Polish Dictionaries Research Articles

Menu (a menu), festiwal (a festival), wyspa (an island) and grill (a grill, a barbecue): new neosemanticisms in the Polish language

The aim of this paper is to describe a selection of the latest neosemanticisms in the Polish language, both the ones the likely source of which is English and the ones coined without such an intermediation. The study describes the following words: menu (a menu), festiwal (a festival), wyspa (an island), and grill (a grill, a barbecue). The description consists in juxtaposing their hitherto meanings (derived from selected dictionaries of Polish) with new meanings, derived mainly from the Internet, and with defi nitions of the corresponding English words. The paper presents also a brief normative commentary on the described innovations

Nazwy istot nadprzyrodzonych we współczesnej polszczyźnie ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dziedzictwa słowiańskiego (na materiale Wielkiego słownika języka polskiego PAN)

The topic of the article are the names of supernatural beings found in contemporary Polish. The research material comes from the Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish. The author discusses the cultural affiliation of lexical units, their metaphorical meanings and axiological characterization. The analysis of the semantic field proved that it is dominated by native Slavic and Polish beliefs, as well as the Christian and ancient traditions.

Ilościowa struktura haseł Słownika warszawskiego w aspekcie porównawczym

In the paper the exact number of entries in a large dictionary of Polish (called Słownik warszawski, 1900–1927) is given, following a computer analysis of a list of its entries. Furthermore, the structure of entries is analyzed, using selected qualifiers, and the data compared to those in a more recent large dictionary of Polish, edited by Witold Doroszewski (published 1958–1969).

Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN w 2022 roku – osiągnięcia, perspektywy, wyzwania

The article briefly presents the history of work on the Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish (pol. Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN), its status in April 2022, indicating the important features of the dictionary as a source of knowledge about the contemporary Polish language, and also the plans of the lexicographic team for the years to come.

Examination of text's lexis using a Polish dictionary

This paper presents an approach to compare and classify books written in the Polish language by comparing their lexis fields. Books can be classified by their features, such as literature type, literary genre, style, author, etc. Using a preassembled dictionary and Jaccard index, we managed to prove a compact hypothesis concerning similar books. Further analysis with the PAM clustering algorithm presented a lexical connection between books of the same type or author. Overall static behaviour of similarities of any particular field on one side and some anomalous tendencies in other cases suggest that recognition of other features is possible. The method presented in this article allows drawing conclusions regarding the connection between any arbitrary books based solely on their vocabulary.

Reprezentacje leksykalne pojęć CHRZEST, CHRZEST JANOWY oraz CHRZEST PAŃSKI w średniowieczu. Analiza onomazjologiczna

In the article, the subject of description included continuous and discontinuous autosemantic lexical units used in the medieval language (until the end of the 15th century) to denote two different religious rites described in the New Testament and the rite of Christian initiation in the New Testament and in the Middle Ages in Poland. They are a lexical representation of the concepts of BAPTISM. JOHN’S BAPTISM. LORD’S BAPTISM in the Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego online [Conceptual Old Polish Dictionary online].

Phraseologismen im Bereich der Sexualität. Eine lexikographische Analyse an deutschen und polnischen Beispielen

People’s sex life is very often, if not always, taboo in everyday life. The theming of this area of life is made possible by various linguistic means that allow one to speak about this content. Phraseological units also serve this purpose. The starting point of this article is the definition of phrasemes according to Burger (2015:11): “Firstly, they [phraseologisms] consist of more than one word; secondly, the words are not put together for this one occasion, but are combinations of words that we, as German speakers, know exactly in this combination (possibly with variants), similar to how we know German words as individual items”. In addition, it is noteworthy that thanks to the characteristic of idiomaticity (cf. Fleischer 1982:30), this taboo is particularly reinforced. At the center of our analysis are phrasemes related to sex life. The research material was taken from German and Polish dictionaries. The purpose of the presentation is to create a typology of thematic areas which are characterized with the help of phrasemes relating to sex life in German and Polish. The article is based on the following definition of a taboo: “an unwritten law that forbids doing certain things based on certain beliefs within a society” (Duden 2015:1735).

КВАЛИФИКАТОРЪТ РАЗГОВОРНО (POTOCZNE) В ПОЛСКИТЕ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФСКИ ИЗТОЧНИЦИ / THE QUALIFIER COLLOQUIALLY (POTOCZNE) IN POLISH LEXICOGRAPHIC SOURCES

The object of research is the qualifier ‘colloquial’ (potoczne) in Polish lexicographic practice. The aim is to outline the practice of its use in Poland and to compare it with the practice in Bulgaria. Since different notions regarding the concept of colloquialism exist in Poland, the aim is also to examine which of them is decisive when using the qualifier. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the information about the qualifier ‘colloquially’ in several Polish dictionaries. The analysis shows that, as in Bulgaria, this qualifier is considered to be stylistically-pragmatic, therefore the stylistic concept of colloquialism dominates in the Polish lexicographic practice. There are also some cases of inconsistencies or discrepancies in the use of the qualifier ‘colloquial’, which supports the complexity of the problem of colloquial vocabulary.

Verb-nominal collocations and synthetic verbs in Polish and Croatian

Analytical structures which are verb- nominal collocations cause a problem in translation, especially when equivalents in languages translated differ grammatically. The article focuses on the forms which are an analytical structure in at least one of the languages, while in the second language they are synthetic verbs. It is rare to find analytical forms which do not have their synthetic counterparts - some researchers believe that they are not collocations then. Croatian synthetic verbs such as nadati se, tuširati se are translated into Polish in the form of analytical structures - to hope or to have a shower, because Polish lacks oneword equivalents. The aim of the paper is to discuss the linguistic phenomena mentioned above. It is based on selected forms of Polish and Croatian. The direct source of excerption material was the publication of Maria Cichonska Contrastive Dictionary of Polish, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian verbs, in which the author focuses on the discussion of verbs whose equivalents are different from each other in at least one of the languages. There are a few types of collocations, but this analysis concentrates only on verb-noun ones, which significantly depleted the amount of structures excerpted from the dictionary.

A few remarks about dictionaries of foreign words (as a side note to considerations about the status of Russianisms in the contemporary Polish language)

The article attempts to compare two treatments of Russianisms in nowadays Polish practical lexicography. Many words in this group are registered in Polish dictionaries of foreign words, while at the same time being recorded in defining dictionaries. Therefore it raises a question about the linguistic status of some components of that lexicological category. Discrepancies in dictionary qualifications of Russianisms were used by the author to draw a few critical remarks about practices when forming word lists in dictionaries of foreign words.

Opisy interiekcji w wybranych XIX-wiecznych słownikach języka polskiego

Descriptions of Interjections in Selected Polish Dictionaries from 19th Century
 The author of the text analyses interjections present in three Polish dictionaries from the 19th century: the dictionaries by S.B. Linde, J.S. Bandtkie and A. Osiński, which are a part of a larger linguistic collection created in order to study and describe historical Polish interjections. The article takes into account the internal diversity of the historical class of interjections in the light of the lexicographers’ attempts to describe such units. Our attention is drawn to the lack of graphical normalization of interjections in the dictionaries, as well as the inconsistency of their marking and definition on the one hand, and the wide range of functional variants on the other. Differences in the manner of presentation of interjections in these dictionaries are also taken into account. Moreover, the author emphasizes the fact that they include a large number of animal-related (hunting) interjections. The study of the dictionary materials confirmed that their authors did not work out a method of a lexicographical description of these linguistic units.

Feminine Personal Nouns in the Polish Language. Derivational and Lexicographical Issues

The paper is dedicated to issues related to designations of women in the Polish language from the second half of the 19th century until the present time. The socio-cultural history of a group of Polish feminine personal nouns (referred to as feminitives or feminatives) which denote women's social and/or occupational status is discussed. It is argued that feminine personal nouns have been directly dependent on various ideologies: women's emancipation, socrealism and feminism. Ideologies have impacted the use of feminatives, by intensifying or limiting their use in discourse during a particular period, and the attitude of language users to ideologies has influenced the way in which feminatives are perceived. While presenting the richness of the repertoire of gender exponents in contemporary Polish, the possibility of the incorporation of feminine personal formations into dictionaries of general Polish in a scientific and objective manner is investigated. A similar idea was proposed at Wrocław University, as a result of which a group of female lexicographers compiled Słownik nazw żeńskich polszczyzny [Dictionary of Polish Female Nouns]. Some of its innovative lexicographical assumptions (description, not prescription, a discourse-centred method) are discussed in this article. The text corpus presented in the article enables the reader to trace the history of feminine personal nouns in Polish, i.e. their disappearance and re-appearance in the language.

Sport professionalisms on the material recorded by Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN (Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish

This paper discusses the issue of the language elements coming from sport professiolects which have been recorded by the Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish (WSJP PAN) and labelled as sport. pot. (sport coll.). The author ponders on the reasons why the sport elements which were restricted to professional communication until a point in time are now entering the resource of a larger group of Polish language users and general dictionaries of Polish. Keywords: language of sport – lexicography – professiolect – sociolect – professionalism

O zagadkowej nazwie osobowej: Mazalon

The article and its graphic attempts to establish the origin of the personal name Masalon [a German citizen] and a graphic version of Mazalon [a Polish citizen], which for people signing with this surname is still a mystery. The bearers of this surname look for traces of traces of the origin of the root maz- as an appellative basis for the personal name Mazalon in the dictionaries of Polish and other European languages, because they want to establish the linguistic origin of their surname and the place on the map associated with their roots. The article discusses several paths of such searches and deliberations on the recorded forms.

К ПРОБЛЕМЕ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ СЛОВАРНЫХ ТОЛКОВАНИЙ КОНКРЕТНОЙ ИМЕННОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ (ФЛОРА И ФАУНА)

The article discusses two approaches to the dictionary interpretation of specific nominal vocabulary, i.e. logical-rationalistic and psychological. In the traditional approach to the construction of interpretations, which is consistent with the scientific paradigm of structuralism, it is believed that the definition should include only those semantic components that ensure the delimitation of this meaning from the meaning of all other units of the language (E. Bendix); this requirement is fulfilled by creating a definition from a set of necessary and sufficient features. The aim of this article is to find out whether it is possible to construct definitions based on these requirements for groups of specific vocabulary related to flora and fauna, as well as to identify other approaches to the dictionary description of meanings of words of this group. The research material is an array of definitions from 17 explanatory dictionaries of Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Italian, English, and German. The main research method is semantic and comparative analysis of dictionary definitions. The research has revealed that the interpretation of lexis denoting flora and fauna rarely meet the declared requirements.For example, in the twelve considered definitions of the word linden and its equivalents in other languages, nineteen semantic components are used in total, and their number in different dictionaries ranges from three to eight. None of the interpretations provide an unmistakable recognition of this word and contain a set of necessary and sufficient features. The reason for this phenomenon is due to the fact that names of most biological objects refer to stochastic lexis, which cannot be described through a set of distinguishing features due to the peculiarities of the content of the corresponding concepts. One can find a different approach to the definition of names from flora and fauna groups in practical lexicography. The authors of dictionary definitions rely on the most significant, relevant features of the class of realias, i.e. form an interpretation of those characteristics that often fall into the focus of attention of the ordinary native speaker. In many cases the definition includes those signs of realias that are significant for the national cultural tradition. Thus, in constructing definitions of specific lexis from the group of biological objects, practical lexicography is based on a psychological, rather than logical-rationalistic, approach to the dictionary definition, which is consistent with the new cognitive paradigm in linguistics.

Funkcje aktotwórców na przykładzie archiwów państwowych. Rozważania wstępne

The presentation by the International Council of Archives of the project of a new model of archival description "Records in Contexts" made the authors look for the possibility of using this model in the Polish system of archival information. They draw attention to the lack of studies or thesaurus in Poland containing systematized functions performed by various entities operating in all areas. They refer to a handful of examples from other countries, including the function thesaurus for The Australian Governments' Interactive Functions Thesaurus, which was one of the foundations for the preparation of the International Standard for Describing Functions ISDF and Access to Memory AtoM, and the later guidebook from the British Commonwealth – Strategies for Documenting Government Business: the DIRKS Manual. Then, they indicate the eight basic areas of activity of state archives specified in the Law on the national archival holdings and archives, i.e. shaping the state archival holdings, collecting, inventorying, storing, processing, securing and making available archival materials, and conducting information activities. Some regulations and documents prepared in the archives were subject to a preliminary partial analysis, i.e. the uniform substantive records classification scheme, the model report on the activities of the state archives and the Strategy of the State Archives for 2010–2020, as sources that can provide information when creating the Polish dictionary of functions, at least in the scope of the activities of state archives. As the theoretical model that can be used in these works, the Archival Thesaurus by Stanisław Nawrocki was pointed out. The study ends with questions about the possibility of applying in Poland an information system approach based on the analysis of functions and documentation produced during their performance, which are an incentive to discuss the shape of the system of information about the holdings.

За някои славянски заемки във Вилнюския речник

The study outlines some of the problems related to the description of foreign elements in cognate languages from the Polish dictionary i.e. Słownik wileński. In borderland areas there are differences specific to Polish, Belorussian, Ukrainian and Russian languages, which come from the Proto-Slavic language community. The article proposes to interpret and specify the semantics of separate lexemes functioning in the eastern borderlands during the 19th century.

Miejsce jako kategoria językowo-kulturowe we frazemach z pola leksykalno-semantycznego DIABEŁ

The article deals with praseological units that contain the lexemes diabeł ‘devil’ and diabelski ‘devilish’, excerpted from dictionaries of standard and dialectal Polish. The study is based on the assumption that a description of location as a languacultural category, manifest in these units, will be non-differential and panchronic; however, characteristic features of two languacultural areas (i.e., traditional folk culture and contemporary culture) are taken into account. In the phraseological units being investigated, the category of location appears either on the expression plane (it functions as a component of a given unit) or on the content plane (the place is the meaning of the unit), and its exponent is either a common noun or a proper name. Several aspects of the category of location, as it functions in the lexico-semantic field of "devil”, have been revealed: (i) the folk culture (spiritual culture, folk beliefs in demonology); (ii) location as a category that is evaluated and that is used in evaluation, in the context of the US–THEM opposition; (iii) cultural changes (in the city and in the country).

Językowy obraz Wschodu i Zachodu we współczesnej polszczyźnie

The cultural concepts of Wschód (East) and Zachód (West) are products of contemporary, modern Polish languaculture, one that significantly shapes contemporary social and political discourses. A reconstruction of the cognitive definitions of these concepts, along with their profiles, can thus lead to a better understanding of the two kinds of discourse. In accordance with the principles of the cognitive definition, couched within the framework of the Lublin Ethnolinguistic School, the analysis is based on data from dictionaries, texts, and questionnaires. Four major dictionaries of Polish have been surveyed, as well as questionnaires conducted for the 1990 and 2000 editions of the Axiological Lexicon, along with a random selection of texts from the National Corpus of Polish, from internet editions of the press, from belles-lettres, and essays. After a detailed analysis of the systemic data, facet-based cognitive definitions of the two cultural concepts are constructed. For the concept of Wschód (East), the facets include location, economy, reasons for going East and returning, the role of East for Poland, the characteristics of its inhabitants and of the East as space. In the case of Zachód (West), instead of inhabitants and space, the relevant facet is that of values. The last part of the article prosents the profiles of these concepts, which correlate with ideological orientations in the press and in politics: the liberal profile (the West is good, it is associated with personal freedom, human rights, democracy and the rule of law; the East is negative, it ignores the rule of law and standards of liberal democracy); the right-wing profile (the East is evaluated similarly to the liberal profile, whereas the West is portrayed as Poland’s “moral debtor”); the Catholic-national profile (the East is a threat, the West is characterised by materialism and a degradation of values); the everyday-living profile (the West is wealthy, the East is poor).

Obraz wody we frazeologii i paremiologii polskiej i białoruskiej

<p>Problematyka oglądu wody w językach słowiańskich jest zauważalna. Wielostronnie przybliżone zostało językowe postrzeganie wody w polszczyźnie, zwłaszcza ludowej. Zaznaczone jest też językowe przedstawienie wody w języku białoruskim. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie utrwalonego w języku obrazu wody w świetle wyprofilowania frazeologicznego i paremiologicznego na materiale jednostek słownikowych języka polskiego i języka białoruskiego w planie konfrontacji międzyjęzykowej. Zebrany materiał pozwala dostrzec w budowaniu językowego obrazu wody zasadnicze perspektywy jej oglądu i wyróżnić podstawowe profile z wieloma specyfikującymi je fasetami. Analiza ukazuje potoczne opisanie wody jako takiej oraz – w szczególności – powiązań wody z różnorodnymi pojęciami, zwłaszcza związków z człowiekiem. Odzwierciedlone jest wskazanie, skąd się bierze woda, precyzowana jest ilość wody w określonych przejawach, są informacje o wodzie w danym czasie i miejscu oraz o jej dostępności. Odtworzone jest życie w wodzie i nad wodą. Zarejestrowane są atrybuty wody i jej oddziaływanie na niektóre obiekty, zdatność, niezdatność bądź szkodliwość wody, a także odniesienie wody względem czegoś. Odnotowywana jest wartość i walory wody. Utrwalona jest woda w funkcjonowaniu człowieka i życiu zwierząt. Ukazane jest zapotrzebowanie na wodę. Dokonana rekonstrukcja językowego obrazu wody w ujęciu porównawczym na materiale frazeologiczno-paremicznym języka polskiego i języka białoruskiego unaocznia przeważające zbieżności i dość znaczne odmienności.</p>