Polish Academy Of Sciences Research Articles

„Wierzę, że i ja mam wyznaczoną pewną rolę na ziemi”. Nieznane listy Jana Otrębskiego do Jana Rozwadowskiego w Bibliotece Naukowej PAU i PAN w Krakowie

“I Believe that a Designated Role on Earth is There for Me as Well”. Unknown Letters from Jan Otrębski to Jan Rozwadowski in the Academic Library of the Polish Academy of Art and Sciences and the Polish Academy of Sciences In Kraków The Special Collections Department of the PAU and PAN Scientific Library in Krakow stores the correspondence of the eminent Indo-European linguist, professor of the Jagiellonian University, Jan Michał Rozwadowski (1867–1935). The collection includes the letters and postcards of Jan Szczepan Otrębski (1889–1971) and covers the period of thirteen years (1917–1930). It contains a lot of information on the considerations and doubts of the future Baltic linguist J. Otrębski, who at the moment was just starting his scientific career. Particularly clear is the thread of doubts about the rightness of choosing a career in science, and the lack of faith in one’s own abilities and the usefulness for science that often appears. The author of the letters repeatedly seeks advice and asks for help from professor J.M. Rozwadowski, who was then highly respected in the world of Indo-European studies. In the letters we can also find a considerable amount of the author’s reflections on various issues of Indo-European linguistics that bother him, which were later recognized as an innovative approach in the study of Baltic languages.

Japonica w Archiwaliach po Bronisławie Piłsudskim w Bibliotece PAU i PAN w Krakowie (9). Fujihiko Sekiba i jego przesyłka

Japonica in the Archives Left after Bronisław Piłsudski in the Cracow PAU-PAN Academic Library (9). Fujihiko Sekiba’s Mailing (Letter and Book) Sent to Bronisław Piłsudski and its Situational Context The present material constitutes the ninth installment of the series introducing Japanese documents preserved with Bronisław Piłsudski’s archives in the Academic Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Lettres (PAU) and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Cracow and includes photocopies of a letter in German (with its envelope indicating the addressee and the sender in Japanese, its decipherment transcript, and translation into Polish) dated , sent, together with an attached book, to Bronisław residing at that time in Tokyo by Dr. Fujihiko Sekiba, a renowned physician famous all over Japan, long-standing head of the Hokkaido Medical Association and a hospital (both founded by himself), but also medicine historian, anthropologist and one of the pioneers in Japanese ethnomedicine. The book of his own authorship was an extensive monograph on Ainu medicine studied also by Bronisław himself. The paper provides essential data concerning Sekiba’s biography and his legacy (especially, his scientific publications and the hospital still existing and considered one of the leading medical institutions in Hokkaido), and the book in question itself, with an appeal to make every effort possible to trace and find the copy of the book (possibly with some personal dedication) sent, but so far unidentified: Piłsudski, a dedicated collector of “things Ainu”, never easily parted with such items). The letter and the book mailed to Bronisław demonstrate how famous Piłsudski was in Japan as an Ainu researcher as early as 1906 (six years prior to the publication, in Cracow, of Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore that secured for him the eternal reference in the annals of academic research worldwide. Mentioned have also been certain related publications on Ainu medicine by Piłsudski.

Proces numeralizacji rzeczowników w gwarach polskich

This article concerns nouns referring to specific objects or phenomena in their original meaning and, combined with other nouns, may mean a quantity indefinitely large or small. The result of gradual lexicalization in the numeral function are formal changes. The changes of grammatical categories cause the transfer of units from one class to another. The author of this work presents the process of numeralization of nouns occurring in Polish dialects, against the background of general Polish, basing on materials gathered in the files of “Dictionary of Polish Dialects” by the Institute of Polish Language at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow.

Evaluation of the government bill amending the Act on the Polish Academy of Sciences

Evaluation of the government bill amending the Act on the Polish Academy of Sciences

Stan badań nad dokumentacją zabytków powiatu bielskiego

This paper constitutes a critical analysis of a two-volume publication: Katalog zabytków sztuki. Województwo podlaskie (białostockie). Powiat bielski [A Catalogue of Artistic Monuments. Podlaskie (Białystok) Voivodeship. Bielsk County], published in a series “A Catalogue of Artistic Monuments in Poland” by the Institute of Art at the Polish Academy of Sciences. The author of this article presents the contents of the Catalogue and evaluates its usefulness for further, detailed research on regional history. He draws attention to a high substantive level of the reviewed work which was based on rich source material acquired by means of queries conducted in the Polish archives (e.g., State Archives in Białystok), foreign ones (Russian State Historical Archive in St. Petersburg), and other cultural institutions (e.g. Voivodship Office for the Protection of Historical Monuments in Białystok). The Catalogue also uses data from numerous scientific monographs, articles, and elaborations containing over 300 references. One of its assets, apart from the scientific content, is high editorial quality. The Catalogue presents rich illustrative material provided with detailed descriptions in the form of historical outlines of seventy-two settlements with the characteristics of included monuments, depicted in 1,427 colourful photographs. The author expands information on some of the monuments described in the Catalogue using archive materials stored in the National Archives in Białystok. These are e.g.: 20th-century photographs showing the town hall in Bielsk Podlaski and archival files on the technical condition of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary from Mt. Carmel in Bielsk Podlaski after the First World War. The potential reader of the discussed review article is offered a synthesis of the Catalogue’s contents. It also highlights its scientific usefulness for art historians and regionalists.

Klimat akustyczny polskich uzdrowisk = The acoustic climate of Polish health resorts

ilence and a good acoustic climate are important in every environment where human beings live (at home or the place of work, in the streets, on transport, etc.). Special attention needs to be paid to health resorts at which patients come to regenerate their health. However, the acoustic climate of spas is under the great impact of noise generated by local transport, neighbours, bars and restaurants, as well as by other communal sources. According to the legislative Act of the Ministry of Environment (the Dziennik Ustaw Official Journal of Laws of 2012, item 1109) in the core area of a health resort (the so-called zone A), the level of noise level cannot exceed 45 dB during daytime and 40 dB during night hours. In places close to roads the limits are slightly higher, at 50 and 45 dB respectively. These limits are very restrictive. However, we must remember that noise is very destructive and can involve many health disturbances; and health resorts are places in which sick and aged people come to improve their health status and to regenerate organisms. In spite of the great importance of an appropriate acoustic climate noise measurements are undertaken periodically and not monitored by public institutions. Acoustic climate studies are usually carried out by research institutes (e.g. the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences) every ten years, as a part of investigations to assess the quality of climatic conditions in health resorts. The aim of the paper is a general assessment of the acoustic climate in Polish health resorts and of trends as regards possible changes over the last 10 years (2009–2019) in 20 spas located in different bioclimatic regions of Poland. More detailed analysis is done for 2 coastal resorts (Świnoujście and Kołobrzeg). There are analysed factors influencing the acoustic climate and the effectiveness of actions undertaken by local authorities to reduce noise levels. Attention is paid to the spatial distribution of resort objects (sanatoria, hospitals etc.), the organisation of local transport, and the quality of roads and of the neighbourhood of cities in which tourist and administrative functions are pursued. As the most important factors influencing the acoustic climate are transport and activity of a multifunctional nature (with health-resort and tourist functions having contrasting expectations).

Relevance of interdisciplinary approach in humanities: The Thing. Conceptual and Cultural Aspects (2018) as an example of cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural research

The purpose of this article is to discuss the merits of interdisciplinary research in the humanities. The discussion is conducted on the example of the volume entitled The Thing. Conceptual and Cultural Aspects, edited by Teresa Dobrzyńskaand Raya Kuncheva (2018). The volume approaches the issues of perception and presence of material objects in the linguistic picture of the world, viewed from the perspective of various humanistic disciplines, such as philosophy, semiotics, linguistics and literature. This interdisciplinary research is also cross-cultural in character, being the result of the studies of Bulgarian, Polish and Slovenian scholars from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the New Bulgarian University, the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. This effective mode of research provides a common ground for discussion and opens the space for dialogue between respective scholars, the disciplines they represent and the readers, going beyond the limitations of specific research areas and producing an overall picture of the object.

Jeszcze o potrzebie ujednolicenia terminologii onomastycznej

<p>Celem artykułu jest propozycja przygotowania wykazu terminów polskiej onomastyki, który opublikowany będzie on-line. Nawiązuje się tu do wielu prac zwracających uwagę na konieczność uporządkowania i ujednolicenia polskiej terminologii onomastycznej. Przedstawia się dotychczasowe pomysły rozwiązania tej ważnej kwestii, np. założenia słownika terminologii onomastycznej Zofii Abramowicz i Leonardy Dacewicz. Opierając się na istniejących wykazach terminologii onomastycznej (polskiej, słowiańskiej, europejskiej), Sekcja Onomastyczna Komitetu Językoznawstwa PAN postanowiła przystąpić (na bazie składanych najpierw do KBN a potem NCN wniosków grantowych wedle pomysłu prof. Roberta Mrózka) do przygotowania uporządkowanego (i w miarę możliwości ujednoliconego) wykazu terminów używanych w nauce o nazwach własnych. Punktem wyjścia jest opracowanie zbioru maksimum terminów w obrębie poszczególnych subdyscyplin onomastyki, z którego wyodrębnione zostaną hasła do wykazu, a następnie zdefiniowane, opatrzone cytatami z opracowań onomastycznych poświadczającymi ich użycie oraz może zaleceniami użycia bądź nie. Ideałem byłoby uporządkowanie ich tak, by tworzyły spójny obraz: od terminów najogólniejszych ku szczegółowym. Takie działanie, również we współpracy z przedstawicielami dziedzin posługujących się terminologią onomastyczną (historykami, geografami, kartografami), przyczyni się w efekcie do uporządkowania polskiej, słowiańskiej i międzynarodowej terminologii.</p>

Polymers Tailored for Controlled (Bio)degradation Through End-group and In-chain Functionalization.

Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton

Polish Research on the Vilnius Artistic Community 1919–1939


 
 
 This review of publications and exhibitions is devoted to the artis- tic community of Interwar Vilnius and the Faculty of Fine Arts at Stephen Báthory University. It includes a look at how the National Museum in Warsaw has operated since the 1960s (under the direction of Prof. Stanisław Lorentz), as well as the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, the Nicolaus Copernicus University and the District Museum in Toruń. The subject of discussion is monographic exhibitions of artists (including Ferdynand Ruszczyc, Ludomir Sleńdziński, Henryk Kuna, Tymon Niesiołowski), problematic exhibitions such as “The Vilnius Artistic Community 1919–1945” (BWA Olsztyn 1989), “Fine Arts Education in Vilnius and its Traditions” (Toruń 1996), publications by, inter alia, Prof. Józef Poklewski, Dr. Irena Jakimowicz, Jan Kotłowski and the author of the present paper. Attention is also directed toward the Jewish artistic community – in particular, the “Yung Wilne” group.
 
 

Academic degrees in the Polish People’s Republic. Part 1. Lower academic degrees

In the period researched in this article (1947–1990) the principles of awarding academic degrees were far from stable (or uniform). What is more, difference between individual degrees were of multiple character. In the initial years shortly after the Polish People’s Republic was formed, a lower academic degree was award ed to every higher school graduate. From 1951on this term referred to degrees awarded to science candidates, and as of 1958 to a degree of a doctor. Secondly, the requirements needed to be satisfied in order to qualify for individual degrees differed and were changing. Thirdly, on and off there were instances where ex emptions were made from the generally binding principles governing awarding of academic degrees, especially in the case of a science candidate and a doctor. Those exemptions, or exceptional treatment, was justified by a reference to an exceptional case. Fourthly, lower academic degrees could not always be obtained in every discipline, and the list of the discipline that qualified candidates for a degree was neither closed nor stable. Fifthly, the rights granted to scientific councils of institutions of higher education, and later to scientific councils of units operating within the Polish Academy of Sciences as well, were also changing, mostly to meet the conditions and requirements which those unites were obliged to fulfil. Sixthly, depending on the role and position of other bodies or organs involved in the process (the minister competent for schools of higher education, the Main Council of Higher Education, or the Central Qualifications Committee) their say and role was also changing. For the sake of a certain simplification, it may be stated that solutions adopted as a result of the reforms of 1947 and 1951were comparable, while those implemented in subsequent years, particularly by acts on higher education of 1958, 1982 and 1985 and the act of 1965 on academic degrees and scientific titles as later amended, differed considerably from earlier solutions. The assessment, from a legal point of view, of the conditions of awarding lower academic degrees in the period researched would, however, have been incom- plete if the organisation of doctoral studies as well as the manner of their delivery leading to the preparation and submission of a doctoral dissertation by a degree candidate, had been examined as well. This issue will be the subject of the second part of this article.

Synthesis-planning program relies on human-machine partnership

Computer-aided synthesis-planning (CASP) programs aim to replicate what synthetic chemists do when tackling a synthesis: start with a target molecule and then work backward to trace a synthetic route, including an efficient and achievable series of reactions and reagents. Work in this field goes back 50 years, but successful examples have emerged only in the past several years. These rely either on chemistry rules written by human chemists or on machine-learning algorithms that have assimilated synthesis knowledge from databases of reactions. Researchers now report that one CASP program that combines human knowledge and machine learning performs better than one that uses only artificial intelligence, particularly for synthetic routes involving rarely used reactions (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912083). The program is an update to Chematica, which was developed by Bartosz A. Grzybowski of the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology and the Polish Academy of Sciences and is

WŁADYSŁAW SZAFER – OBROŃCA PRZYRODY, KLASYK BOTANIKI

Władysław Szafer (1886-1970), wybitny botanik – geograf roślin (fitogeograf), paleobotanik, historyk i popularyzator biologii, współtwórca ochrony przyrody. Był profesorem Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie, dyrektorem Instytutu Botanicznego i Ogrodu Botanicznego, a także profesorem Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Jest współautorem i redaktorem podstawowych opracowań dotyczących roślin naczyniowych Polski: Flora polska, Rośliny polskie, Szata roślinna Polski. Był inicjatorem utworzenia około 180 rezerwatów i 6 parków narodowych. Założył Zakład Botaniki (obecnie Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera PAN), a także Zakład Ochrony Przyrody PAN (obecnie Instytut). Przyczynił się do zorganizowania Międzynarodowego Biura Dokumentacji i Współpracy w Sprawach Ochrony Przyrody w Brukseli, z którego wywodzi się późniejsza Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody i jej Zasobów (International Union for Conservation of Nature and its Resources) (IUCN). W 1958 r. został członkiem honorowym tej organizacji. Ważnym dziedzictwem profesora W. Szafera była tzw. krakowska szkoła geobotaniczna, w której rozwinięto badania naukowe oraz teoretyczne i praktyczne podstawy ochrony przyrody.

Towards Extended Zinc Ethylsulfinate Networks by Stepwise Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide into Zn-C Bonds.

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Janusz Lewiński from Polish Academy of Sciences and Warsaw University of Technology. The image depicts how a zinc ethylsulfinate web can be woven by using diethylzinc and sulfur dioxide. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201902733.

Lattice Shrinkage by Incorporation of Recombinant Starmaker‐Like Protein within Bioinspired Calcium Carbonate Crystals

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Mirosława Różycka and Andrzej Ożyhar at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, and colleagues at Jagiellonian University, the Polish Academy of Sciences, and Technion Israel Institute of Technology. The image depicts confocal laser scanning images showing the effect of the protein involved in the formation of otoliths on the calcium carbonate crystal lattice reported in the paper. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201902157.

Posthumous Tribute to Professor Czeslaw Strumillo (1930–2018)

On behalf of the members of the Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology in Poland, Chemical Engineering Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences and mysel...

Dicroidium (foliage) and affiliated wood Part 3 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed

Anderson, H.M., Barbacka, M., Bamford, M.K., Holmes, W.B.K. & Anderson, J.M., 10 July 2019. Dicroidium (foliage) and affiliated wood; Part 3 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed. Alcheringa 44, 64–92. ISSN 0311-5518 Dicroidium belonging to Umkomasiaceae (Corystospermaceae) in the polyphyletic pteridosperms (seed-ferns) is reassessed comprehensively worldwide and emended. All records are analysed and some attributed to the genus previously are reclassified. Dicroidium leaves are clearly affiliated with Umkomasia ‘megasporophylls’ and Pteruchus ‘microsporophylls’. The attachments of Dicroidium leaves to stems and associated wood genera are reviewed. Dicroidium is shown to be restricted to the Triassic of Gondwana, where it is by far the most prominent and diverse genus with 23 accepted species. It is well represented in collections from South America, Antarctica, India, Australia, New Zealand and southern Africa from where the Molteno Formation is the most comprehensively sampled stratigraphic unit, yielding numerous species from 75 assemblages. The problems of defining the limits of Dicroidium and its species are addressed. The records of leaf fragments from the Indian Nidpur Flora, Early Triassic, are questionably referable to Dicroidium, whereas the multiple forking leaves from the Cisuralian of India await description as a new peltasperm genus. The forked leaves from the (?)Lopingian of Jordan, previously classified as Dicroidium, are reassessed and placed in the new genus Jordaniopteris. Heidi M. Anderson [hmsholmes@googlemail.com], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa; Maria Barbacka [maria.barbacka@gmail.com], W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, Kraków 31-512, Poland, Botanical Department, Hungarian Natural History Museumartmem H-1431, Budapest, Pf. 137, Hungary; Marion K. Bamford [marion.bamford@wits.ac.za], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa; W. B. Keith Holmes [wbkholmes@hotmail.com], 46 Kurrajong Street, Dorrigo, NSW 2453, Australia, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; John M. Anderson [jmanderson.gondwana@googlemail.com], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa.

Pteruchus (microsporophyll): part 2 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed

Anderson, H.M., Barbacka, M., Bamford, M.K., Holmes, W.B.K. & Anderson, J.M., 3 July 2019. Pteruchus (microsporophyll): part 2 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some attributed previously. Alcheringa XXX, X–X. ISSN 0311-5518The microsporophyll genus Pteruchus, belonging to the pteridosperms (seed ferns) in the family Umkomasiaceae (Corystospermaceae), is reassessed comprehensively worldwide and emended. All records are analysed, and some fertile structures previously attributed are reclassified. The Lower Jurassic record of Pteruchus from Germany is ascribed to a new genus as Muelkirchium septentrionalis. Pteruchus is shown to be restricted to the Triassic of Gondwana and is clearly affiliated with the megasporophyll genus Umkomasia and the vegetative leaf genus Dicroidium. It is well represented from Argentina, Antarctica, Australia and southern Africa; the Molteno Formation of southern Africa is by far the most comprehensively sampled, yielding three species and 425 specimens from 22 localities. Nomenclatural problems with the species of Pteruchus are addressed. A key to Pteruchus species is provided; geographic and stratigraphic distributions are tabulated.Heidi M. Anderson [hmsholmes@googlemail.com], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa; Maria Barbacka [mariabarbacka@gmail.com], W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; Hungarian Natural History Museum, Botanical Department, H-1431 Budapest, Pf. 137, Hungary; Marion K. Bamford [marionbamford@witsacza], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa; W.B. Keith Holmes* [wbkholmes@hotmail.com], 46 Kurrajong Street, Dorrigo, NSW 2453, Australia; John M. Anderson [jmandersongondwana@googlemail.com], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa. *Also affiliated with: University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.

THE GENESIS OF THE PUBLIC LAW ENTITIES

Public law entities currently play an important role in the social and economic life of our country. The activity of local government, professional and business self-governments, as well as public law entities such as the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Academy of Sciences or the Bank Guarantee Fund, significantly contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in Poland. It is difficult to imagine effective state functioning without the existence of this category of legal entities. Being independent in their actions, they are at the same time a part of the state apparatus, whose activity is based on the systemic principle of decentral-ization and the participation of citizens in the exercise of public authority. It can be said that their existence and conditions of operation constitute a kind of litmus paper test of realizing the idea of a democratic legal state. This article presents considerations regarding the genesis of public law entities. It presents the views of the legal doctrine concerning entities governed by public law, starting from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, through the 19th centuryand XX century, ending with the contemporary times.

Herbarium Data on Bryophytes from the Eastern Part of Lithuania (1934–1940) in the Context of Science History and Landscape Changes

AbstractThe paper deals with bryophytes collected by Polish researchers from the mires in the eastern part of Lithuania in 1934–1940 and deposited at the Herbarium of W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (KRAM). The collection provides data on bryophyte diversity and distribution patterns in the mires of Lithuania. The collection (868 specimens) was revised in 2016–2017. Almost 90% of all herbarium specimens were collected by Irena Dąbkowska. The specimens were identified by the collectors themselves or by Polish bryologist Zygmunt Czubiński; 254 specimens of the collection were not identified. After revision, a total of 112 bryophyte species were ascertained in the collection, two of these (Palustriella decipiens and Polytrichum swartzii) have not been reported to Lithuania before. The specimens were collected in 47 localities, the mires in nearly half of them at the moment are disturbed due to drainage or use for peat extraction. Information about the localities of rare species Hamatocaulis vernicosus, Meesia triquetra and Mesoptychia rutheana is valuable for the estimation of their population status.