Polish Counterparts Research Articles

Personality-Related Determinants of Physical Activity Among Polish and Spanish Physical Education Students.

We aimed to analyze personality-related determinants of physical activity among Polish and Spanish physical education (PE) students. The study was conducted among 219 Polish and 280 Spanish PE students, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory. Compared with Spanish PE students, their Polish counterparts are characterized by a higher level of extraversion and conscientiousness and a lower level of neuroticism. The level of total physical activity for all students was 8,697.21 METs, and this value was higher among Polish students. Among Polish and Spanish PE students, the level of total, vigorous, and moderate physical activity increased along with the increase in extraversion, while a decrease occurred along with the increase in neuroticism. The level of each domain of physical activity also increased in line with the intensification of student conscientiousness. In moderation analyses, it was shown that the home country of students may be considered a moderator of the relationship between conscientiousness and total exercise in such a way that the physical activity increased along with the increase in conscientiousness only among the Polish students. In addition, the country is a moderator of the correlation between moderate physical activity and neuroticism (p = 0.031), openness (p = 0.049), and conscientiousness (p = 0.019), with moderate activity only decreasing among Polish students and increasing along with the increase in openness and conscientiousness. Positive correlations among physical activity, extraversion, and conscientiousness, as well as negative ones with neuroticism, were demonstrated among Polish and Spanish students, and also the moderating impact of the country on the correlation between personality-related dimensions and physical activity.

Традиция дневниковых записей в Украинском гетманстве

The article deals with the issue of the existence of a tradition of keeping diary entries in the Ukrainian Hetmanate (17th – early 18th centuries), similar to those diaries that were kept at that time in Western Europe. In order to understand the origins of the diary tradition among the Cossack elite, born, brought up and educated in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the author turns to the analysis of traditional for the Polish handwritten culture “diariushs” and characterizes the most famous examples. The article discusses the “diariushs” of representatives of the military elite that have survived to this day, namely of Dmitry Tuptala (Rostovsky), Philip Orlik, Ya. Markovich and others. The author suggests the existence of earlier “diariushs” (in particular, by the participant of the Khotyn war S. Zorko), the full texts of which have not survived to this day. This conclusion is confirmed by the “diariush” of the clerk Ivan Bykhovets, introduced into scientific circulation by the Ukrainian historian L. Okinshevich in 1930, but for objective reasons remained practically unknown in historiography. It is noted that this “diariush” is fully consistent with the Polish counterparts and contains a number of unique descriptions.

On the metaphorization of space: a closer look at the English far from X-construction and its Polish equivalents

Although a fair share of scholarly attention has been paid to the metaphorically driven grammaticalization of the originally spatial English far from X-construction into a minimizer, whereby it emphatically points to the subject’s non-attainment of a given property or failure to enter a specific eventuality, little has been written about whether, and how, this change finds reflection in the translation of English texts into foreign languages, including Polish. Thus, on the basis of a random sample composed of sentences containing the English far from X-construction along with their respective Polish translations extracted from the parallel English-Polish Paralela Corpus, this paper sets out to examine how the grammaticalized English expression is typically rendered into Polish. Considering the variation observed in the data, five main translation categories have been identified, namely those involving (i) spatial markers, (ii) standard minimizers, (iii) simple negation, (iv) omission, and (v) other locutions. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that in slightly more than half of the cases, the metaphorical English construction is translated into Polish with the use of non-spatial expressions, in particular canonical minimizers, a finding which can be accounted for in terms of the fact that the Polish spatial counterparts of far from X have generally undergone a lower degree of grammaticalization.

Through selective activism towards greater resilience: the Czech Constitutional Court's interventions into high politics in the age of populism

ABSTRACT With technocratic populist Andrej Babiš leading the Czech government coalition, the country has experienced some democratic backsliding. In contrast to its Hungarian and Polish counterparts, however, the Czech Constitutional Court has been spared from executive capture. This article argues that resilient constitutional courts may act as one of the key safeguards against illiberal populism. We demonstrate that resilient constitutional courts are products of an institutional framework, which prevents court-packing by loyal allies of populist leaders, and of courts’ activities that increase their reputation with the public, thus making political attacks against them overly costly. We argue that the Czech Constitutional Court has exercised an approach of selective judicial activism that focuses on keeping political competition fair while avoiding involvement in controversial socially transformative judicial decision-making which would outrage large parts of the population. Moreover, by acting as a guardian of fair political competition, the Court contributed to the further fragmentation of the political landscape, which in turn prevented the accumulation of political power, and hence the Court shielded itself from political attacks.

Reflection of Ukrainian-Polish language contacts in the anthroponymy of Zhytomyr region in the XVI–XVII centuries

The Polish language actively penetrated the lives of Ukrainians, particularly in office work in the XVI and especially in the XVII century. The subject of our study were Polonisms found in the identification of men in the Zhytomyr region in the XVI–XVII centuries. Among foreign names, more than 6% are in the naming of representatives of the top and less than 1% – of the lower social strata, some are borrowed from the Polish language: Kryshtof, Sebestian, Fry(d)ry(ch) and others. Occasionally the same person, primarily a nobleman, is identified by the Ukrainian name and its Polish counterpart: Fedor / Teodor, Semen / Shymon. Attention is paid to Polish phonetic features in the analyzed surnames: incomplete vowel forms: Zablo(ts)ky(y), Kga(v)ro(n)sky(y); preservation of the Proto-Slavic suffix *dl: Motovy(d)lo; Proto-Slavic nasal reflexes: Do(m)bro(v)sky(y), Kgole(m)be(v)sky(y), Szczęsny. Variable use of such anthroponyms with their Ukrainian equivalents is proved: Kgroho(v)sky(y) / Kgoroho(v)sky(y), Ve(n)kgry(n) / Uhryn.

Prätorischer Vergleich and municipal mediation offices – the historic development of alternative dispute resolution schemes in Austria and what they mean for contemporary legislators?

The text aims to highlight certain alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods existing in Austrian civil law since the 19th Century. Austrian law and legal tradition, closely linked to its Polish counterparts, serve as sources of inspiration for Polish scholars and legislators. Nowadays, possibly more than ever, the heavy caseload of modern courts combined with evidentiary and procedural burdens call for the increased importance of ADR. The EU actively promotes the development of ADR. Therefore, the evolution of the approach to out of court dispute resolution methods in Austria is depicted against a widely understood historical background, in connection with the German legal tradition. Furthermore, the text describes this evolution as related with the deep political changes in Austria (Constitution of 1867) and the enactment of a modern civil procedure code in 1895. The authors concentrate on two institutions: municipal mediation offices (Gemeindevermittlungsämter) and the special pre-court settlement before the District Court (prätorischer Vergleich), comparing the latter with the Polish regulation of court conciliation proceedings. This analysis leads to certain conclusions regarding the inspiration that the Austrian legislation may serve as in future.

Epistemic lexical verbs in English-language economics articles by Polish and Anglophone authors

The study investigates cross-cultural variation in the use of epistemic lexical verbs (ELVs) in English research articles on economics written by Polish and Anglophone scholars. Two corpora of articles published in Polish and international journals are explored to analyze the frequency, prominence, distribution and phraseological behaviour of selected ELVs across the introductory, concluding and main body parts of the collected texts. The results demonstrate that Anglophone writers use more ELVs than their Polish counterparts, though both groups prefer judgement over evidential verbs and most frequently use ELVs in the combined Results and Discussion section. Cross-cultural differences are observed in the choice of the specific ELVs, their frequency rates and the recurrent phraseology in the distinct rhetorical sections. These results may have implications for novice writers aspiring to understand the motivations behind the specific rhetorical choices contributing to the effective announcement of new knowledge claims in English-language economics articles.

Wypowiadanie umów o pracę z przyczyn organizacyjnych w czeskim i polskim środowisku prawnym. Część 2

This two-part article aims to compare and analyze the Czech and Polish legal regulations on the termination of employment due to organizational changes adopted by the employer. In particular, the analysis deals with the extent, to which the compared legal regulations protect the employee and the durability of his employment, and (on the other hand) the employer's right to freely conduct business activity by managing his enterprise and deciding on the composition of his workforce. The first part of the article contains a comparison of selected aspects of the basic legal regulation of termination of employment in both countries and the presentation of the conditions for the application of organizational reasons for termination of employment, focusing mainly on the Czech regulation and its judicial interpretation. The second part of the article aims to compare the previously described Czech approach with its Polish counterpart, as well as to compare other socio-legal tools of employee protection related to the main topic, such as the application of the provisions on collective redundancies and mandatory severance pay, special protection of various groups of employees against dismissal, obligatory consultations with trade unions, etc. On this background, the authors also formulate certain proposals for legislative changes in the subject area.

Wypowiadanie umów o pracę z przyczyn organizacyjnych w czeskim i polskim środowisku prawnym. Część 1

This two-part article aims to compare and analyze the Czech and Polish legal regulations on the termination of employment due to organizational changes adopted by the employer. In particular, the analysis deals with the extent, to which the compared legal regulations protect the employee and the durability of his employment, and (on the other hand) the employer's right to freely conduct business activity by managing his enterprise and deciding on the composition of his workforce. The first part of the article contains a comparison of selected aspects of the basic legal regulation of termination of employment in both countries and the presentation of the conditions for the application of organizational reasons for termination of employment, focusing mainly on the Czech regulation and its judicial interpretation. The second part of the article aims to compare the previously described Czech approach with its Polish counterpart, as well as to compare other socio-legal tools of employee protection related to the main topic, such as the application of the provisions on collective redundancies and mandatory severance pay, special protection of various groups of employees against dismissal, obligatory consultations with trade unions, etc. On this background, the authors also formulate certain proposals for legislative changes in the subject area.

Parlamentaryzm Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego XIV–XVIII w.

Parlamentaryzm Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego XIV–XVIII w.

E-health and health literacy of young adult Ukrainian female immigrants and Polish counterparts

Abstract Background According to recent projections, even 10% of Polish gross domestic product is contributed by Ukrainian immigrants. There is also a considerable number of Ukrainians continuing university education in Poland. The level of health literacy in Ukrainian society has not been studied so far. The aim of the study was the comparison of health literacy (HL) and e-health literacy (eHL) of young adult Ukrainian (UA) women with their Polish (PL) counterparts Methods A snowball technique was used to recruit a sample of UA women working or studying in Poland to the Internet-based survey. The questionnaire used in the study consisted of the 16-item European HL Survey questionnaire (HLS-EU-16), eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS), the set of the questions asking about health behaviours (HB), self-assessment of health status (HS) and items exploring sociodemographic variables. For comparison, the data of an age-matched sample of 100 respondents was extracted from the online survey performed in a representative sample of PL women. Results The mean age (standard deviation, SD) of 57 UA respondents was 20.23 (1.78) years and in Polish sample 20.25 (1.79). HL did not differ between both groups (11.06 (4.22) vs 11.44 (4.34), respectively, p = 0.53), but eHL was significantly lower in UA group (25.91 (5.36) vs 28.17 (5.37), U Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.01). Only 58.5% of UA respondents vs 80.5% of PL ones assessed their HS as at least good (Fisher exact test, p < 0.001). The rates of active smoking (34.6% vs. 35.0%, p = 0.55), using e-cigarettes (35.3% vs 34.0%, p = 0.99), frequent alcohol consumption (26.9% vs. 20%, p = 0.41), and intensive physical activity (49.0% vs. 38.0%, p = 0.22) did not differ between study groups. Conclusions Young UA women show lower eHL than PL counterparts. Although HL and HB in both groups did not differ significantly, UA respondents have assessed their HS much lower than PL participants. Key messages E-health literacy and self-assessed health status were significantly lower among young Ukrainian than among Polish women. Both groups did not differ for health literacy and health behaviours.

Basic levels of categorization: A comparison of selected English and Polish verbs

The phenomenon of basic level concepts in cognition and categorization, so crucial in the cognitive account of natural language is typically accessed via what is perceptually the most outstanding phenomena represented in many languages, at least those rooted in Proto-IndoEuropean (specifically English and Polish) by nouns fulfilling the criteria of basic terms, originally established for classifying color vocabulary. These are prototypical examples in the category of nouns – relating to countable, material objects. Nominal representation, according to Langacker (1987) is indicative of a given stimulus being perceived and conceptualized as a thing, i.e., a region in one or more cognitive domains (conceptions) established in the speakers’ minds. This is a rather self-imposing construal of physical, countable stimuli, which meet the good gestalt criteria, such as animals, plants, and man-made objects of everyday use. The semantic scopes of nouns representing such phenomena seem to overlap to a relatively high degree across languages, especially related ones, such as English and Polish, and finding the precise equivalents within them does not pose particular problems. This is hardly the case when it comes to phenomena represented by verbs and classifiable as processes in Langacker’s cognitive, semantic account of the division of words into parts of speech. A comparison of the meaning of selected basic English verbs and their closest Polish counterparts reveals serious discrepancies in a number of cases. Thus, certain basic English verbs representing common, everyday physical activities prove to differ considerably from their Polish counterparts with regard to their respective levels of schematicity/ specificity of meaning, and, in consequence, the range of cognitive domains involved in their semantic scopes. This is the case of such equivalent lexemes as płynąć/pływać – swim; sail; flow; float or break – łamać; tłuc; rwać; drzeć. In both cases, one language is quite specific while the other is much more schematic as regards the actual cognitive domains activated by corresponding words and the degree to which that activation in the stimulated conceptual blends depends on the lexical context in which the respective words are used. This indicates that even related languages spoken by communities from similar cultural circles may codify considerably different construals of the same nonmaterial phenomena, specifically processes.

Recepcja niemieckiej pedagogiki kultury w polskiej humanistyce

The starting point for the discussion is the obvious statement that cultural pedagogy is one of the three main currents in German education sciences; the other two are empirical and critical pedagogy. As the title suggests, the author focuses on cultural pedagogy only, and in particular on the reception of German cultural pedagogy by Polish cultural pedagogy during the interwar period. One can definitely say that German Geisteswissenschaften, or “the sciences of spirit” (including pedagogy) influenced Polish humanities. The main thesis of the article is that although the geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik had an overwhelming influence on pedagogical thinking and actions in Poland before World War II, it became considerably marginalised or almost totally forgotten after the war, as it was proclaimed a “bourgeois relic” and an “old fashioned trinket”. Theodor Litt (1880–1962) and Eduard Spranger (1882–1963) are commonly considered the leading representatives of German cultural pedagogy, and their Polish counterparts are Bogdan Nawroczyński (1882–1974) and Bogdan Suchodolski (1902–1993). The article refers to original source literature – although in brief – to discuss the influence of the educational concepts of the former group on the latter one. By proposing such analysis, the author hopes for fair and critical restructuring of cultural pedagogy in Poland, if not for its revitalisation. The first signs are already there.

Trudności tłumaczenia Pana Tadeusza Adama Mickiewicza na język arabski na podstawie mojego przekładu Księgi pierwszej

Difficulties in Translating Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz into Arabic on the Basis of my Translation of Book One My task of translating Pan Tadeusz was accompanied by various complications which concerned not only the form (metrics, rhythm, and rhymes), but also the proper rendering of the meaning of individual words and intricate idioms. Book One of Pan Tadeusz in my translation has not yet been published, as I am working on subsequent books. Due to various difficulties, the translation of this work is a very complex process that requires much care and a huge investment of time. Polish and Arabic are separate crucibles of very different cultures and social environments. There is no doubt that the language of poetry has specific rhythmic and morphological features. This increases the complexity of translation, since apart from mastering the language and understanding precisely the meaning of phrases and expressions, the translator needs to grasp the sense of metaphors and preserve the form of a poem to a lesser or greater extent. As for the form, I initially used eight feet in each verse. However, this method turned out to be imperfect, because the use of eight-foot verse significantly lengthens the text compared to the original. That is why I finally used the format of a thirteen-syllable poem, as in the work of Mickiewicz. However, this is a very difficult task and a huge challenge because Arabic words very often contain more syllables than their Polish counterparts, and unfortunately in most cases they cannot be translated into words with fewer syllables. Despite the difficulties of searching for rhymes and at the same time rendering the content of the verse, the rhymes have been kept in the same order as in the original, i.e. even rhymes (aabb). The abundance of synonyms in the Arabic language made this matter much easier.

Problemy przekładu terminologii z zakresu prawa na podstawie wybranych polskich tłumaczeń sztuk Williama Szekspira

Problems of Translating Legal Language Based on William Shakespeare’s Selected Plays The paper discusses major problems and issues of translating law and legal language into Polish as illustrated by selected examples from William Shakespeare’s three plays: King Lear, The Merchant of Venice and Measure for Measure. The common feature of the plays is the context of the court and the trial. In King Lear, Shakespeare depicts a mock-trial of the main character’s two daughters, Regan and Goneril. The crux of The Merchant of Venice is the proceedings instigated by Shylock against his debtor, Antonio. Measure for Measure features a summary trial of two local rogues, Froth and Pompey, who are brought to justice by the constable Elbow. A comparison of the English original law-embedded scenes with their Polish counterparts shows that Polish translators approached Shakespeare’s legal lexicon differently. They frequently neutralised legal language or offered the equivalents that do not overlap with the source text. The different treatment of legal language by the translators results in various readings and interpretations of the original. The paper also provides a commentary on the basic concepts and institutions of English law in Shakespeare’s analysed plays.

Japanese intercultural communication hindrances in business environment: Case studies with Polish counterparts

AbstractJapan has been facing with paradigm shift necessity in terms of the demographic structure, globalizing business and technology revolution, and as its consequence, also with deficiency of human resources with global literacy. The Japanese government has established a new strategy aiming to develop and foster “Global Human Resources” with high language and communication skills capable for international operations. Analyses of the literature on Japanese sociocultural behavioral characteristics and empirical case studies carried out in Poland with pragmatics approach in this paper reveal that honorifics regarded as a technical layer of interaction management and Japanese habitus consisting of uchi/soto behavioral scheme, unique uchi-codex are causes of interaction failure. These features make Japanese uchi-group ethnocentric and almost impossible for a non-Japanese to assimilate themselves to the uchi-codex. Neither a foreign speaker’s high level of proficiency of the Japanese language nor their good knowledge on Japanese culture itself guarantee successful communication and interaction in the Japanese business sector without their practical ability and endeavors to apply this Japanese behavioral scheme even partially. The whole sociocultural and behavioral discrepancy or this incompatibility of Japanese behavioral scheme to other cultures seems to keep the Japanese away from achieving Human Resources with global literacy.

Temporale und modale Konjunktionen und ihre individuellen Verarbeitungsweisen

The paper presents a study within the scope of cognitive linguistics. The aim is to relate Langacker’s assumption about language as meaning to grammatical language items and to examine it, taking the already existing research into consideration, by analysing selected temporal and modal conjunctions. The research object in this comparative analysis are selected German conjunctions and their Polish counterparts. The study provides answers to the following questions:
 
 Is meaning content activated by conjunctions in language processing?
 Which emotions are triggered in the participants of the study?
 How are the conceptualized meanings and emotional values that are ascribed to the conjunctions influenced by particular contexts of the utterances?
 
 The method of intersubjective introspection makes it possible to trace the allegedly finished processing mechanisms in participants.

Słowa roku w czeskim i polskim dyskursie publicznym (lata 2006–2017)

The purpose of the article is to compare the so-called words of the year used in the Czech and Polish public discourse in the years of 2006–2017. The words selected in the Czech contest Words of the Year have a di erent character than their Polish counterparts. It seems that they were chosen mainly to the attractive context in which they were used, which is related to the pro le of people voting for them. An average reader of “Lidové nowiny” newspaper is more often driven by attractiveness of the meaning of the lexeme, context, in which it is used, less often its form, unless it evokes specific associations. A great number of these words are quotes (and neologisms) from politicians, relating to internal a airs. For Polish voters are Polish linguists. They choose words connected to important Polish dispute events.

Strength-limiting damage in lithium silicate glass-ceramics associated with CAD–CAM

ObjectiveThe fabrication of all-ceramic restorations using Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD–CAM) most commonly involves subtractive machining which results in strength-limiting, surface and sub-surface damage in the resultant prosthesis. The objective was to explore how clinically relevant machining-process variables, and material variables, affect damage accumulation in lithium silicate glass-ceramics. MethodsThree commercial lithium silicate glass-ceramics (IPS e.max® CAD, Celtra® Duo and Vita Suprinity®) were selected. For each material, two groups of disk-shaped specimens were fabricated (n=15), using a CAD–CAM process, creating surfaces equivalent to those generated for a dental restoration, or alternatively, using a highly controlled laboratory process generating disk-shaped test specimens with a consistent polished surface. Bi-axial flexure strength (BFS) was determined in a ball-on-ring configuration and fractographic analyses performed. For each material BFS was correlated with machining sequence and with surface roughness. ResultsBFS was significantly influenced by material substrate (p<0.01) and by fabrication route (p<0.01). A significant factorial interaction (p<0.01) identified that the magnitude of changes in BFS when comparing the two specimen fabrication routes, was dependent on substrate type. The polished control specimens exhibited a significantly increased BFS when compared with the CAD–CAM counterparts for all materials. IPS e.max® CAD and Celtra® Duo showed a 44 and 46% reduction in mean BFS for the CAD–CAM specimens when compared with the polished counterparts, respectively. In contrast, Vita Suprinity® showed the least disparity in mean BFS (21%) but the greatest variance in BFS data. SignificanceAll CAD–CAM specimens showed evidence of machining introduced damage in the form of median and radial cracks at sites either coincident with, or peripheral to the failure origin. Subtractive machining introduced significant strength limiting damage that is not eliminated by heat treatments applied for either microstructure development (IPS e.max® CAD and Vita Suprinity®) or annealing/crack blunting (Celtra® Duo).

Fifty shades of white

Abstract This research article reflects on social inequalities in Europe in a transnational perspective, focusing on racial hierarchies between Westerners and ‘peripherally white’ migrants from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Peripheral whiteness is a concept introduced to account for the simultaneous privilege and subordination experienced by white migrants from non-Western countries. Peripheral whiteness is here examined on the example of migrant domestic workers from Ukraine employed in Poland and their Polish counterparts active in private households in Belgium. The contribution shows that, compared to their non-white counterparts, peripherally white domestic workers from CEE benefit from being racialised as white. This privilege is, however, inextricable from the subalternity of their status. The fact that the majority of domestic workers in Brussels are Polish and an increasing number of domestic workers in Warsaw come from Ukraine can be partially explained by the worker-employer hierarchy implicitly established by the (semi-)peripheral status of their countries of origin.