierających informacje niejawne o klauzuli tajności „tajne” lub „ściśle tajne”, a także do innych akt, które organ administracji publicznej wyłączy ze względu na ważny interes państwowy (art. 74 ust. 1 k.p.a.). Oznacza to, że w takim postępowaniu ani pełnomocnikowi, ani tym bardziej stronie nie są udostępniane dokumenty, których dotyczy postępowanie. Celem artkułu jest zbadanie, czy w polskim porządku prawnym istnieją mechanizmy procesowe, które umożliwiają pogodzenie uzasadnionych względów bezpieczeństwa państwa w odniesieniu do charakteru i źródeł informacji branych pod uwagę przy wydawaniu decyzji o zobowiązaniu do powrotu z koniecznością zapewnienia cudzoziemcowi korzystania z uprawnień procesowych, takich jak prawo dostępu do akt oraz prawo do obrony.

Elektronizacja postępowania mediacyjnego jako wyzwanie dla polskiego systemu rozwiązywania sporów

Online mediation is a convenient and fast way to resolve disputes. The experience of the United States and European countries shows that the electronic method can be successfully carried out. Therefore, using the achievements of other countries, it is worth to develop amicable dispute resolution methods by electronic means. This carries many opportunities as well as challenges for the Polish legal order. This publication discusses the development of online mediation in the world and the opportunities it brings, both for the parties to the proceedings and for the mediator. Online mediation can be a new challenge for the mediator, which will contribute to the development of his skills. I will also discuss the legal, psychological and technological aspects of the phenomenon in question. The psychological skills of the mediator and their development on a different area – the online level, is a key issue.

Tax autonomy and non-discrimination rules in the era of conflicting political goals: international and Polish perspective

The aim of this paper is to discuss non-discrimination rules concerning tax matters on the example of Polish case analysis. Author wishes to conduct research work in broader context. In this regard it is necessary to outline the current globalized world in which tax systems of states operate, discuss the concept of state’s tax autonomy and examine how the role of a state on tax matters has recently changed. Subsequently the non-discrimination rules from an international perspective shall be presented. It is also important to answer the question about the impact of those rules on state’s tax autonomy and about the role which they could play in reconciling political goals in the current globalized world. All of this contexts enables to examine non-discrimination rules from Polish perspective. Author introduces all of non-discrimination rules concerning taxation in Polish legal order, accordingly presents and studies Polish case law regarding those rules. Finally, overall conclusions of the research work are introduced which are intended to discuss the role, significance and the future of non-discrimination rules in contemporary globalized world, both from international and Polish perspective.

Some reflections on In Dubio Pro Tributario principle

As of the beginning of 2016 the principle of resolving possible interpretation doubts for the benefit of a taxpayer (in dubio pro tributario) was introduced to the Polish legal order. This rule was upgraded to the tax law principle expressed directly in Art. 2a of the Act of 27 August 1997 – Tax Ordinance. Such a decision of the legislator resulted from a prior referendum, wherein nearly 95% of voters supported the introduction of this principle, perceiving it, apparently, as an instrument that would enhance the practice of tax law application by tax authorities. After several years, it can be assumed that these hopes have not been fulfilled since this principle has not been applied more widely in the practice so far. The purpose of this study is to present both the very essence of in dubio pro tributario principle and experiences concerning its application in recent years, with a particular focus on the rulings issued thereon by administrative courts and Constitutional Tribunal.

Niedoskonałości związane z funkcjonowaniem referendum ogólnokrajowego. Rozważania nad możliwością wprowadzenia referendum abrogacyjnego do polskiego porządku prawnego

The article concerns the possibility of introducing of a law-repealing referendum into the Polish legal order. The author presents own opinions on the legal regulations of the nationwide referendum reffered to in article 125 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The author formulates postulates regarding to establish of a law-repealing referendum to the Polish legal order.

Status prawny komisarzy wyborczych – wybrane zagadnienia

Legislative changes taking place in the Polish legal order call for an analysis of the amended regulations, particularly in the areas directly related to implementation of fundamental civil rights and individual liberties. Undoubtedly, such is the nature of regulatory policies governing the rules which define how persons eligible to vote can exercise their electoral rights. Thus, it is hardly surprising that the changes which have been recently introduced into provisions of the act from 5 January 2011 – Election Code, arouse the interest of the theory of law, mass media, as well as citizens.

ROLA OSÓB BIORĄCYCH UDZIAŁ W PRZESŁUCHANIU POKRZYWDZONEGO MAŁOLETNIEGO W TRYBIE ART. 185A K.P.K.

Przesłuchanie dziecka w trybie art. 185a k.p.k. jest instytucją, która została wprowadzona do polskiego porządku prawnego w celu zagwarantowania większej ochrony małoletniemu pokrzywdzonemu przed wtórną wiktymizacją. Jednym z najważniejszych elementów tej regulacji jest problematyka osób, które mogą wziąć udział w przesłuchaniu małoletniego pokrzywdzonego. Na pozór może sie wydawać, że nie ma znaczenia, kto bierze udział w przesłuchaniu. Jednakże, jak pokazuje praktyka, nie wszyscy mogą w tym przesłuchaniu uczestniczyć; chodzi tu przede wszystkim o podejrzanego/oskarżonego. Ponadto każda osoba, której prawo zezwala na obecność podczas przesłuchania, ma określone zadania, obowiązki, a także prawa. Jak zostało opisane w artykule, w odniesieniu do przesłuchania pojawił się również spór między prawnikami, zwłaszcza sędziami, a psychologami, który podmiot powinien przesłuchiwać dziecko, aby uzyskać od dziecka jak najwięcej informacji, nie narażając go na wtórną wiktymizację. Opisując poszczególne kwestie, autorka powołuje się na wypowiedzi przedstawicieli doktryny oraz orzecznictwa mające ścisły związek z zagadnieniami.

Funkcje mediacyjne realizowane przez mediatora w trakcie mediacji. Wybrane zagadnienia

<p>The subject of this article is the analysis of the activity undertaken during mediation in the context of the characteristics of the mediation process and the normative conditions of the legal relationship and disputes resolved through this form of ADR. In order to implement the project, the content of the work will contain a list of functions performed by the mediator during mediation as ‘the environment for performing the role’ (which is not closed due to the dynamics of interaction in the negotiations). Their character and content determine the nature of the social and professional role of mediators in the Polish legal order, it also allows us to illustrate in detail the key issues for reflection on the professional role, including, for example, legal liability and conflict of roles. Mediation functions are diversified in terms of the frequency of their implementation depending, among other things, on the strategy of conducting mediation, the specificity of the dispute and the legal regulation of mediation. The discussion of the last of the indicated differentiating factors (i.e. the impact of universally binding law) will be reflected in the content of the paper.</p>

Status prawny mediatora w postępowaniu mediacyjnym w sprawach cywilnych

<p>In statutory legal cultures, both the introduction of mediation into the legal order and the determination of the legal status of the mediator and his responsibility require legislative action. This is the situation of the Polish legal order. Mediation proceedings in civil cases were introduced into the Polish civil procedure in 2005, while in 2015 the mediation model in civil cases was substantially significantly amended. The mediator’s status has also changed as a result of the introduction of a new type of mediator – the so-called permanent mediator, and with a slightly different shaping of the legal liability of mediators. These changes were considered in the article. As a consequence, the reasons for the progressive professionalization of mediation activities have been strengthened.</p>

Czynności przeszukania w pomieszczeniach kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych. Zatrzymanie dokumentów i innych rzeczy

Artykuł dotyczy tytułowej problematyki przeszukania w pomieszczeniach należących do kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych oraz zatrzymania należących do tych podmiotów dokumentów i innych rzeczy. Poprzez analizę obowiązujących uregulowań prawnych publikacja zawiera próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy rozwiązania normatywne istniejące w porządku prawa polskiego dopuszczają możliwość dokonywania przeszukiwań w obiektach sakralnych i innych pomieszczeniach należących do kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych oraz, czy ewentualnie ujawnione w trakcie tych czynności pisma i dokumenty będące w posiadaniu podmiotów konfesyjnych podlegają jakiejkolwiek ochronie. Czy kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe obowiązane są do wydawania na żądanie służb każdej, mogącej stanowić dowód w sprawie rzeczy, którą służby te wskażą, i czy same czynności przeszukania są uregulowane w sposób niebudzący wątpliwości i z pełnym poszanowaniem gwarantowanych konstytucyjnie praw jednostki?W artykule wskazano zagadnienia sporne i budzące zastrzeżenia oraz zawarto propozycję rozwiązań de lege ferenda.

The Administrative and Legal Status of the Entrepreneur in the Face of the Governmental Authority’s Interference – Selected Issues

The legal and administrative status of the entrepreneur in the Polish legal order is determined by the provisions of substantive and procedural administrative law. The basic form of operation of the public administration by means of which the administrative and legal status of entrepreneurs is created is the administrative decision. Under the administrative act, entrepreneurs are granted allowances and obligations. Another is the legal effect of non-compliance with the permission and another the obligation. No implementation of the obligation updates the authority’s ability to apply to the addressee of the administrative measure coercive in the enforcement proceedings.

THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN THE POLISH AND FRENCH TERRITORIAL SELFGOVERNMENT – TOWARDSA CONSULTATIVE DEMOCRACY

The internal structure of legislative bodies of territorial self-government units/territorial communities and normative constructions of commissions and consultative bodies (especially those in the French legal order) enable active expression of opinions and positions of residents of self-government communities. Multiplication of French commissions and committees, regulated by the Act, enriching the consultative dialogue in the territorial community, may constitute a good model of new and desirable solutions in this area in the Polish legal order. Expressing opinions by residents of a given community through a wide range of consultative bodies should be considered the right direction of indirect democracy, which unambiguously approaches participatory democracy, allowing residents to participate in making decisions on their own matters.

Selected Issues Concerning Transposition to the Polish legal order of the Directive 2014/94/EU of the 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure

The paper aims to present selected issues of transposition into the Polish legal order of the Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. The article presents the systematics of the Directive 2014/94/EU. The definitions of alternative fuels and electric vehicle functioning on the grounds of the Directive 2014/94/ EU will also be presented as well as the manner of their transposition into the Polish legal order in the Act of 11 January 2018 on electromobility and alternative fuels.

Znaczenie Międzynarodowego Paktu Praw Obywatelskich i Politycznych oraz Międzynarodowego Paktu Praw Gospodarczych, Społecznych i Kulturalnych dla polskiego porządku prawnego na przykładzie analizy orzecznictwa polskich sądów administracyjnych

In the article, the author focused on an overview of judicature of Polish administrative courts in terms of their reference to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Their role in Polish legal order and their meaning in the process of applying the law by the courts were analyzed. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; judicature of Polish administrative courts; public international law

The Impact of the Economic Legislation on the Restoration of the Polish State after the First World War

The paper discusses the issue of the impact of Polish economic legislation on the restoration of the Polish State after the First World War. The author draws attention to those legal regulations that directly influenced the Polish legal order and constituted the result of the activity of the Polish legislature in the years 1918-1939. Most of those regulations were drafted by the Commission of Codification, which had been established under the Act of June 3, 1919, and were related to two periods of economic reform: firstly – the reform conducted by Wladyslaw Grabski along with the earlier legislation mainly related to the period of partition of the Polish state; and secondly – the times after 1926. Significantly, an overwhelming number of regulations were promulgated in the form of decrees with the statutory validity issued by the President of the Second Republic of Poland, which actually eliminated the Polish Parliament from the legislative process. The purpose of these regulations was to unify economically the Polish lands and to create a uniform commercial law. It is worth emphasizing that such enactments as the Industrial Law of 1927, the Commercial Code, the Law of Arrangements with Creditors and the Insolvency Law (all enacted in 1934) remained in force also after 1945. Some of the aforementioned regulations, in particular the Commercial Code of 1934 that was finally repealed at the beginning of this century, largely affected the economic changes after 1989.

ON FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES IN POLAND AND FRANCE

The article presents the platform of functional relations between the legis-lative body and the executive body of the municipality in the Polish and French legal order . Reflections made in this respect should help improve the model of both bodies of the municipality in the scope of tasks and competences, shaping the platforms of their joint and separate relations . Determining the manner of implementation of tasks and competences of the municipal bodies based on the principle of cooperation should be an aspiration of the legislator to normatively and factually balance the legal status of both municipal bodies . The analysis of the determinants of the functioning of legislative and executive bodies is aimed at proposing directions of changes in their functional relations, in order to increase the efficiency of their operation as the most important determinant of efficient management of the local community.

PRAWO UŻYTKOWANIA WIECZYSTEGO JAKO POZOSTAŁOŚć PO EPOCE SOCJALIZMU REALNEGO – UJęCIE SOCJOLOGICZNOPRAWNE

StreszczeniePrawo użytkowania wieczystego zostało wprowadzone do polskiego porządku prawnego w 1961 r., a zatem w okresie tzw. realnego socjalizmu. Do przyczyn wprowadzenia tej instytucji prawnej zaliczyć należy istotne czynniki polityczne i ideologiczne, a w szczególności realizację koncepcji, wedle której państwo socjalistyczne nie powinno zbywać gruntów na rzecz osób fizycznych i prawnych. Poza funkcjami polityczno-ideologicznymi, omawiana instytucja pełniła także określone funkcje społeczno-gospodarcze, do których należało m.in. udostępnianie osobom fizycznym oraz spółdzielniom mieszkaniowym gruntów pod budownictwo mieszkaniowe. Po transformacji ustrojowej w 1989 r. instytucja użytkowania wieczystego nie została wyeliminowana z polskiego porządku prawnego, występuje też w obrocie prawnym. W perspektywie socjologicznoprawnej wynika to przede wszystkim z dopasowania funkcji społecznych omawianej instytucji do zmienionych warunków po transformacji ustrojowej.

Applying the 20.1 Sub-Clause of the Fidic Conditions of Contract under Standards of Polish Civil Law

FIDIC conditions of contract are patterns of contractual agreements for project or construction works widely used in the world. They were designed to facilitate the implementation of construction investment for all participants. The construction practice of many countries of the world (including Poland) uses those commonly recognized international standards, although their legal nature differs in each country which uses them and it is often hard to determine the place of the FIDIC conditions of contract in national legal systems. This problem also applies to our country because the norms of civil law in accordance with the directly expressed principle of freedom of contracts allows the introduction of the FIDIC conditions of contract into agreements to perform design or construction works, but there is still a problem of some FIDIC provisions being inconsistent with the standards of the Polish civil law. An example of such incorporation of FIDIC conditions of contract causing doubts of interpretation as to their compliance with the standards of Polish law can be the 20.1 FIDIC Sub-Clause discussed in this article. This regulation seems to contain provisions inconsistent with the standards of the Polish Civil Code. It seems that this regulation contains provisions inconsistent with the norms of the Polish Civil Code, whose possible legal consequences should be looked at more closely and to trace the case law of Polish courts in this regard. It can be said that the FIDIC conditions of contract are extralegal standards functioning in the legal order without the mediation of a reference standard. They are peculiar standards-patterns with a prenormative nature and which, although indirectly, are valid do not exist in the Polish legal order through legal norms. The significant conclusion results from the article considerations - the FIDIC conditions of contract, due to their not exactly specified legal nature, take effect only to the extent that it does not conflict with national standards. Keywords: FIDIC, legal nature of FIDIC conditions of contract, FIDIC conditions of contract, construction works, legal standards of Polish civil law

Problematyka miejsca popełnienia czynu zabronionego oraz jej implikacje w prawie karnym procesowym

Celem artykułu jest analiza regulacji miejsca popełnienia czynu zabronionego w polskim porządku prawnym. W części pierwszej, dotyczącej przepisów materialno-prawnych, nakreślony został rozwój przedmiotowych przepisów, począwszy od pierwszych kodyfikacjimiędzywojnia; następnie omówiona została kontrowersyjna kwestia określania miejsca popełnienia czynu zabronionego w różnych formach stadialnych i zjawiskowych. Punkt łączący obie części artykułu stanowi omówienie korelacji miejsca popełnienia czynu zabronionego z terytorium RP. W drugiej części artykułu przeanalizowano formalno-prawneimplikacje przedmiotowych regulacji.