Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Research Articles

Multipurpose Lens Care Systems and Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens Wettability: A Systematic Review.

To provide a relationship between materials developed for silicone hydrogel contact lenses and multipurpose care solutions to identify improvements in wettability, for prelens noninvasive break-up time and subjective score. This systematic review was completed according to the updated PRISMA 2020 statement recommendations and followed the explanation and elaboration guidelines. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus scientific literature databases were searched from January 2000 to November 2021. A total of four clinical trials published between 2011 and 2017 were included in this investigation. All included studies were randomized clinical trials. The success of contact lenses is related to the comfort of their use and therefore to the stability of the tear film and the wettability of its surface. The relationship between these parameters and changes in the ocular surface and inflammatory and infectious processes has been demonstrated. Hyaluronan and propylene glycol multipurpose solution (MPS) wetting agents achieved slightly higher prelens noninvasive break-up times than poloxamine. Polyquaternium-1 achieved better wettability and patient comfort than polyhexamethylene biguanide in medium-term studies. Short-term studies did not demonstrate differences between MPSs in their effect on contact lens wettability.

Effect of Foliar Treatment with Aqueous Dispersions of Silver Nanoparticles on Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Interest in the use of silver as a component of plant protection products and growth regulators appeared relatively recently with the development of methods for the effective stabilization of colloidal systems containing nanoparticles of this metal. In the present work, we studied the effect of foliar treatments with aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles stabilized by polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride with an average diameter of 6 ± 1 nm and a zeta-potential of +47.4 ± 1.3 mV on legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, which largely determines the efficiency of soil nitrogen assimilation and the yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Based on the results of a two-year field experiment, it was shown that treatments with low doses of silver nanoparticles lead to a significant increase in the number of root nodules and an increase in soybean yield. The observed biological effectiveness of silver nanoparticles dispersions is explained by an increase in the enzymatic activity of peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases in the terrestrial part of plants. It is very likely that the treatment with silver nanoparticles and the increase in peroxidase activity in non-infected parts of the plant lead to a more effective prevention of the penetration of rhizobacteria into the aboveground soybean organs, which, in turn, may be the reason for the observed decrease in the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in parts of plant roots susceptible to rhizobia. The latter, as is known, contributes to an easier flow of the nodulation process and the development of legume–Rhizobium symbiosis.

Injectable and thermoresponsive hybrid hydrogel with Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, oxygen Transport, and enhanced cell growth activities for improved diabetic wound healing

Treatment of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) remains a global challenge since it is often hindered by multiple unfavorable factors including hypoxia, impaired cell signaling, persistent infections, and prolonged inflammation during healing process. Therefore, developing a material that can address the aforementioned difficulties is highly on demand in the clinic nowadays. In this study, a new type of injectable and thermoresponsive hyaluronic acid (HA)/hexamethylene diisocyanate-Poloxamer 407 copolymer crosslinked hybrid hydrogel consisting of fluorocarbon nanodroplets (FNDs), epidermal growth factor-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ENPs), and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) named FPE-HHPG was successfully developed for diabetic wound healing. The FPE-HHPG can be self-gelationed at 37 °C and offer multiple functions of oxygen supply, antibacterial, and enhanced cell growth which were contributed by the FNDs, PHMB, and ENPs, respectively. In addition, the FPE-HHPG can provide anti-inflammatory effects functioned by its entity constituent of high molecular weight HA. These functionalities allowed the FPE-HHPGs a markedly improved wound healing efficacy on diabetic rats including faster wound closure, thorough re-epithelialization, less inflammatory response, and rapid collagen deposition and maturation in comparison to the outcomes treated by using gauze or the commercial dressing HeraDerm. Given the aforementioned effectiveness together with known merits of injectable hydrogels such as moisture maintenance, wound shape adaptation, exudate absorptiveness, and low adhesiveness, the developed FPE-HHPG is anticipated to be a feasible tool for diabetic wound treatment in the clinic.

Infectious keratitis: A review.

Globally, infectious keratitis is the fifth leading cause of blindness. The main predisposing factors include contact lens wear, ocular injury and ocular surface disease. Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusarium species, Candida species and Acanthamoeba species are the most common causal organisms. Culture of corneal scrapes is the preferred initial test to identify the culprit organism. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and in vivo confocal microscopy can complement the diagnosis. Empiric therapy is typically commenced with fluoroquinolones, or fortified antibiotics for bacterial keratitis; topical natamycin for fungal keratitis; and polyhexamethylene biguanide or chlorhexidine for acanthamoeba keratitis. Herpes simplex keratitis is mainly diagnosed clinically; however, PCR can also be used to confirm the initial diagnosis and in atypical cases. Antivirals and topical corticosteroids are indicated depending on the corneal layer infected. Vision impairment, blindness and even loss of the eye can occur with a delay in diagnosis and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy.

A Prospective Noninterventional Study of Type I Collagen Matrix Plus Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Antimicrobial for the Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Secondary Analysis

The RESPOND registry study was the first prospective noninterventional study evaluating the real-world effectiveness of a native type 1 collagen matrix plus polyhexamethylene biguanide antimicrobial (PCMP) barrier in nonhealing wounds. The objective of this secondary analysis was to describe the effects of PCMP in the subgroup of patients with venous leg ulcers (VLUs) in the RESPOND registry. RESPOND was a 28-site, prospective, noninterventional study for up to 32 weeks. All patients (N = 307) in RESPOND received PCMP. Eligibility criteria included patients being 18 years of age and older and having cutaneous wounds, not including third-degree burns. Kaplan-Meier methods analyzed the frequency and median time to wound closure. For the cohort of PCMP-treated VLUs (n = 67), the mean baseline wound area was 20.07 cm2 and mean wound duration was 89 days. Wound closure frequencies were 33%, 42%, 45%, 53%, and 73% at weeks 8, 12, 16, 24, and 32, respectively. The median time to closure was 22 weeks. Incidences of achieving >60% reduction in baseline area and depth were 78% and 70%, respectively, with 87% showing a reduction of >75% in volume. PCMP appears to be a valuable adjunct for treating venous leg ulcers.

Inhibition of Acanthamoeba polyphaga by chlorhexidine-mediated oxidative stress response

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a severe corneal infection caused by a ubiquitous opportunistic protozoan pathogen known as acanthamoeba. For the last decade, the approach to treating this infection typically includes the use of polyhexamethylene biguanide (0.02%) and/or chlorhexidine (Chx) (0.02%). Although chlorhexidine is reportedly effective, its mode of action towards this type of cell is not clear. The aim of this work was to study the effect of chlorhexidine on the oxidative status of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. The effect of chlorhexidine (Chx) on the oxidative state of Acanthamoeba polyphaga was studied using different antiradical methods including ABTS, DPPH and FRAP and measuring the activity of a couple of antioxidant enzyme namely SOD, NADH-FRD and SDH. The chlorhexidine was able to induce oxidative imbalance in cells by over expression of reactive oxygen species and/or inhibiting the antioxidant enzymes. In addition to enhancing the antiradical activity in response to oxidative stress, the present drug was able to reduce the activity of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide-fumarate reductase (NADH-FRD), to 30% and 40%, respectively. We could observe an increase of the antiradical capacity of cell's lysate supernatant, to cope with the overproduction of ROS. The imbalance state The inhibition of both SOD and NADH-FRD activities could have a major role in cell oxidative imbalance.

Long term antibacterial effect cellulose film was modified with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)

Cellulose products such as textile, paper, package and so on are apt to breed bacterial. In this study, AA-PHMB antibacterial agent was synthesized innovatively. It was grafted onto cellulose by the addition polymerization of carbon carbon double bonds and hydroxyl groups to prepare cellulose antibacterial film with excellent performance. The structures, elements, mechanical properties and antibacterial activities of films were studied. The results showed that CN absorption at 1631 cm−1 of guanidine and the amide group absorption peak at 1554 cm−1 appeared on cellulose graft copolymers; employing SEM-EDS, a great quantity of deposited materials, with the elements of C, O and N, were observed on the grafted cellulose. The graft percentage of cellulose-AA-PHMB was about 62%. Compared with unmodified cellulose films, the mechanical properties of PHMB-AA-cellulose film were lower, and the crystallinity of the PHMB-AA-cellulose film was lower than that of original cellulose film. The modified film as a raw material had a good inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was proved by bacteriostatic experiments. Under the condition of continuous culture for 15 days, it still had a good bacteriostatic effect on the above strains, and therefore the cellulose-AA-PHMB films were long term antibacterial effect materials.

Polyhexamethylene biguanidine used as a new type sewage sludge conditioning agent: Effect on sludge dewaterability and mechanism

Dewatering is the basic procedure of sludge treatment and disposal, and environmentally friendly and efficient sludge conditioning methods are urgently needed. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), a broad-spectrum germicide used in daily life and medicine, was proposed as a sludge conditioning reagent in this paper, and its effect on waste activated sludge (WAS) dewaterability was studied for the first time. Results showed that PHMB can improve sludge dewatering performance, and capillary suction time (CST) and water content (Wc) of dewatered sludge cake was reduced by 78.11% and 13.37% with 100 mg PHMB/g dry sludge (DS). Further investigation revealed that the sludge properties changed pronouncedly after PHMB conditioning, the bound water content decreased from 1.58 g/g DS to 1.29 g/g DS, the particle size (D50) increased from 34.3 μm to 39.2 μm, the zeta potential increased from −20.96 mV to −3.36 mV, and the flowability increased whilst the viscosity decreased. When the dose of PHMB was lower than 50 mg/g DS, it mainly reacted with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), resulting in a decrease in its content, which was also manifested by the decrease of molecular weights. However, when the dose reached 100 mg/g DS, PHMB would disrupt the cytomembranes of microorganisms and release cellular contents, reflected by a corresponding growth of EPS contents and the intensity of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. And the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that PHMB conditioning made cracks and holes on sludge microstructures. The key mechanism of PHMB improving sludge dewaterability was inferred as “organic molecules disrupting” and “sludge particles flocculating”. These findings demonstrate that PHMB is promising to be a novel, effective, and environmentally friendly sludge conditioning reagent.

Advances in the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis: A review of the literature and synthesized algorithmic approach

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a severe cause of infectious keratitis and represents a significant clinical challenge. Recent literature regarding AK epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment modalities, and prognosis is reviewed and synthesized to propose an algorithmic protocol for AK management. Globally, AK outbreaks in developed countries are ongoing, and AK rates have increased. Moreover, current outbreaks may carry a worse prognosis than prior outbreaks. Despite identification of contact lens solutions implicated in AK outbreaks and the consequent market recall of these products, outbreaks persist. Acanthamoeba keratitis afflicts not only refractive soft contact lens users but also cosmetic contact lens users and gas permeable (especially orthokeratology) lens users. Innovations in in vivo confocal microscopy and PCR assays have increased the role for these adjuvant tests alongside corneal smear and culture in a multimodal diagnostic approach to suspected AK. Biguanides (such as chlorhexidine and polyhexamethylene biguanide) and diamidines (propamidine isethionate and hexamidine) remain cornerstones of AK management, and evidence for other treatment modalities continues to evolve. Voriconazole in topical and systemic forms may be useful as adjuvant therapy. The anti-leishmaniasis drug miltefosine, recently given orphan drug status by the United States Food and Drug Administration, has increasing evidence supporting a role in patients with severe/refractory disease. Prior topical corticosteroids have been consistently shown to be associated with worse outcomes in AK. Although not historically thought of as a treatment modality, benzalkonium chloride preservative may be leveraged for its anti-Acanthamoebal properties. The role of Rose-Bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy is evolving in selected cases of AK.

PLATELET-RICH PLASMA IN VENOUS ULCER HEALING: CASE REPORT

Objective:To evaluate the evolution of tissue repair in venous ulcers treated with platelet-rich plasma. Methods: This is a case report with the application of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of venous ulcers in a specialized clinic in a city in the south of Minas Gerais. At each session, 20 mL of blood was collected and distributed into four tubes with sodium citrate. The blood was centrifuged to extract platelet-rich plasma. Plasma was applied to the wound after cleaning with distilled water and polyhexamethylene biguanide solution. Subsequently, the lesion was covered with gauze impregnated with petrolatum and sterile gauze as a secondary coverage, associated with elastic compression therapy. Results: Prior to therapy, the ulcer had an area of 1.18 cm². After five weeks of treatment with platelet-rich plasma, complete healing has occurred. Conclusion: Tissue repair occurred after five weeks of treatment without any complications.

Toxic potential of Poly-hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB): A DFT, AIM and NCI analysis study with solvent effects

In the current study, the toxic material Poly-hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) has been characterized by UV–Visible and infrared spectroscopy in different solvent environments. The nature of the molecular interactions between solvent molecules and PHMB via hydrogen bonds has been investigated using the Atoms in Molecules (AIM) and non-covalent reduced density gradient (NC-RDG) analyses. Intermolecular interactions are further supported by the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis, which was carried out to provide information about the delocalization of charge and energy density of the atoms. The OH···Cl and NH···Cl hydrogen bond types of interaction in solvent complexes have indicated weak hydrogen bonds. Moreover, we studied the endocrine disrupting potential of PHMB by using VirtualToxLab technology.

New optoelectronic material based on biguanide for orange and yellow organic light emitting diode: A combined experimental and theoretical study

In this study, the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, methanol, and water solvents on the electronic, optical, and some electrical and sensing properties of the Poly-hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) organic material were investigated in detail with experimental measurements. The absorbance and fluorescence spectra, optical bandgap, refractive index, reflectance, contrast, and electrical and optical conductivity of the PHMB material were experimentally examined in all studied solvents and interpreted in detail. Quantum chemical calculations such as absorbance spectrum, frontier molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO), density of states (DOS or TDOS) and overlap population-based DOS (OPDOS or COOP), and non-linear optical (NLO) property calculations were carried out with the help of the density functional theory (DFT), and the results were compared to the experimental results. It was concluded that the investigation of electronic, optical, NLO, and sensing properties of PHMB will contribute to the understanding and application areas of new-generation optoelectronic devices.

Mast cell activation test: A new asset in the investigation of the chlorhexidine cross-sensitization profile.

Insights into the IgE cross-sensitization and possible cross-reactivity patterns of sera reactive to chlorhexidine (CHX) are still incomplete and are likely to benefit from a functional exploration using a passive mast cell activation test (pMAT). Therefore, we want to study whether the pMAT with CHX-specific IgE (sIgE) enables to depict effector cell degranulation in response to alexidine (ALX), octenidine (OCT) and/or polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) indicative of cross-reactivity between these compounds and CHX. Serum of 10 CHX-allergic patients, nine individuals with an isolated sIgE CHX and five healthy controls were included. Human cultured mast cells (MCs) were, before and after sensitization, challenged with CHX, ALX, OCT or PHMB. Degranulation was measured via quantification of upregulation of CD63. Mast cell responsiveness to ALX and OCT was demonstrable with 4/10 and 3/10 of the sera of CHX-allergic patients respectively. Percentage of degranulation varied between 12 and 34% for ALX-reactive MCs and between 4 and 22% for OCT-reactive MCs. No reactivity to ALX or OCT was demonstrable when using sera obtained from individuals with an isolated sIgE CHX or from healthy controls. Unlike CHX, ALX and OCT, PHMB turned out to be a direct MC activator via occupation of MRGPRX2. PHMB-reactive sIgEs were demonstrable in some patients with an isolated sIgE CHX but were unable to trigger PHMB-induced degranulation in MRGPRX2 knockdown MCs. Mast cells constitute an attractive tool to explore cross-reactivity between structurally similar compounds. Along with the identification of safe alternatives for the individual patient, the pMAT can advance our insights into sIgE cross-reactivity patterns including assessment of molecules not yet approved for human use.

Hyaluronic acid-methacrylic anhydride/polyhexamethylene biguanide hybrid hydrogel with antibacterial and proangiogenic functions for diabetic wound repair

Diabetic wounds lead to a decrease in quality of life and an increase in mortality. Current treatment strategies include preventing bacterial adhesion while improving microcirculation. As a new type of wound dressing that imitates natural skin, hydrogel has gradually emerged with its excellent properties. However, existing hydrogels rarely achieve satisfactory results in promoting wound repair and antibacterial simultaneously. In this case, we prepared methacrylic anhydride chemically modified hyaluronic acid as a hydrogel matrix, added polyhexamethylene biguanide as an antibacterial component, and loaded sodium alginate/salidroside composite microspheres which could sustainably release salidroside and thus promote angiogenesis. Hybrid hydrogel (HAMA/PHMB-Ms) was synthesized via photocrosslinking, and its chemical structure, particle size distribution and microstructure were characterized. The satisfactory antibacterial properties of the HAMA/PHMB(15%)-Ms hydrogel were studied in vitro , and its antibacterial rates against E. coli and S. aureus were 97.85% and 98.56%, respectively. In addition, after demonstrating its good biocompatibility, we verified that the HAMA/PHMB-Ms hydrogel has increased granulation tissue formation, more collagen deposition, more subcutaneous capillary formation, and better wound healing than blank control, HAMA and HAMA/PHMB hydrogel on the back wound model of diabetic mice. The results confirmed that HAMA/PHMB-Ms hydrogel was a promising material for the treatment of the diabetic wounds.

Preparation and Properties of Antibacterial Polyhexamethylene Biguanide/Palygorskite Composites as Zearalenone Adsorbents

AbstractDue to the environmental problems derived from the use of common surfactants as modifiers for clay mineral adsorbents to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds, finding non-toxic modifiers to prepare safe and efficient adsorbents is necessary. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to modify acidified palygorskite with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) to obtain antibacterial polyhexamethylene biguanide/palygorskite (PHMB/Plg) composites for the removal of zearalenone, a common mycotoxin. The PHMB/Plg composites were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and isothermal nitrogen adsorption analysis. The adsorption properties of the composites with respect to zearalenone and their antibacterial activity with respect toEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureuswere studied. The results indicated that the hydrophobicity of palygorskite was enhanced after modification with PHMB, which could effectively improve the adsorption property of palygorskite toward the nonpolar zearalenone molecules. The adsorption capacity of PHMB/Plg increased with increasing amounts of polyhexamethylene biguanide and increasing pH. The adsorption data were described well by pseudo-second order kinetics and by the Langmuir adsorption model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 2777 μg/g. When the amount of PHMB added increased to 15 wt.%, the composites obtained exhibited good antibacterial performance, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations forEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureuswere both at 2.5 mg/mL.

Antimicrobial Effect of Polyhexanide on Denture Base and Soft Lining Materials

Objective: Polyhexanide (PHMB; polyhexamethylene biguanide) is a well-known antiseptic agent; however, no data exist for its applicationon denture base and lining materials. In the present in vitro study, the aim was to compare viable bacterial or fungal cell numbers and theiradhesion on different types of denture base and lining materials in diverse concentrations of PHMB.Methods: Light-activated urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), heat-polymerizedpolydimethylsiloxane, and autopolymerizing polyethylmethacrylate discs were prepared for each group (n = 10). 1×108 CFU/mL of all the testedspecies were appended separately to discs, and they were immersed into different PHMB suspensions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) for 10 minutes.The antimicrobial activity and number of adherent species on the surface were evaluated.Results: In the PMMA group, all studied species except C. albicans, L. acidophilus, and S. aureus were decreased in various concentrations (p <0.05), and all studied species presented a significant decrease in every concentration of PHMB in the UDMA group (p < 0.01) in comparison to thecontrol. N. sicca, K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. sanguis, C. pseudotuberculosis, and S. aureus (p < 0.05) were reduced in the heat-polymerizedpolydimethylsiloxane group, while all tested species except B. subtilis were decreased in the autopolymerizing polyethylmethacrylate group incomparison to the control (p < 0.01). Among all tested materials and species, no significant difference was detected in adherent cell number(p > 0.05).Conclusion: PHMB suspension, in various concentrations, can reduce some species of bacterial and yeast cells.

Mechanical, antibacterial, biocompatible and microleakage evaluation of glass ionomer cement modified by nanohydroxyapatite/polyhexamethylene biguanide

This study aims to look for the best concentration of nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) incorporated into glass ionomer cement (GIC) in accordance with ISO:9917-1 and evaluate its mechanical, antibacterial, biocompatible and microleakages properties. NHA was incorporated into Fuji Ⅱ GIC powder at 0-8.00 wt% concentration and specimens were prepared; the best concentration was sifted out according to ISO9917-1. Based on best NHA proportion, 0-0.80% PHMB was dispersed into powder and samples were respectively prepared. Mechanical properties include net setting time (ST), compressive strength (CS), microhardness (VNH), solubility and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Those met ISO standard were qualified to continue microleakage observation, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility test. The results suggested that GIC/6%NHA/0.2% PHMB and GIC/6%NHA/0.4%PHMB showed great performances in mechanical, antibacterial, and microleakage improvements, and the cytotoxicity of modified GIC showed no statistical difference with pure GIC.

New frontiers in wound-dressings: An interdisciplinary perspective

The existing wound care systems and sustained interest in the development of new generation dressings is a step towards a constant search for better and effective management of wound care. There were two major shifts in the development of wound care; the first one was to shift from dry to moist dressings whereby the healing process as well as time was augmented. The next major change came when the dressings were incorporated with antimicrobial compounds like silver, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), dialkyl carbamoyl chloride for providing healing and at the same time protection from the skin and soft tissue infections. Later on, use of adherent gauze and then vapour permeable films were developed. The recent developments in elastomeric polymer technology (hydrocolloids, polyurethane matrix, films etc.) along with this better understanding of the breathable adhesive technology provided us options for incorporating combined technology for new more efficient dressings. Even though there have been remarkable achievements in terms of wound care management, however, as yet there is no single dressing that can take care of all types of wounds.

Double‐slot subwavelength grating waveguide for on‐chip carbon dioxide sensing

AbstractA novel double‐slot subwavelength grating with high sensitivity and small size was presented for the detection of carbon dioxide (CO2). Compared with single‐slot structure, the proposed double‐slot structure reduces the influence of slot width on the transmission intensity and thus improves the sensor performance. For enabling selectivity and sensitivity, the gap of the grating is filled with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). The refractive index of PHMB decreases after the absorption of CO2 molecules, which changes the effective refractive index of the waveguide mode. For getting the highest sensitivity, the proposed sensor was numerically simulated and optimized. The limit of detection for CO2 can be as low as 6.3 parts per million (ppm), which is lower than other reported waveguide CO2 sensors based on PHMB. The proposed sensor is capable of atmospheric CO2 monitoring with an acceptable limit of detection.

A Vehicle-Free Antimicrobial Polymer Hybrid Gold Nanoparticle as Synergistically Therapeutic Platforms for Staphylococcus aureus Infected Wound Healing.

Pathogenic bacteria infection is a serious threat to human public health due to the high morbidity and mortality rates. Nano delivery system for delivering antibiotics provides an alternative option to improve the efficiency compared to conventional therapeutic agents. In addition to the drug loading capacity of nanocarriers, which is typically around 10%, further lowers the drug dose that pathological bacteria are exposed to. Moreover, nanocarriers that are not eliminated from the body may cause side effects. These limitations have motivated the development of self‐delivery systems that are formed by the self‐assembly of different therapeutic agents. In this study, a vehicle‐free antimicrobial polymer polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB, with bactericidal and anti‐biofilm functions) hybrid gold nanoparticle (Au NPs, with photothermal therapy (PTT)) platform (PHMB@Au NPs) is developed. This platform exhibits an excellent synergistic effect to enhance the photothermal bactericidal effect for Staphylococcus aureus under near‐infrared irradiation. Furthermore, the results showed that PHMB@Au NPs inhibit the formation of biofilms, quickly remove bacteria to promote wound healing through PTT in infection model in vivo, and even mediate the transition of macrophages from M1 to M2 type, and accelerate tissue angiogenesis. PHMB@Au NPs will have promising value as highly effective antimicrobial agents for patient management.