Polish Dictionaries Research Articles

Polski obraz biedy utrwalony w języku i w kulturze

<p>W artykule podjęto próbę rekonstrukcji najważniejszych składników językowo-kulturowego obrazu biedy. Kierując się założeniami metodologicznymi rekonstrukcji JOS, proponowanymi w pracach Jerzego Bartmińskiego i innych badaczy nurtu etnolingwistycznego, autorka wzięła pod uwagę trzy typy danych: dane systemowe zebrane na podstawie słowników języka polskiego (ogólnych, etymologicznych, frazeologicznych oraz słowników synonimów i antonimów), dane tekstowe (przysłowia, bajki ludowe, przykładowe teksty publicystyczne) oraz informacje kulturowe (wierzenia i zwyczaje ludowe opisane w pracach etnograficznych).</p><p>Analiza zgromadzonego materiału pozwoliła stwierdzić, że pojęcie biedy jest przeciwstawiane bogactwu i traktowane inaczej niż ubóstwo. Łączliwość rzeczownika bieda wyłącznie z przymiotnikami intensyfikującymi wskazuje, że użytkownicy języka dostrzegają przede wszystkim nasilanie się zjawisk związanych z trudną sytuacją materialną. Eufemizacja wyrażana jest natomiast zazwyczaj za pomocą wyrazu niedostatek, charakterystycznego dla polszczyzny oficjalnej.</p><p>W świetle utrwalonych połączeń wyrazowych bieda jawi się przede wszystkim jako odrębny byt towarzyszący ludzkiemu życiu, istota żywa zjawiająca się u człowieka wbrew jego woli (jak intruz), postrzegana zazwyczaj jako osoba. Taki obraz łączy się z ludowym wyobrażeniem biedy (jako chudej kobiety lub nagiego dziecka) obecnym w ikonografii oraz w tekstach bajek. W niektórych przysłowiach biedę przedstawia się jako nauczyciela uczącego doceniać rzeczy powszednie.</p><p>Inne metafory realizowane w utrwalonych multiwerbizmach bazują na wyobrażeniu biedy jako choroby, przedmiotu lub pojemnika. W tekstach publicystycznych i naukowych traktuje się biedę jak przeciwnika lub zagrożenie, z którymi należy walczyć, w ludowym obrazie świata przeważa natomiast fatalizm. We wszystkich typach danych pojęcie biedy jest negatywnie wartościowane.</p>

Językowe dziedzictwo mitologiczne w Słowniku języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego – leksyka

Linguistic mythological heritage in S.B. Linde’s Słownik języka polskiego ‘Polish dictionary’. Vocabulary
 Linguistic mythological heritage preserved in S.B. Linde’s Słownik języka polskiego ‘Polish dictionary’, comprises mainly one-word mythologisms, i.e. mythologically-motivated lexemes. The subject of my query are those Polish mythologisms, and that are lexicographically marked in Linde’s dictionary (are entries or subentries). The paper discusses the problem of mythological sources and that of textual lexical mythologisms; it isolates groups of mythological names, and describes Linde’s lexicographical notation of the selected linguistic units (among others, their place in the macro- and microstructure of the dictionary, qualification, markings, abbreviations, information on the origin, definition and isolation of secondary meanings).

Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN a obecna sytuacja językoznawstwa polskiego

The Great Polish Academy of Sciences Dictionary of Polish and the current situation of Polish linguistics
 Currently the head of the Great PAN Dictionary of Polish, the author presents his observations on past and present difficulties of lexicographical work. In his view, lexicography is an activity that both uses and publicizes the achievements of scientific linguistics, and therefore, its development is tightly bound to the current state of research on contemporary language. The progress of these studies in Poland is currently not satisfactory; training of young academics and future lexicographers is also inadequate. These issues should become the subject of a general discussion for the entire millieu of Polish linguists, so that scientific and lexicographical work on Polish can advance judiciously in the future.

Elementy informacji gramatycznej w słowniku pod red. Tadeusza Lehra-Spławińskiego jako przykład uwarunkowań socjokulturowych w leksykografii

Elements of grammatical information in the dictionary edited by T. Lehr-Spławiński, as an example of socio-cultural factors in lexicography
 The paper examines the convention of formulating the inflectional information, especially pertaining to grammatical cases, in Trzaska, Evert, and Michalski’s Dictionary of Polish that was edited in the interwar period by T. Lehr-Spławiński. The author attempts to determine what factors informed the use of a lexicographically innovative solution that nonetheless did not upset the linguistic tradition, and has proven both very functional and influential for future conventions in Polish lexicography. The analysis of nominal inflection presented in the dictionary is compared to analyses in numerous academic and popular grammars, mostly from the interwar period or widely known at the time, and in the context of the publishing layout of the editor who contracted Lehr-Spławiński. The aim of the paper is to highlight the significant role that research on the sociocultural context plays in metalexicographical studies and in a better understanding and interpretation of dictionaries, not so much as linguistic compendia, but also as texts of culture.

Dawne słowniczki gwarowe jako źródło do historii języka

Monolingual dictionaries of Polish as well as the old translation dictionaries which until the 19th century also fulfilled the function (in compliance with the intention of their authors) of general Polish dictionaries are traditionally regarded as fundamental sources of the history of the Polish language, especially its development and lexical resources. The collections of folk vocabulary which—more or less professionally—were narrowly used in the papers concerning the past periods of the Polish language aroused poor interest on the part of the historians of language. The article contends that small dialectal dictionaries should be treated equally with other sources of the history of the Polish language, especially lexicographical ones, for they provide a very interesting material for analysis and interpretation, not only linguistic.

Kolay Cumleler w Wypisach tureckich Hadży Seraji Szapszała

The teaching of the Turkish language in Poland posed many problems for teachers as there were no appropriate materials which could be used during lessons. Seraya Shapshal’s “Wypisy tureckie” (“Turkish Chrestomathy”) was the first comprehensive textbook that helped students learn Turkish. “Wypisy” consists of texts dealing with a variety of topics as well as a Turkish–Polish dictionary. This book is a good example of the difficulties a teacher or writer faces when preparing suitable materials. “Wypisy” was written in 1931–1932 and published in Vilnius; it is 140 pages in length, 83 pages of which are given over to the Turkish–Polish dictionary. The entire book was handwritten, which is probably the main reason why it contains many typos, i.e. the Turkish characters are written in the wrong way. In this paper only the first chapter is analysed, namely “Kolay Cumleler” (“Easy sentences”). The analysis focuses on grammatical (phonology, morphology, syntax) and lexical issues presented to the students in the initial phase of their Turkish language instruction.

The Creation of an Enduring Legend of the National Hero: A Comparison of Tadeusz Kościuszko and George Washington

Abstract The word “legend” is of Latin origin. The verb legere means “to read, gather, or select.” Samuel Johnson’s dictionary of the English language, edited in 1802, gives, inter alia, the following definition of the word “legend”: “a chronicle of the lives of saints; any memorial or relation, an incredible unauthentick narrative.” In Samuel Linde’s six-volume dictionary of the Polish language, published in 1807, the first work of such lexicographic magnitude compiled by a Polish scholar, the word “legend” (legienda) is concisely summarized as a chronicle of the lives of saints. While modern English and Polish twenty-first-century lexicons seem to agree that a legend is a story from earlier times of people or events that may or may not be true or a story of an important person who is known for doing something extremely well, some Polish dictionaries define it in broader terms, claiming that a legend is a narrative about famous people or events that is often exaggerated.

Techniczno-leksykograficzna notatka o kompozycjach typu owocowo-warzywny

The note discusses words such as owocowo-warzywny (‘fruit and vegetable’), warzywno-owocowy (‘vegetable and fruit’), naukowo-badawczy (‘science-research’) etc. which are very frequent in source texts on which lexicographers base their general dictionaries of Polish. The author examines the theoretical status of these expressions in selected Polish language dictionaries (with special reference to Słownik wileński and Słownik warszawski).

Ulotne interpretacje, wieczne zapisy

Fleeting interpretations, eternal records. A lexicographer’s experience from the work on biological terms for a supplement to Słownik staropolski ‘Old Polish dictionary’
 The article presents the results of the author’s work on Old Polish biological terms for a supplement to Słownik staropolski ‘Old Polish dictionary’. Conducting a detailed analysis of several examples (mak, nasięźrze, onica, szlam or ślam, trzystab), the paper shows the errors made by publishers in the transliteration and transcription of the said terms during the reading from mediaeval manuscripts.

Jednostki obce w słowniku języka polskiego na przykładzie Słownika elektronicznego jednostek frazeologicznych (SEJF)

Foreign elements in the Polish lexicon, using the example of Słownik elektroniczny jednostek frazeologicznych (SEJF) ‘Electronic Dictionary of Multi-Word Units’
 The paper discusses the presence of foreign phraseological units and of their grammatical features in phraseological dictionaries of general Polish. The author adduces lexicographical descriptions of specific phrasemes from Polish and foreign words dictionaries, and compares them with corpus data. Based on these analyses, she proposes a set of detailed solutions which were implemented in Słownik elektroniczny jednostek frazeologicznych (SEJF) ‘Electronic Dictionary of Multi-Word Units’ that she is preparing. SEJF is going to be the first electronic grammatical dictionary of Polish idiomatic phrases to provide paradigms for the described units. The paper closes with a list of one hundred analysed phrasemes, each with the assigned lexeme class and, in the case of nouns, also the gender value.

Określenia beneficjentów Kościoła katolickiego w szesnastowiecznej polszczyźnie

The article discusses ten 16th-century designations of the beneficiaries of the Catholic Church, that is the persons endowed with offices, which were connected with specific profits. These names have been excerpted from the published volumes of Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku (“The Dictionary of the 16th-Century Polish”). The article presents their origin and subsequent history. It is worth noting that the majority of the names of church beneficiaries that were confirmed in the 16th-century Polish language appeared just in that century. Despite the disappearance of offices and posts designated by them, the greater part of those lexemes have survived until today, if not in general Polish, than in its ecclesiastical variety as obsolete or historical lexemes.

Methodology and development of the Polish Dictionary of Quality of Life Terms

Background: Lack of established Polish terminology is a serious limitation of the development of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) studies in Poland. Our goal is to suggest the best translations in order to create the Polish dictionary of QoL terms. Methods: In February 2012, QoL Special Interest Group of ISPOR Poland Chapter took on the task of preparing Polish dictionary of HRQoL terms. The following steps were planned: (1) preparation of a list of target English-language terms, (2) preparation of a reference list of translations already used in Polish literature, (3) step-by-step translation of English terms by individual experts (4) analysis and approval of proposed translations by Expert Committee, (5) re-analysis of key terms, (6) preparation of pre-final dictionary, (7) reviews by Review Committee, (8) preparation and publication of the final version. Expert Committee was comprised of seven Polish investigators with vast experience in the field of HRQoL studies. Review Committee was formed by three authorities in the field of psychometrics, statistics and epidemiology. Results: Until June 2013, there were 13 meetings of Expert Committee: three focused on the development of methodology and ten - on analysis and approval of proposed translations. Initially, we identified 1640 English terms from different sources. After removal of duplicates, final English list comprised of 1314 terms. Pre-final version of vocabulary, ready for peer-review, consists of 1051 Polish translations. Conclusions: We anticipate, that dictionary prepared by the ISPOR Poland Chapter will support practical usage of patient HRQoL in Poland.

PRM174 - Methodology and Development of ‘Polish Dictionary of Quality of Life Terms’

PRM174 - Methodology and Development of ‘Polish Dictionary of Quality of Life Terms’

Charakterystyka pojęć dotyczących Afryki zawartych we współczesnych słownikach języka polskiego

Comparison of the linguistic image of Africa in a specific Polish dictionaryThis project constitutes the main part of my doctoral thesis carried out under the supervision of Prof. Zbigniew Greń at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In order to conduct comparative research and to analyze the differences between lexemes in Polish and Swahili, I have chosen methodology connected within a course of cognitive research, namely the linguistic image of the world. As part of the project I would like to look into and describe the linguistic image of Africa in specific Polish reportages. In addition, and in order to show the differences in the ways of conceptualisation of the reality by representatives of other cultures, I am planning to visit Tanzania to do more research. This article contains the linguistic image of Africa in a specific Polish dictionary. I have analysed the lexemes: Africa, African and Negro to show the dissimilarities.

Polish aspectual prefixes, their order and functions: A study based on the National Corpus of Polish

The paper presents the results of a study of Polish perfectivizing prefixes and their combinations based on bilingual electronic dictionaries and data from the National Corpus of Polish. A dedicated corpus search engine used in the study makes it possible to find verbal prefixes within a near context of homonymous prepositions and thus to determine the extent to which the prefix meaning is still connected to the meaning of the cognate preposition. By comparing the general frequency of prefixes in aspectual pairs with the number of possible prefix combinations it is possible to identify the most productive 1 prefixes in the Polish aspect system and compare their role as perfectivizers with their cognates in other Slavic languages. The possibilities for combining verbal prefixes evident in a recent Polish dictionary are presented along with the corpus analysis. Both analyses show that the verbal prefixes that combine with others most freely in verbal derivatives are usually only weakly lexicalized, and function as pure perfectivizers.

Czy czasownik "chcieć" jest semantycznie prosty?

The goal of this article is to investigate whether the verb chcieć ‘to want’ is a definable notion. A. Wierzbicka locates this predicate on her first list of semantic primitives (1972), A. Bogusławski, on the other hand, proposes to decompose this verb into a “feeling of deficit” (1998a). Apart from these references some other proposals are presented. First of all, the author tries to distinguish units with the shape chcieć based on inflectional and syntactical differences. Several intuitions included in proper definitions taken from contemporary Polish dictionaries are also commented upon (SJPDor, ISJP, USJP). The paper implements as the analytic tool advanced structuralist semantics developed by Bogusławski (see: 1976, 1994, 1998b, 2007, Danielewiczowa 2002, Wajszczuk 1997).

Cechy składniowe i semantyczne jednostek swego rodzaju i pewnego rodzaju

The analysis undertaken in the article has shown that the sequences of words swego rodzaju and pewnego rodzaju ‘kind of’ (not attested in most Polish dictionaries) consist of components which belong to the closed substitution class, it is therefore fully justified to classify them as lexical units. The analysis of the sentential positions of the phrases swego rodzaju and pewnego rodzaju suggests that they are adjectives, and the analysis of their semantic features has shown that their meaning is related to that of the particles prawie ‘almost’ and w zasadzie ‘in principle’. Furthermore, semantic explication has demonstrated that the analyzed lexical are not synonymous.

Wybrane problemy definiowania nazw roślin w Nowym słowniku języka polskiego pod redakcją Tadeusza Lehra-Spławińskiego

The main problem is the analysis of strategy of defining names of plants in the New Dictionary of Polish edited by T. Lehr-Spławiński. Using contemporary research methods connected with the lexical semantics and the theory of lexicology the author presents the most common types of definitions. She divides the lexemes first of all in respect of the hyperonims used in the definitions and then on the basis of the constructions that were used by the editors in making the definitions. The author also shows the most common errors and mistakes made in defining the meaning in the dictionary.

O wyrażeniach na krok i o krok. Przyczynek składniowo-semantyczny

The article provides an analysis of the units of description with forms na krok and o krok, as they are described by general Polish dictionaries and dictionaries of set phrases. The analysis aims to distinguish all lexicological units in Polish are constituted by the aforementioned sequences. The author singles out one multi-elemental lexical unit of contemporary Polish ([ktoś] jest (o) krok od [czegoś] ‘[somebody] is close/near to [something]’), while all the remaining expressions are considered to be syntactical constructions.

Rodzina i rodzaj – biologiczne jednostki taksonomiczne w Słowniku języka polskiego pod redakcją Mieczysława Szymczaka

The article opens with the presentation of the principles of formulation of Latin names of families and genera in the systematics of Carolus Linnaeus as well as the presentation of the presumptions adopted in the Polish terminology with reference to word-formation of the discussed taxonomical units (categories). Next, a detailed analysis has been presented of the structure of definitions referring to the designation family in the Dictionary of the Polish Language edited by Mieczysław Szymczak. Additionally, a peculiar approach of linguists to genus, as a taxonomical unit, has been presented, resulting from lack of understanding of its place and position in the systematics. Finally, proposals were presented of the principles of elaboration of the definitions of family and genus in the descriptive dictionary of Polish.