Polish Authors Research Articles

„Polityka literacka” rosyjskiej cenzury zagranicznej w latach 1865–1904

“Literary policy” of Russian foreign censorship in 1965–1904 (Summary) Almost 4500 new literary publications in Polish (counting by titles) had been triedto bring in to Empire in 1865–1904. The foreign censorship banned from circulationalmost 1400 of these books – in a whole or in a part. These books were treated more lenient than others – because in 1872–1904 the censors prohibited only 29,7% of them, when nonfictional publications – 40,5%. The literary works weremore rarely than others banned in a whole. The censorship policy towards importedbelles-lettres became slowly less repressive, in spite that it had been changing: during 70. had occurred to be moderate, using various bans conditional upon subject; late 80. and the beginning of 90. it was a period of the strongest repressions, butthe second half of 90. and the beginning of XX century it was quite successful timefor belle-lettre import. ! e censorship hit books of Polish authors in the most severeway (which consisted of ¾ of all banned imported works), particularly directedto the people or to the general public or imported for the first time since theywere published and didn’t belong to any book series. The most banned author was Slowacki and next: Lenartowicz, Krasinski, Urbanski, Poeche, Sienkiewicz (mainly versions adapted for children), Milkowski (T. T. Jez), Wilkonska, Przybyszewski, Abgarowicz, Rogosz, Zacharjasiewicz, Kasprowicz, Chociszewski, Tetmajer, Tuczynski,Mickiewicz, Asnyk, Wyspianski, W. Belza, Przyborowski i Konopnicka.

Old Studies with New Authors: A Discovery Ending with Retraction

It is not pleasant to discover and announce a case of mass-scale plagiarism. Quite recently, one of us (A.A.) discovered that three papers of Polish authors [1–3] have been copied and re-published under a different author’s name — I. Stanca, affiliated with the Oradea University (Romania) and, in one case, also with the Trinity College (Dublin, Ireland). Short search led to the discovery of as many as 12 fraudulent texts re-published in the form of 16 independent papers (four among twelve have been published twice). One among sixteen was identified only provisionally, because of difficulties in accessing a local journal, the identification being thus based on its unambiguous title. Essentially, the papers were copied entirely or copied with some specific (minor) changes, but in some cases, parts of other papers were inserted. According to our search, there exist also several multi-authored papers where the above-mentioned person is on the second or further place on the authors’ list: our search does not give any indication that these multiauthored papers are plagiarized. In this Letter, we briefly present the results of our search. Moreover, we mention the possible preventive measures that can be taken against plagiarism.

"I know who you are, but who I am—you do not know . . .": Reading Yiddish Writers in a Polish Literary Context

The article discusses Polish-Yiddish literary contacts by illustrating them with selected examples from four novels and one poem. It presents parallel readings of Ziemia obiecana ( The Promised Land , 1899) by Władysław Stanisław Reymont and Di brider Ashkenazi ( The Brothers Ashkenazi , 1936) by Israel Joshua Singer, Isaac Bashevis Singer's The King of the Fields (Yiddish original Der kenig fun di felder , 1988) and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski's Stara baśń ( Old Fairy Tale , 1876) as well as Avrum Sutzkever's poem "Tsu Poyln" ("To Poland," 1946), read in the context of Polish poetry of the Romantic period. Yiddish writers who were born in Poland and spent some part of their lives there were familiar with Polish literature, sometimes drew inspiration from Polish authors, and referred to their works in various ways, oftentimes polemical. The aim of this comparative article is to indicate the rich and still unexplored potential this field of research may offer.

Conceptions of an urban agglomeration and a metropolitan area in Poland

The aim of the article is to present the conception of an urban agglomeration and that of a metropolitan area in geography and physical planning as approached by Polish authors. Special attention is paid to relations holding between those conceptions, which are considered in terms of the morphological and the functional structure of a large city. A survey is made of what has been achieved in the delimitation of urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas in Poland. The opinion is expressed that a metropolis and a metropolitan area, which are concentrations of high-order socio-economic functions and internationally ranging links, are settlement forms more highly organised functionally than an urban agglomeration.

Ecological indicator values of some lichen species noted in Poland

The paper presents the ecological indicator values for 360 lichen species noted in Poland. For the given species estimated were the climatic indicators (light, temperature, moisture) and the edaphic ones (trophicity, habitat acidity). The estimate is based mainly on field studies and Polish lichenological literature. Presented are also the dynamics tendencies, i.e expansion or dieback of the analyzed species. According to papers by Polish authors, concerning various groups of plants, used were five degrees' scales of the analysed indices.

Polish Literature on Organized and Individual Help to the Jews (1945–2008)

The article deals with the ways of describing the issue of individual and organised help to the Jews in Polish historical discourse during 1945–2008. The author analyses press statements, academic articles, and popular articles and, finally, books published in Poland (including publications by historians from the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw) as well as émigré texts. The article also discusses the source basis used in the texts by Polish authors, their methods of analysis as well as the political conditions of the discourse concerning Polish-Jewish relations during the occupation, identifying the key time limits. Particular attention has been paid to the trends in historical writing in the immediate post-war period, in the mid-1960s (with the anti-Zionist campaign at the fore), in the mid-1980s, and, finally, during 2000–2006. The article discusses all the key publications regarding help to the Jews by: T. Berenstein and Adam Rutkowski, Szymon Datner, Władysław Bartoszewski, Kazimierz Iranek-Osmecki, Teresa Prekerowa, Jan T. Gross and the research and educational activity of the Main Commission to Investigate Nazi Crimes in Poland, the Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy (ZBOWiD) and the Institute of National Remembrance

Celtic Countries from the Perspective of Polish Romantics and Exiles

In this piece on the Polish Romantic travellers confronted with Celtic cultures and countries, I have tried to show the way they reacted and how their imaginations worked. Probably some of their reactions were not different to those of all other Celtophiles. The special role of the Czartoryskis’ cultural patronage needs to be highlighted. In the nineteenth century Poland, nobody ever attempted to gather so many books about Celtic history and culture again, even after the emergence of Celtic Studies as an academic discipline later in the nineteenth century. The predictable result was that, with time, knowledge of Celtic cultures diminished among the Polish writers. The literary revival in early twentieth century Ireland, associated with Yeats and his contemporaries, did not elicit widespread reaction from Polish librarians and academics. This failure to respond to new developments in Ireland is probably to be explained in terms of the economic and socio-political conditions in the divided Poland of that time. One of the many negative results of the partitions at the end of the eighteenth century was that a large number of important Polish writers moved abroad, as well as that their relations and impressions were affected by this emigration. Being a political émigré was not always helpful in so far as the exploration of new cultures was concerned, both from the point of view of the psychological trauma of being away from home and of various everyday constraints. Generally, it was personal interests and earlier studies, and not finances or place of living that influenced some Polish authors’ choice to write on Celtic themes.

Современная польская историография о Юзефе Пилсудском и санационном лагере

The article is devoted to the presentation in contemporary Polish historiography Jozef Pilsudski, as the organizer of the May 1926 coup d'etat in Poland, the leader of the sanacja camp and creator of the sanacja regime, as well as the characteristics of the sanacja camp. In this article are presented the opinions of the Polish authors in the latest studies on those problems and the main trends of contemporary Polish history science.

Mapping the Polish Corridor: Ethnicity, Economics and Geopolitics

ABSTRACT The demarcation of the new German–Polish borderlands, especially the sections adjacent to the so-called Polish Corridor, was one of the most controversial provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the victorious Allied Powers and defeated Germany. Indeed, the Polish Corridor became the subject of an intense and wide-ranging public debate from 1919 to the Second World War. In the course of this debate, German and Polish authors regularly relied on maps to reinforce their respective positions and to shape popular opinion. This article examines some of these maps to further our understanding of the role of cartography in international debate surrounding the Polish Corridor.

Income Policy in the Country under Transition - Some Remarks

In comes policy issues have been widely discussed in modern economics. The income policy in its meaning was treated as counter inflation strategy which contrary to monetarist attitude allowed to curb inflation without causing rise in unemployment. It mainly based on wages and prices controls. However in case of country under transition meaning of this term is much wider than prices and wages control. One has to notify that much bigger number of people that in case of western economies has income from state financed pension and social security systems. The main aim of this paper is to show differences between definitions of incomes policy in its classical meaning and solutions proposed by polish Authors. This is very for analysis of economic policy in countries under transition.

Public library services and the Polish community in England: case study

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the needs of the Polish community (established and newly arrived Poles) and how those needs are met by the public library service.Design/methodology/approachA case study method was used in partnership with Sheffield City Libraries. The methodology included interviews with library professionals and interviews and questionnaires targeted at members of the Polish community.FindingsThe Polish community are generally satisfied with the service they receive from libraries. The needs of sections of the Polish community are different dependent on their time in the country. Main concerns were with regard to the collection and their desire for good quality Polish materials including works by Polish authors (not just translations into Polish).Research limitations/implicationsThis study is a single case study giving a snapshot of the library services to Polish users.Practical implicationsThis study highlighted the need for increased community engagement with this particular ethic group. There is a need for collection development for this group of users. This can be facilitated by co‐operation with other libraries that are engaging in best practice and also specialist services such as the Polish Library in London.Originality/valueThis study is of practical value to public libraries meeting the needs of the Polish Community that is a growing and transient user group. There is little other literature that considers the needs of Poles newly arrived in this country.

Rare Polonica in The New York Public Library: Books of the Fifteenth–Eighteenth Centuries: Introduction

The New York Public Library (NYPL) holds one of North America's largest and oldest collections of books pertaining to the Slavic, Baltic, East European and Eurasian languages and peoples. The present catalog describes 514 volumes dating from the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries held by the NYPL. The following categories of material are included: books printed in the Polish‐Lithuanian Commonwealth; books printed outside of the homelands by Polish printers; titles by ethnic Polish authors, regardless of place of imprint or language of publication; works by foreign authors printed in the Polish language, or on subjects connected with Poland and/or the Rzeczpospolita. The catalog includes incunabula and 62 works of the sixteenth century. This article was originally published by Norman Ross Publishing, LLC. as the introduction to Marianna Czapnik, ed., Rare Polonica in the New York Public Library: Books of the 15th–18th Centuries, based on materials compiled by Robert H. Davis, Jr., 2001, pp. 7–15. This article is copyrighted 2001 by The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, and is reprinted with permission.

Puškin und Polen 1899: Die Petersburger Feier der polnischen Zeitung „Kraj“ zu Puškins 100. Geburtstag

The article deals with the centennial celebrations of Pushkin's birthday, organized in 1899 by the Polish newspaper Kraj. The celebrations have already attracted several researchers' attention, but so far no extensive use has been made of the newspaper's archive (preserved in the Polish National Library in Warsaw) to reconstruct in detail the background of the event. The material gives a broader view on the organizing Ugoda-movement's measures to promote the idea of Polish-Russian reconciliation in both countries. Of special interest is the organizing committee's attempt to involve Polish authors (e. g. Sienkiewicz, Orzeszkowa, Prus) and other people affiliated with literature. The Kraj's archive reveals the well-coordinatetd efforts towards them and simultaneously the widespread sympathy that many members of the literary environment felt for reconciliatory approaches. Nevertheless the resulting contributions to the celebrations should be interpreted not only as a revelation of moderate political attitudes and - referring to literature - of the belief in a friendship between Pushkin and Mickiewicz. Most of the centennial greetings carry another immanent message: The call for respect of Polish culture.

Uchodźcy, and: Z głowy (review)

Henryk Grynberg, Uchodzcy Warsaw: Swiat Ksiazki, 2004, 245 pp. Janusz Glowacki, Z glowy Warsaw: Swiat Ksiazki, 2004, 268 pp. Books made their way to supermarket shelves while bookstores became supermarkets. Secretaries' secrets, revelations of famous men's wives, sons, daughters, concubines, and prostitutes, all sold like hotcakes. Anyone could become an author: politician, charlatan, conman, spy, murderer, thief--as long as he was or could be subject of a scandal.... There were more authors than readers and yet all who wrote made money. All except for the writer, who was a drop in the flood of print, of print mania, of books in hard and soft covers, in every size and color, on every possible and impossible subject. (Uchodzcy 93, my translation) Such was Henryk Grynberg's assessment of the state of American literature in 1964 when he first visited the United States. Forty years later he published his confessions, in which he embedded the autobiographical material that had appeared earlier as the short story Uncle Morris. In the age of post-literature, do we dare ask whether autobiography is literature? The recent publication of two autobiographies by Polish authors living in the United States nonetheless prompts such an inquiry. The novelist, poet, and essayist Henryk Grynberg came to America to stay in 1967, and the playwright and prose writer Janusz Glowacki arrived here in the wake of martial law in 1982. Both write in Polish and publish in Poland, are well known in Europe, and enjoy a select readership in the United States. Grynberg's works have been translated into most European languages and Hebrew, with four titles available in English: The Jewish War, The Victory, Children of Zion, and Drohobycz, Drohobycz. Glowacki's plays--Hunting Cockroaches, Antigone in New York, The Fourth Sister--have been performed in the United States and internationally. Last year both writers came out with ostensibly similar books. Grynberg's Uchodzcy (Refugees), unlike much of his work, deals not with the Holocaust directly (although it does take on anti-Semitism) but with the author's peripatetic postwar existence, while Glowacki's Z glowy (O. the Top of My Head) shuttles back and forth between his years in Poland and his life and career in emigration. Both books are similar in length (about 250 pages), both were published by Warsaw's Swiat Ksiazki, and both focus on or mention in passing a plethora of postwar Polish intelligentsia and artists--well-known writers, actors, filmmakers, painters, and professors--as well as many figures unknown to the public at large: drunkards, named and nameless prostitutes, thieves, hobos, and sexual deviants. In several cases the two categories overlap. In addition to being autobiographical, the two books are picaresque narratives in which a string of adventures is linked by the person of the narrator, who may or may not be present as a character. But they contain as well a sharp, unforgiving critique of both the Communist past and the capitalist present, whether in Poland or the United States. Both Glowacki and Grynberg remind those younger Poles who don't know and the older Poles who may have forgotten how unfreedom tasted. Glowacki recalls the nightmare that haunted him for the first few years after his arrival in America (Grynberg describes an identical nightmare in his essay Duty): would travel briefly to Poland, and when I was about to leave, they would take my passport away. I told a few friends about the and it turned out that it was a classic. All emigrants, including Czeslaw Milosz, have had that dream (Z glowy, 191, my translation). They both describe the grueling, humiliating--and now inconceivable--interrogations ordinary citizens in general and writers in particular had to undergo whenever they applied for a passport, an exit visa, an entry visa, even a transit visa. Obtaining an apartment or a pound of beef also demanded a supple spine and offered material for a study in the grotesque. …

Facies studies of bituminous coals in Poland

Polish bituminous coal basins are associated exclusively with Carboniferous deposits, differing in origin and geological structure. This paper presents only short review of papers of Polish authors on coal facies studies of Carboniferous coals occurring in the Lower Silesian Coal Basin (LSCB), Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) and Lublin Coal Basin (LCB) of Poland. Facies investigations of Carboniferous coals of Poland have been in progress over 20 years. The results of these studies have provided new information on such subjects as: (i) recognition of main depositional conditions in paleomires, (ii) determine prevailing paleoplant communities, (iii) appraisal of peat-forming environment reconstruction-types and characteristics of paleomires. These facies analyses are connected to results of such studies as: pure coal petrology, using maceral and microlithotype composition as parameters of the environment of coal deposition, combined results of petrological, palynological and sedimentological studies.

Total Mercury Levels in Human Autopsy Materials from a Nonexposed Polish Population

Mercury is considered to be one of the most harmful metals. Studies of the so-called normal mercury content in human internal organs, blood, and urine can be useful for assessment of the level of environmental exposure and also for legal and medical expert opinions. The examination encompassed 75 autopsies of inhabitants of southern Poland (50 male and 25 female) investigated at the Institute of Forensic Research in Kraków, Poland, between the end of 1998 and the beginning of 2001. Samples of internal organs were homogenized and digested with nitric and sulfuric acids. Determination of total mercury was performed by the use of cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The following results (range and mean, in ng/g wet weight) were obtained: brain (n = 49) 0-14.2, 2.3 +/- 1.9; liver (n = 69) 2.6-55.0, 15.5 +/- 9.5; kidney (n = 63) 3.2-170, 35.9 +/- 31.7; heart (n = 4) 1.2-2.8, 2.2 +/- 0.75; spleen (n = 17) 2.4-9.6, 4.0 +/- 1.8; lung (n = 22) 1.8-9.1, 3.3 +/- 1.8; stomach (n = 48) 0-4.5, 2.0 +/- 1.0; small intestine (n = 32) 0-14.2, 2.8 +/- 2.7; large intestine (n = 13) 0 - 23.9, 5.2 +/- 7.2; blood (n = 35) 0 6.5, 1.6 +/- 1.2; urine (n = 14) 0 2.6, below detection limit. The above mentioned levels of mercury are similar to those reported by other Polish authors, but are lower than those determined in normal Korean and Japanese organs.

Nier le totalitarisme avant qu'il vous nie... Images contemporaines des littératures tchèque et polonaise

“Acquainted with the Night” : The Struggle of Czech and Polish Writers with Totalitarianism Though the literary representation of totalitarianism has become a current theme of analysis, critics have somehow neglected to study the forms of opposition to it. Still, Mikhail Bakhtin's concepts, because of his original thinking and his political disgrace, allow us to understand the essential mechanisms at work behind an intellectual refusal of totalitarian rule. The polyphony concept, that is the existence of many voices, representing diverse points of view in a narrative, might have the power to challenge the monologues of dictatorship. The laughter principle tends to introduce relativity into ail forms of hierarchy. Third, the 'chronotope' theme, namely the linking of one specific time and one specific place in a narrative, helps to escape the seemingly helpless confinement, deriving from the 'here and now' perspective. We chose to apply the Bakhtinian concepts to the writings of some contemporary Czech and Polish authors, who demonstrated their particular resistance to the regime, such as Jan Patočka, Václav Havel, Josef Škvorecký, Zbigniew Herbert, Tadeusz Konwicki, Paweł Jasienica. Their primarily moral revolt became a literary project. It then appeared that the Bakhtinian concepts are useful in describing literary mechanisms, and asserting the existence of a reflexive conscience, the most resilient obstacle to totalitarianism, in real life as well as in literature.

Liudvikas Adomas Jucevičius kultūrų sampynose

The article explores multiple cultural activities of Liudvikas Adomas Jucevičius (1813-1846) and their specific character. L.A.Jucevičius is considered to be an intermediary between literature written in Polish, on the one hand, and written in Lithuanian, on the other. His aim is to bring together Lithuanian and Polish speakers by trying to acquaint Polish speakers with ethnic Lithuanian culture in such fields as ethnography, mythology, folklore, and literature. A related task is to impart Polish cultural experience to Lithuanian speakers through translations into Lithuanian the poetical works of Polish authors Adam Mickiewicz, Antoni Edward Odyniec, Bogdan Zaleski, and Jozef Ignacy Krazsewski.

NOTES AND DISCUSSION

This paper reports the investigation of the organisational structure of introductory sections of research papers written by Polish authors in English and Polish. The aim of the study was to test whether in view of cultural differences, reflected in the Anglo-American and Polish intellectual styles, the rhetorical pattern of research papers would vary between the two cultures. The selected texts were analysed in terms of Swales' Creating a Research Space (CARS) model (Swales 1990). On application of the model in the analysis of articles from the English corpus, it was found that it could only be employed in very generic terms. The analysis of the Polish corpus revealed that the Variation between Anglo-American and Polish schematic patterns was too significant to justify the implementation of the same investigative tool.

Rhetorical approaches to scientific writing: An English-Polish contrastive study

This article reports an investigation of the rhetorical framework of research papers written by Polish scholars in English and Polish. It specifically targets the structure of introductions to articles in the field of psychology. Notions of linearity and digressiveness, as well as related issues of form and content and reader-writer reciprocity are discussed. The results of the analysis indicate that discoursal organization employed by Polish authors differs from that utilized by Anglo-American scholars. It is argued that styles of academic prose are interconnected with underlying cultural values.